AL-ADAB JOURNAL

1- The role of women in ancient times was associated with fertility and reproduction. She was the backbone of the family and society was based on her. Society was known for being matriarchal. However, with the passage of time, her role shrank and declined, so that men controlled all aspects of life, and the patriarchal system of society prevailed. This decline was caused by the decline in the place of the sacred goddess (the mother goddess), source Life to be replaced by the holy God
Society believed that women were only responsible for procreation, without the need for the male element, but as a result of intellectual development and after observing how creatures multiplied around at, the importance of man and the necessity of proving his existence became clear, and for the mother goddess Ishtar it has become a husband known as the god Tammuz.
2- In historical times, the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians paid their attention to women, and they had a prominent and effective role in all fields and held many positions. They were queen, priestess, warrior, merchant, moneylender, musician, and other professions. From a political standpoint, women held many governmental and administrative positions, and many queens emerged who had their roles in State administration
From a social standpoint, women practiced many professions, becoming poets, priests, and musicians
From a cultural standpoint, the profession of copyists and writers emerged. From an economic standpoint, women practiced many professions, including weavers, grinding grains, tailoring, knitting, mat making, bakers, street vendors in cities, animal herding, the profession of hairdressing, and the profession of midwifery.
3- The old Iraqi laws gave women complete freedom and they could practice the profession they wanted, and granted them rights stipulated in legal legislation, but most of these rights are not applied on the ground, as is the case at the present time, and the possibility of applying these rights from one era to another is linked to the ruling powers.
4- The possibility of women apilities has emerged in their ability, wisdam, courage, skill, and superiority to assume all government positions, whether administrative, political, or religious.
5- The vast majority of religious positions were held by women and daughters of kings and rulers. They became high-ranking priestesses in the temples of the great gods to make sacrifices, gain the approval of the gods, and obtain support to achieve political goals.
6- Women’s accession to political positions was not through election or entitlement, but rather through inheritance, luck, coincidence, or accident.
7- The scarcity of our information about the social (and daily) life of women from poor classes
8- Despite the luxurious life that most of the ruling class women live, some of them fell victim to (political marriage) in order to conclude political treaties and agreements for political goals and interests and to strengthen relations between the two parties.
9- Despite the obstacles and difficult circumstances that women have experienced throughout the ages, they were able to persevere and amaze us with their achievements at all levels.
10- Seals and pieces of pottery have shown us throughout the ages that women practiced the art of singing and playing. They were used for religious ceremonies by priestesses, soothsayers, and clerics, and palace ceremonies were performed by servants and slaves.
11- The emergence of many professions in which women excelled, especially the profession of writing and copying texts

Women occupied a space in Babylonian society, and the information that has reached us is not helpful in forming a clear picture of that space, but the Code of Hammurabi came to give lines explaining in some titles what women occupied in the first Babylonian era through civil law. Through the Code of Hammurabi, women were given privacy, represented by certain articles whose contents stipulated that women be given a distinctive position in their time in a society that had begun a new civilizational phase. These laws included various aspects of women's lives on the social, economic, and civil levels.
This interest and customization was distinguished by its historical uniqueness, as it was almost the only one of its kind at that time. We did not stop at the historical information subsequent to the Code of Hammurabi that would enable us to talk about aspects of daily and public life that reveal to us the cultural shift that the Code provided for women.

The women didn't receive the honour and beneficiation as she received the just Islamic religion. Be he exalted and his prophet (God's blessing and peace be upon him) have honoured the largest type of honour. whereas many generous Koranic verses and honest prophet speeches were mentioned.
The women was not a prisoner of her house, also was not isolated from the events and changes occurring to the Moslems on the level of the state and individuals.
Many women contributed to work in the Arab Islamic state; therefore there was the struggler, physrian, teacher and etc..
One of the important and large model in the history of the women working in Islam was Al Shifa' bint Abdullah Al Adwawia may God be pleased with her about whom we will deal with in a simplified way her age of the messenger Mohammed and his orthodox the caliphs may the God be pleased with then.

