Engineering and Technology Journal

The objective of this paper is combining Genetic Algorithm and Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) neural network for Eigenvalue Grads Method (EGM)
to estimate the number of sources in wireless mobile communications. The
Eigenvalue Grads Method (EGM) is a popular method for estimation the number
of sources impinging on an array of sensors, which is a problem of great interest in
wireless mobile communications. This paper proposed a new system to estimate
the number of sources by applying the output of genetic algorithm and PCA neural
network with Complex Generalized Hebbian algorithm (CGHA) to EGM
technique. In the proposed model, the initial weight and learning rate values for
CGHA neural network can be selected automatically by using Genetic algorithm.
The result of computer simulation for proposed system showed good response by
fast converge speed for neural network , efficiency and yield the correct number of
the sources. The important feature of new system is that, the PCA of covariance
matrix are calculated based on CGHA neural network instead of determining the
covariance matrix because computation of covariance matrix is time consuming

This paper is aimed to study the effect of material type on the drawing force.
Three metals are used (low carbon steel 1008 AISI, Austenitic stainless steel 304
AISI, and pure aluminum 1100), as a sheet with thickness of 0.5mm for each one, and
they were cutting as a blank with 80 mm diameter, then drawn in a die with 44mm
diameter to produce cup. To predict the deep drawing force by finite element method,
Hill's yield criteria is used, which examines the effect of anisotropy. Two dimension
axisymmetry model of deep drawing were built and analyzed by ANSYS FEM code.
The results show that the drawing force for stainless steel is higher than the other two
metals due to the difference in metallurgical structure. The numerical results were
compared with the experimental; good agreement was found between finite element
and experimental results

This research is devoted to investigate the behavior of spherical ferrocement slabs
under flexural loading. The main parameters considered in the analysis are the
thickness of the slab, vertical and horizontal diameters, and the effect of number of
wire mesh layers on the behavior of spherical.
Analysis was done using the finite element software ANSYS V. 11, which is used for
solving several problems of structural engineering. The 8-node iso-parametric brick
elements in ANSYS are used to represent the mortar, the wire mesh layers are
considered as smeared layers elastic-perfectly plastic materials embedded within the
brick elements by assuming perfect bond between the mortar and steel.
An improvement was indicated in the behavior of the elements when changing the
shape of the slab from straight to spherical slabs found in deflection about 64% (as
indicated in ref. [1]). As well as increasing number of wire mesh layers from two to
four and from two to six tend to increase the load capacity by 18% and 28%
respectively.
The increase in the thickness and the vertical diameter cause decrease in deflection to
20% and 10% alternately.

The stress and strain concentrations of a fire extinguisher made of different types
of composite materials are investigated. The prediction of the failure limit and its
location in the proposed design is always the associated problem that is inescapable
and difficult to be solved completely in the shape design of pressure vessel. A three
dimensional analysis in finite element method was made for determining the
concentration of stress and strain of the extinguisher. The extinguisher is made of
polyester resin reinforced with different types of fiber glass. The aim of the present
investigation is to study the effect of different levels of internal pressure and different
types of composite material on the failure limit for limiting capability of applying that
product in practical field.
The results are compared with those obtained from the corresponding model
where xy-strain of composite material reinforced with random fiber glass increases
with rate (98%) while in the composite material reinforced with fiber glass arranged
with 45o it increases with rate (99.8 %) due to increase in the internal pressure to
(0.9-5) MPa. The comparison between theoretical and numerical results gives a good
agreement.

The aim of this study is to determine the optimal blank shape for a square cup
drawing with uniform flange (square and circular flange).A new algorithm is
proposed to control of flange shape based on shape error. To reduce earing defects on
boundary of deformed flange, the initial blank shape was iteratively modified. This
modification is repeated until an optimal blank shape for the part is achieved. To
apply this algorithm, 3D model of deep drawing was used and analyzed by Ansys
11.0 FEM code.
Low carbon steel was chosen to carryout the simulation. The results show that the
shape of optimum blank has significantly reduced the earing defects in few iterations
by using this algorithm

The selective application of technological and related procedural safeguards is
an important responsibility of every organization in providing adequate security to
its electronic data systems. Protection of data during transmission or while in
storage may be necessary to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the
information represented by the data.
This paper introduces a proposed method to enhance the complexity of the
Blowfish algorithm. This is done by using an operation depends on using eighteen
multiple keys, each key consists of a combination of 4 states (0, 1, 2, 3) instead of
the ordinary 2 state key (0, 1) applied during the 16 round of Blowfish algorithm,
according the analysis of results found the new approach provide more secure and
more robustness to cryptanlaysis methods

In present work experimental studies have been carried out on three types of
crystalline zeolites were prepared and used as supports for platinum catalysts. All
were synthesized in the laboratory (ZSM-5, -11, and –23) with SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of
37, 86 and 94 respectively. N-Pentane is used as a feedstock for the process. The
isomerization and cracking reaction were investigated to characterize the catalysts
performance toward higher activity and selectivity to desired products. The
performance of catalysts was studied under the following operating condition:
liquid hour space velocity in the range of (1-2 hr-1), reaction temperature in the
range of (310-350 °C). The results showed that the prepared catalysts exhibit
different activities toward n-Pentane isomerization and hydrocracking. These
catalysts have high activity toward isomerization at low temperature while at high
temperature the yield toward hydrocracking is increased. Also hydroconversion of
n-Pentane decreases with increasing of liquid hour space velocity

