Journal Of the College of law /Al-Nahrain University

Civil society organizations today in most countries of the world face serious threats, as the governments of many countries resort to more subtle methods in order to limit the work space of these organizations, especially those active in the field of supporting human rights and democracy.
On the other hand, there have been important international steps at the global and regional levels, to provide protection for these organizations and to confront this restriction on civil society, and calls for providing more enabling environments for these organizations.

The interdependence between globalization and human rights has become clear, but the parameters of the relationship between the two concepts are complex and distinct. The right to health is one of the human rights most affected by the demands of globalization, given its positive nature, which requires States to take certain measures and take positive steps towards its realization, while globalization attempts to reduce the effectiveness of the State as much as possible. This dialectical relationship between globalization and the right to health must therefore be examined, especially in view of the complexities associated with the spread of the Corona pandemic.

The reported represents one of the most important legal means to initiate criminal proceedings، initiate investigation procedures، track and punish perpetrators، and then achieve public and private deterrence of the execution of the sentence and the reduction of crimes in general. Since the crimes of financial and administrative corruption are crimes occur in a range that cannot be accessed and then the order will be blocked from the investigative authorities، so most of the laws stipulated the cases of the news of every employee or a public service، which achieves criminal responsibility in case of abstention ، And thus this duty will be a moral and ethical means to detect crimes committed within the scope of the public service، which are mostly trade in the work of the public service and then the spread of administrative and financial corruption in the joints of public institutions in the event of failure to track the perpetrators and punish them for lack of news about them.
It is a deterrent and a remedy in one. When an employee feels that he will be held responsible if he refrains from reporting the crimes to which he is aware of the job، the other employee feels that he is liable to be disclosed by his co-workers if he commits a crime for this duty. We will achieve a successful equation in reducing these crimes if the correct and actual implementation of this equation .

By means of the executive procedures of a bank merger, those procedures that are followed by the banks involved in the merger for the purpose of completing the bank merger, and to give the latter a binding force towards the contractors and towards others, despite the issuance of the bank merger decision by the General Authority of the banks involved in the merger, but this is not for this The decision is a binding force in itself with respect to the bank and does not rise to the rank of the decision binding upon it, unless approved by the competent authority in the state.

Arbitration was and still is a fertile field and an open field for many studies, due to its presence and its important role in settling disputes away from the judiciary, and evidence of this is its rapid development, and the emergence of types that meet the requirements of the legal environment in general and commercial in particular, and the best example of this is the emergence of the so-called system Emergency arbitration or pre-arbitration arbitration, in order to avoid the shortcomings of ordinary arbitration, as arbitration has become by its nature like the judiciary needs a period of time that may take years in order to reach the final ruling in the dispute, and therefore there is no inevitable that there should be temporary measures that preserve the rights of the parties to the dispute. Given the importance of emergency arbitration, it has become recognized by the rules organizing international trade and has become applied by many international arbitration centers other than the Iraqi law, which made the consideration of urgent matters the jurisdiction of the judiciary. States and their legislation, especially after Iraq joined the Convention on the Recognition and Implementation of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York 1958) by Law No. 14 of 2021.

The study aims to define the obstacles to the work of the World Health Organization in combating epidemics through research and analysis in order to answer the research problem related to the question about those obstacles and the questions which raise about the extent to which countries adhere to their sovereignty and whether the anti-epidemic work considered a transgression, and the impact of environmental and development problems on the work of Organization in the fight against epidemics and what are the ways to address them, In addition to the effects of armed conflicts on combating epidemics, and for the purpose of attempting to present the topic of research appropriately, the research was divided into an introduction and three sections: the first on sovereignty, the second on environmental and development problems, and the third on armed conflicts that hinder the organization’s work in combating epidemics, and the need to make development a binding right at the national and international level, which means giving people the right to claim it in accordance with national and international mechanisms.

The entire world is currently living in a turbulent atmosphere as a result of the spread of the new Corona pandemic, COVID-19, with a major epidemic that has invaded all parts of the entire world, and its spread and spread have led to many setbacks and serious economic and health losses.
As a result of the spread of the Corona pandemic, governments and countries followed many preventive and legislative measures and measures to reduce the danger of the virus, the breadth of its activity, and its extension to all citizens in general, and in the State of Iraq in particular, with the aim of controlling the spread of the virus, reducing its danger and in the context of addressing that pandemic.
Criminal legislation (the amended Iraqi Penal Code 111 of 1969, has contributed by including provisions and rules that contribute to the preservation of public health, and the development of all principles that ensure the preservation of the health of individuals in the state. n the context of addressing this pandemic, it is possible to refer to internal legislation because it contains texts that guarantee the preservation of the health of individuals, including (Iraqi Penal Code 111 of 1969 amended), Public Health Law No. (89) of 1981 and its amendments, in addition to Ministry of Health Law No. (10) ) for the year 1983, and the decisions of Diwani Order No. (55) for the year 2020.
The study concluded with the Iraqi legislator’s call to amend the provisions regulating the Iraqi public health law, especially that this law is characterized by shortcomings and its incompatibility with the developments that have occurred in the world, in addition to filling the legislative deficiency in the criminal law, especially with regard to the protection of public health as a public right and that any An attack on him poses a threat to society as a whole.