Women have occupied an important position and role throughout history, especially in the history of Arab-Islamic society, where Western Orientalists who belong to many Western Orientalist schools were interested in writing research and articles about women in light of Islamic history. The most prominent of them was the French Jesuit Orientalist Henri Lammens (1862-1937 AD) who wrote an untranslated article in The Encyclopaedia of Islam about Lady Fatima al-Zahra (), which is the main and pivotal subject of our research. The orientalist Lammens discussed in the article his proposals and visions of his thoughts about her great personality. She is the wife of the Messenger of God, the wife of one of the pillars of truth, Ali bin Abi Talib, and the mother of my grandson. Messenger of God. Lady Fatima (peace be upon her) was the best example of a good wife and daughter. She embodied the greatest image of a woman in her faith and worship. She was the best help and support for her father and husband, carrying out many of the responsibilities and duties that were assigned to her in her life. It can be said that she grew up and grew up in the hands of the Messenger of God. God (peace be upon him) and she imbibed all the great divine prophetic principles and values at the hands of her father (peace be upon him). Due to the importance of her auspicious biography, Lammens was alone in writing an article about her biography and upbringing. The article focused on her family life and her relationship with her husband, the Commander of the Faithful. The research was written for the purpose of identifying Lammens’ opinions and proposals. He is known for his fanaticism against Islam through his writings in which he attempts to distort and convey an offensive image of the symbols of Islam and its figures through his constant criticism of them and most of the events related to them, whether social, political or otherwise

Umm Matoos was one of the righteous Libyan women from the Nafusa Mountains. She was the first Libyan girl to participate in boys’ schools. She used to move between villages in order to attain education, increase knowledge, and attend dhikr and preaching gatherings alongside men in all circumstances. She studied under Sheikh Abu Muhammad al-Khasib. A representative of women in scholarly councils held by sheikhs to discuss the nation’s issues

Dondi Khatun is considered one of the most prominent women of the Jalairi state, as she participated in many of the political events that Baghdad witnessed in the year 813 AH/1410 AD. Dondi Khatun had a major role in controlling the reins of affairs after the death of her uncle, Sultan Ahmed Jalairi, so she was able to remove her husband and his son from power. She became in control of the reins of affairs in the country and assumed the throne of the Jalairi Sultanate and held on to power with an iron hand, interfering in the affairs of governance and appointing and dismissing governors in Baghdad. The subject of this research, which is marked as “The Impact of Women in Governance and Administration (Dondi Khatun as a Model)” (813 AH/1410 AD), highlights Shedding light on the personality of Donde Khatun, how he appeared on the scene of political events, and his role in confronting the military campaigns that Baghdad was subjected to by the Qaraqoynlu state.
At the end of the research, I reached many results, including that this woman had a major role in confronting the forces of Shah Muhammad al-Qaraqoinli. Thanks to her strength and ability in administration, she was able to save the country from the chaos and turmoil to which it was exposed. She also had a major role in carrying out some intrigues. And conspiracies in order to gain power and control the country.

The birth of Bint Al-Mustaqfi played a clear civil and political role in Andalusia as a princess and a poet and from the ruling house as a daughter of the Caliph, and her name is still one of the brightest names despite the passage of more than ten centuries since her death, and this fame increased the love stories that she lived with Ibn Zaydun, and because this woman collected Between politics and literature, she was able to leave a clear imprint in the history of poetry and politics, whether in poetry she uttered or poetry that was said about her.

Feminist journalism appeared in the Ottoman Empire in the last third of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, as part of the emergence and development of journalism in the Ottoman Empire. This was accompanied by the emergence of many names of women on the pages of those newspapers who were pioneers in the field of feminist journalism.
Through this research, we try to identify the most prominent of these female journalists, the environment from which they emerged, the nature of their intellectual interests, and the writings they presented.