The aim of this research is to study the property of thermal conductivity for epoxy
and some of its composites at room temperature, and various temperatures for various
period of immersion using water bath technique. Three samples are prepared by hand
lay-up method. The first sample is epoxy resin, the second sample is epoxy resin
reinforced with Aluminum powder, and the third sample is epoxy resin reinforced
with Al fibers. The volume fraction is 15%. Thermal conductivity is measured for
three samples at room temperature (30 ºC) using Lee’s disc device. Thermal
conductivity is measured for samples after immersion in water bath for (30, 60)
minutes at (40, 50) ºC. Activation energy is measured for samples. Results show
generally that reinforcing with Al powder and fibers increases thermal conductivity.
Also thermal conductivity increase for samples at 50 ºC after immersion in water bath
at this temperature as compared with other temperatures. It is found that thermal
conductivity, generally, decreases by increasing the period of immersion in water
bath whereas thermal conductivity recorded lower values after immersion for 60
minutes. Results shows that sample of epoxy reinforced with Al powder have the
highest value of activation energy as compared with other samples.

One of the most important problems in concrete industry in Iraq is deterioration
due to internal sulfate attack that causes damage of concrete and hence reduces its
compressive strength, increases its expansion and may be lead to its cracking and
destruction. Linear regression analysis is used to predict the optimum SO3 content
(O.G.C) on the basis of cement chemical composition, Blaine fineness and age. Three
models are presented, the first one is an early age model (less than or equal to 7-
days). Then a late age (greater than 7-days) model was developed based on the
predicted optimum SO3 content of early age and late age. The third model was an all
ages model and it is a general model specially for OPC. The important results
obtained are the positive effect of C3S, C3A and C4AF on optimum SO3 content in
cement mortar. The effect of C3A on optimum SO3 content is about twice that of
C4AF. The study also showed a trend of positive and important effect of the fineness
of cement

The aim of present work is to study the effect of different heat treatments
[full annealing ,normalizing ,and hardening and tempering at (300C°
,600C°)] on general corrosion and erosion-corrosion for a carbon steel type
(C35) in 3.5wt% NaCl solution as corrosive medium for general corrosion
while in erosion-corrosion ,slurry with 1wt% SiO2 sand was added to 3.5wt%
NaCl solution as the erodent. The experimental work tests were done using
special device which was designed and manufactured according to (G73
ASTM) using traditional weight loss technique to measure weight loss rate or
corrosion rate in (gmd) unit.
It was found that the general corrosion rates for all heat treated specimens
were lower than erosion-corrosion rate. The erosion-corrosion rate of
specimen which was quenched and tempered at 600C° was found smaller
than other heat treated specimens The normalizing heat treatment of low
carbon steel improves the general pure corrosion resistance after immersion
20 day in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution.

Cellular Digital fixed Relay networks are new wireless system architecture based on
integrating Digital Relay technique in the cellular networks to provide high data rate
coverage. Therefore, interest has focused on solving the interference and multipath
fading problems which introduce in system because of increasing the resources of
signal in cell (Base station, Relays). This paper proposes Dynamic frequency hopping
(DFH) as an interference avoidance technique for cellular Digital fixed Relay
networks. The simulation of system contains applying Digital Relay and DFH
techniques and focuses on the handoff process between Base station and Digital
Relay. The simulation results compare the performance of system for two cases; with
Relay-without DFH, and with Relay-with DFH. The results indicate that DFH can
significantly improve the performance of system. The results show when the cluster
size of system consists of seven cells the enhancement ratio is 83% in the blocking
probability with high number of calls per hour and increase 15.38% in the number of
users. When the cluster size of system consists of thirteen cells, the enhancement ratio
is 85% in the blocking probability with high number of calls per hour and increase
15.38 % in the number of users

This work is devoted to compression Image Skin Diseases by using Discrete
Wavelet Transform (DWT) and training Feed-Forward Neural Networks (FFNN) by
using Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) and compares it with Back-Propagation
(BP) neural networks in terms of convergence rate and accuracy of results .The
comparison between the two techniques will be mentioned. A MATLAB 6.5 program
is used in simulation.
The structure Artificial Neural Network (ANN) of training image skin diseases is
proposed as follows:
1- The proposed structure of NN that performs three compressions Images Skin
training by BP algorithms with log sigmoid activation function, and three neurons in
output layer.
2- The proposed structure of FFNN using PSO that performs three compressions
Images Skin with hardlim activation function, and three neurons in output layer.
The results obtained using PSO are compared to those obtained using BP. Learning
iterations (602-4700 epoch), convergence time (1sec.- 100 sec.), number of initial
weights (1set - 75set), number of derivatives (0 - 38 derivatives) and accuracy (60% -
100%) are used as performance measurements. The obtained Mean Square Error
(MSE) is 7 10
- to check the performance of algorithms. The results of the proposed
neural networks performed indicate that PSO can be a superior training algorithm for
neural networks, which is consistent with other research in the area