Abstract
The constitutional judiciary plays an important role to find out a solution to dissolve the contradiction occurred between the constitution and the international convention . This contradiction reflects the national laws and causing confusion for the judicial authorities . Thus , the attitudes of the legal systems get discrepancy , so there were constitutions granting the convention legal place and other constitutions make them occupying high position . Our current study has focused on the Iraqi , of the international conventions if standing opposite to the constitution and searching for a mechanism of constitutional judiciary to address such contradiction.

In today's world, development has taken multiple curves, some of which have decreased, and others have escalated with growth to witness an upward trend at the economic and technological level. Chain data technology has already witnessed the rise of a variety of businesses of a financial nature in economic dealings, especially those operations related to electronic payment globally. The inevitable result was the research In the legal frameworks and the protection container related to the security of encrypted digital currencies, so the study took the curves of development for encrypted currencies and stated the position of countries and international organizations regarding them and focused on the most important risks that stand in the way of their continuation. The nature of risks to deal with, as the movements of digital capital raise complex problems, foremost of which is the loss of countries’ control over their creation and credit, which led to a weakening of confidence in them, especially after international institutions indicated and warned against relying on them as an alternative to economic dealing.

The personality of the criminal case is the personal domain of the criminal case, and this scope is represented by the persons accused and referred to the criminal court according to the referral decision, and then the court of the subject matter may not conduct a trial other than the accused who is referred to it according to the principle of the personality of the criminal case pursuant to the provisions of Article (155 / a) of the Code of Principles Iraqi Criminal Trials Code No. 23 of 1971 as amended.
If, during the trial of the referred accused, the criminal court finds that there are persons related to the crime committed as perpetrators or accomplices without taking legal measures against them, then the court in this case and in accordance with the provisions of Article (155 / b) of the aforementioned law must organize a record of this showing the relationship of these persons to the crime The perpetrator and the competent authorities to investigate the investigation with them, and then issue a decision to refer them in accordance with the legal context.
There are some exceptions to the principle of the personality of the criminal case, which are the case of court hearings crimes and the right of the criminal court to confront, as well as the case of interference and the introduction of others in the criminal case. The perpetrator is of the type of violations and misdemeanors, without the court being bound by the necessity of separating the accusation and the ruling powers.
The study of this research was an analytical and applied study of the Iraqi Criminal Procedure and the rest of the other Iraqi procedural laws.
The study adopted a research plan that stipulates that it be divided into two topics preceded by an introduction, as the first topic deals with the concept of the personality of the criminal case, and the second topic is devoted to the provisions of the personality of the criminal case.
Finally, the research culminated in a conclusion that summarized the results of the research, and suggested some issues that were found worthy of our consideration.

Corrective measures are among the most important means adapted by the majority of legislation to complete the process of reforming juvenile and evaluating their behavior, and they are of two types; preventive and curative measures .The preventive one is applied on children and adolescents who are vulnerable for delinquency ( those who are homeless or with potential delinquent behavior), while the curative measures will be applied on those with delinquency behavior. Studying the effectiveness of both these measures can enhance the multiple aspects of the reform process in terms of legislation and executive reality, by reaching to a mechanisms that guarantees limitations of juvenile delinquency
Law enforcement for the corrective measures is been implemented by police delinquency task who target and follow the potential juvenile and the delinquent juvenile until court reach a verdict, and then the referral of each case to subsequent procedures by the concerned authorities
The study concluded with a number of theoretical, practical and field results, through which now it became clear that there is a significant weakness in the effectiveness of the corrective measures both preventive and curative and thus the corrective measures are unable to confront delinquency in the required manner

One of the main tasks of the public prosecution is to protect the supreme interests of the social body and achieve justice, as well as protect the state’s system, security, institutions and funds, and its means in that is filing a lawsuit for the public right, and promptly uncovering the criminal acts of retribution from the perpetrator. The actions of these procedures harm the social organization, or negatively affect internal security, and then it would be better not to continue then it is better not to continue Public right lawsuit procedures.

The issue of sustainable development is one of the important issues that have cast a shadow at the international and national levels, as it has become an indispensable choice to promote the human right to a clean and sound environment. Awareness of the environmental, economic and societal limitations that we face as a society on the other hand. The research concluded with many results, including the tyranny of the holistic character on the concept of development, as it is based on harmonizing economic and social development with environmental considerations in order to reduce the current environmental pollution, climate change and global warming while preserving natural resources as much as possible, not exceeding their ability to renew for the future. The next generations.

The constitutional judiciary plays an important role to find out a solution to dissolve the contradiction occurred between the constitution and the international convention . This contradiction reflects the national laws and causing confusion for the judicial authorities . Thus , the attitudes of the legal systems get discrepancy , so there were constitutions granting the convention legal place and other constitutions make them occupying high position . Our current study has focused on the Iraqi , of the international conventions if standing opposite to the constitution and searching for a mechanism of constitutional judiciary to address such contradiction

God Almighty has surrounded mankind in special care by establishing comprehensive and partial rulings that were not laid down by man-made laws, so the foundations of Islamic legislation came to take care of the affairs and interests of people and preserve them in all times and places as they are related to the fact that the religious belief of mankind is from faith in God Almighty and his angels, books, and messengers and the other day is the basis of Islamic law because it Linked to the human heart, as for the care of the public and private interests of the people, and the organization of the life of the entire community, this represents the goal of Islamic law