It is known that societies do not develop unless the situation of women in them develops, as they are an essential part of society and that their backwardness affects society. Research on the issue of women requires a return to the historical beginnings of women’s rights and their role in the development of society. Islam emphasized and paid attention to women’s affairs and rights, giving them all their rights, and removing all forms of injustice and injustice from them through its focus on the principles based on the foundations of freedom, justice, and equality, in addition to Islam’s interest in women’s affairs and issues, and making them equal. And he clarifies men’s rights and privileges in areas that require equality, as in the Almighty’s saying (For men a share of what their parents and relatives leave behind, and for women a share of what their parents and relatives leave behind, whether little or much of it is an obligatory share) (Surat An-Nisa: 7). There is also a special surah in the Holy Qur’an called Surah An-Nisa, and Iraqi women also gained their rights in accordance with governmental laws and legislation and began to contribute in turn to the development of society in all political, economic, social, scientific and religious aspects, especially in Iraq. Iraq was the first country in the Arab world to appoint a woman to the position of minister, and many of them became prominent in all aspects. In the fields of society, especially in the modern and contemporary era, many of them have appeared as ministers, scholars, poets, etc., and we cannot forget that they faced many obstacles and problems. Therefore, the attempt to document the history of Iraqi women, write down their positions, and clarify their effective role in building society requires knowing the obstacles that Standing in the way of their progress and empowerment, and studying the positions and procedures of the Iraqi government in terms of legislating laws and constitutions that defend women’s rights, in addition to studying the pioneering women who contributed to the development of society, so we decided to address the research in two sections: the first section is about the Iraqi government’s interest in women and Iraqi laws and legislation. In this field, while addressing the most important obstacles facing Iraqi women, as well as studying the role of women in the era of globalization, the second section dealt with the role of Iraqi women in developing society with a brief narrative of the most important pioneering Iraqi women in contemporary history in various aspects of scientific, intellectual, and architectural life, who They entered history with their achievements.

Iraqi women had an important role in the administrative aspect, as they did not The administrative role was not monopolized by men, especially during the royal era (1921-1958), as their role became prominent through the establishment of women’s associations and magazines, which were managed by Iraqi women. They also entered with men in the educational aspect in order to clear the way for them to take over management in international institutions. After graduating from the High School of Teachers, Iraqi women participated in teaching, health, and banking.
Iraqi women took on their administrative role after the revolution of July 14, 1958, and among them was Souad Khalil Al-Bustani, who graduated from the American University of Beirut and held several administrative positions. After she had been teaching at Queen Alia College, she became dean of the same college, and then assumed the position of administration. For research in the Ministry of Education in 1969, and in January 1970 - May 1972, she was Minister of Higher Education. Thus, she was the first woman to assume the Ministry of Higher Education in Iraq, and she played a major role in opening many colleges and departments within the Ministry of Higher Education.

The participation of Vietnamese women in the Vietnam War has not received the attention it deserves. This research paper, presented to the conference of the Department of History/College of Arts - University of Baghdad, held on April 25, 2024, provides a comprehensive overview of the participation of North Vietnamese women in providing military and logistical support during the years of the Vietnam-American War (1964-1975). It shows the belief of Ho Chi Minh, the leader of the Vietnamese national movement, and the Hanoi government in democratic Vietnam, in the ability of North Vietnamese women to assume many new roles that were unfamiliar to Vietnamese society, as well as the factors that led to the involvement of women in the war and the reasons why women welcomed that role.

This study examines the efforts of Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak, wife of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, ruler of the United Arab Emirates, in establishing the Women’s Union in the Emirates and supporting and empowering women in various aspects of society’s sectors.
The research included an introduction, three sections, and a conclusion. The first section presents the lineage of Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak and her upbringing in the family of her husband, Sheikh Zayed, who inherited the emirate. She participated with her husband, Sheikh Zayed, in the cultural and social tasks that influenced Sheikh Zayed’s interest in women’s issues in the country. The second section discussed the beginning of the work. Feminism in the United Arab Emirates and the formation of the General Women’s Union in the country on the twenty-seventh of August 1975, and from there women in the Emirates set out towards achieving achievements. The third section was devoted to examining the results of support and empowerment for women and whether this support was achieved by Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak. What do you want, and have women in the Emirates achieved what they aspired to in the seventies of the twentieth century? These answers will be explained further in the third section. The conclusion came with the most important conclusions and recommendations presented by the researcher in the form of brief and detailed points about his research.