In this paper, a new design of high negative dispersion optical fiber is introduced.
The generalized analysis of multiple-clad cylindrical dielectric structures with step
index profiles is presented. The design is focused on quadrature-clad fibers. The
optical fiber with step-index but certain profile is tested.
By using simulation program, the optical fiber with high negative dispersion was
designed and tested. A very high negative dispersion (up to -951ps/nm/km) is
obtained due to a design optical fiber with quadrature-clad at wavelength of 1550nm.
Each of fiber profile and the relation between the dispersion and wavelength are
plotted. The computer simulations show that an optimally designed negative
dispersion fiber can reduce the dispersion of standard fiber when it is added with the
existing standard fiber in a ratio of 50:1.

This research tends to study the effect of change in volume fraction of alpha phase
alumina on mechanical properties of a metal matrix composite specimens contain (Al-
αAl2O3). Specimens were prepared with the following volume fractions (10, 15, 20, 25,
30, 35, 40, and 45). Then effectof this change on hardness, maximum stress and strain,
Young’s modulus, impactand wear resistance has been studied. Results of testing
showed that while hardness, maximum stress, Young’s modulus, and impact strength
increased markedly with volume fraction of alumina, wear rate, and maximum strain
decreased with increasing of volume fraction

This paper examines the fatigue short and long cracks behaviour in 2024 T4
aluminum alloy under rotating bending loading and stress ratio R = -1.
In the short cracks region, cracks grow initially at a fast rate but deceleration
occurs quickly and, depending on the stress level, they either arrest or are
temporarily halted at a critical length. This critical length is shown to conincide
with the value of the microstructure parameter, grain size diameter,
An empirical model which describes short and long cracks rates is developed and
is seen in good agreement with the experimental observations in this alloy.
Comparison of the empirical model lives results with cumulative fatigue results has
shown encouraging experimentally agreement while liner rule gave a non –
reasonable prediction

After Nd-Yag laser treatment with and without water thin film, copper plate material
was used under 2880 hours of humidity environment to build a green oxide layer. Oxide
layer and water thin film were studied; corrosion rate and oxide percent were measured
with and without water film under same environment for one laser pulse, 2 pulses, 3
pulses and 4 pulses. The results show improvement and stability in corrosion rate for
water thin film of one pulse during the test period. This paper gives comparative results
referring to water laser technology on corrosion rate of green oxide layer for copper plate
with and without water thin film during specific period of time.

In the present work, the properties of rubberize cement mortar containingcrumb
rubber treated by acidic solution are tested and compared with normal rubberize and
normal cement mortar.The rubber, which is treated by different acidic solution such
as: (H2SO4, HCl and CH3COOH) is used as a fine aggregate as avolumetric partial
replacement of sand in cement mortar. The percent of replacement ranged from 5 to
30%.Compressive strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity (static and
dynamic) a retested for all mixes. Cubes of cement mortar also tested by ultrasonic
pulse velocity (UPV) and hammer tests method to show the effect of treated rubber
on the UPV and hammer tests and to demonstrate the possibility of this methods for
estimating the compressive strength of rubberize cement mortar.The results show that
the treatment of rubber by acidic solution significantly improves the properties of
rubberize cement mortar. Moreover the results show that CH3COOH gives better
improvement compared withH2SO4. The treatment of rubber by HCl shows negative
effects on all cement mortar properties

This research had studied the effect of Sea Nodules powder filler with different
particle size (<53, <75, <106 μm) and volume fraction of (3, 6, 9, 12) % on some
mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin.
Bending results had revealed a decrease with the increase of volume fractions, and
decrease of particle size. While modulus of elasticity increased with increasing
volume fraction and decreasing of particle size.
Hardness and bending strength results had show an incremental increase with
volume fraction increase and a decrease with particle size decreasing also the
maximum shear stress was increased

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanolic crude extract of
Petroselium cripum leaves on the proliferation of the cancer cell lines AMN-3.
The cytotoxicity of cancer cell line of concentrations of (0.95,
1.9,3.8,7.7,15.5,31.25,62.5,125,250,500,1000,2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 10000,
12000, 14000 and 16000) μg/ml showed there was no inhibition observable in
concentration (o.95, 1.9, 3.8, 7.7, 15.5, 31.25, 62.5 and125) μg/ml. While at
concentration of 250,500 and 1000 mg/ml the inhibition percentage was less than
50%.But at concentration of 2000 and 4000μg/ml the inhibition percentage
was(63%,66%) respectively , while after 48hrs the concentration of

It has been studied absorption spectra and The fluorescence for Coumarin Dye
(C-2) as mixture in polar solvent with different concentrations and in addition to poly
Methyl Metha Acrylate (PMMA) as a thin film with concentrations ( 2x10-5, 6x10-5,
1x10-4)M at room temperature ,and the quantum efficiency of this films for each
concentration has been calculated to be ( 65. 7 , 70.1 , 75.3 ) % respectively.
Also ,the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the polymer mixed with different
concentrations of dye C2 has been studied