Nanar Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences

If nationality is a link between a person and a country, it is expected and possible that this link will end when one of the reasons for its end occurs, but the legislator in most countries of the world makes room in certain cases and draws a path to return to that nationality, so recovery is a request from someone who loses his nationality to regain it again and enjoy it, and in many cases it may reflect that this person truly desires to return to his country of which he lost his nationality either by his will and choice and naturalization with the nationality of another country in which he did not live in harmony, or because he lost his nationality by dependence on his father’s nationality without his desire and desires to regain that nationality, or for a woman who lost his nationality due to a mixed marriage by law or by her choice.

The book, History of the Arabs Before Islam, by historian Dr. Muhammad Suhail Taqoush, is one of the most prominent references that deal with the history of the Arabs before the advent of Islam. It sheds light on the political, economic, social, religious, and literary aspects of Arab societies in that era. It also pays special attention to Mecca and its society, in addition to studying ancient Arab kingdoms, such as the Minaites, Sabaeans, Himyarites, The Kingdoms of Kinda, Maysan, Hatra, Edessa, the Nabataeans, Palmyra, the Lakhmids, and the Ghassanids.
The book was published by Dar Al-Nafayes in 2009, and is 496 pages long, and is distinguished by its precise academic methodology that combines historical analysis and scientific documentation.

This research is based on the investigation of a manuscript by a scholar from the eighth century AH and the distinctive features of its scientific value, as it is one of the grammatical texts of a prominent scholar in Arabic science, in addition to the rest of the sciences in which Al-Maqdisi excelled. The research has detailed what needs to be detailed, and explained it in a purely original way; therefore, it required that, and relied on the scientific applied research followed in the investigation with the placement of some pages of the lines.

Language serves as a means of communication and understanding among nations. It is acquired through listening to its speakers, as an Arab child learns the language from their parents by hearing their speech or from others. Additionally, language is transmitted through instruction by a mentor or by trusted narrators known for their honesty and integrity. As for its grammar and rules, they were established through the systematic analysis and analogy of the language by scholars who mastered its structures, explored its issues, and understood its underlying principles. These scholars formulated grammatical explanations based on the linguistic texts available and in accordance with established grammatical rules. Grammarians have determined syntactic rulings for cases where two or more valid grammatical interpretations exist, depending on scholars\' views and evidence. What is considered \"correct\" is based on the strength of its supporting argument, whereas \"more correct\" (or \"most valid\") signifies a stronger justification. In linguistic terms, \"correct\" refers to something that is valid or sound
Some scholars have gone further by comparing two valid grammatical opinions and favoring one over the other, stating: \"The first opinion is more correct in my view\" or \"This is the more correct of the two opinions.\" Their assertion implies that both opinions are valid, but one is preferred due to a stronger supporting argument. While some scholars have justified their preference for the more correct opinion, others have not provided explanations, leaving their judgments without explicit reasoning. This study aims to trace these grammatical rulings, analyze the justifications for preferring one opinion over another, and present scholars\' views and arguments.

Since the inception of the first pioneer of Arab theatre, the artist Maroun al-Naqqash in 1847, Arab playwrights have strived to capture the themes of their theatrical texts in accordance with their intellectual, artistic and ideological references. The writers varied in their themes, some of them went in the direction of history and took its events and figures as themes for their plays, while another group tried to imitate Western plays in terms of style and subject matter. Another section turned to the holy heavenly books, drawing on their stories, events, and biographies of their characters.
The reader of Arab theatre will notice that many theatrical texts have expanded their ideas with stories taken from the Bible, and other theatrical texts have inspired their writers with stories from the Qur’an, such as what the Arab playwright Tawfiq al-Hakim did, who took from the stories from the Qur’an the subjects of two of his plays, namely (The People of the Cave) and (Solomon the Wise), and the Iraqi writer Khader al-Ta’i, who wrote a poetic play entitled (The People of the Cave(.
The current research examines the play \"The People of the Cave\" by Tawfiq al-Hakim, a comparative study of the text of the Qur\'anic narrative and the text of the dramatic narrative, examining the purpose, structure, and similarities between the two stories. Furthermore, the research explores the aesthetic distance between the Qur\'anic narrative and the dramatic narrative by examining the elements of dramatic structure in the two texts, expanding the distance between them, and examining the points of convergence and divergence between the two structures.
The current research contributes to the benefit of researchers, critics, and writers through its presentation of structural and dramatic concepts, in addition to revealing the undefined horizons of Quranic meanings and how to benefit from them in literature and drama. It also reveals the extent of the benefit achieved from the juxtaposition between the Quranic and dramatic texts, and opens up horizons for adopting more Quranic themes in intellectual, artistic, and literary achievement.

The revolution of Omar Ibn Hafsun is considered one of the most dangerous revolutions that faced the central authority (the Umayyads) in Andalusia, and the longest in time; as it lasted thirty years, and the Muwallad rallied around him as their leader to achieve their goal of complete independence from the Arab authority in Andalusia.
His revolution occupied the Umayyad regime, which failed to eliminate it completely throughout the reign of the three princes (Muhammad, Al-Mundhir, and Abdullah) until it was sealed and ended by the fourth prince, Abd al-Rahman III. Therefore, his relations with it during the mentioned period were subject to the fait accompli and it in turn turned into a traditional problem that was coexisted with, swinging between expansion and decline, but within a limited framework.

The legal systems adopted the contractor's guarantees in any contract, Because one of the characteristics of the law is the development and non-stalemate in the limits of the legal texts that are legislated at a certain time, Because the Contract parties are not balanced in terms of the contractors' expertise in the contract, Legislation and the judiciary tried to focus on filling the vacuum in case there was a lack of general rules in the Civil Code in order to protect the parties when concluding a contracting contract.
Therefore, our study dealt with the use of new means in order to enhance the traditional means that the parties rely on when concluding their contract، When faced with a scientific or technical development , we resort to linking it to the law to confront what may result from the practical problems facing contractors due to the existence of such a development.

So, it is necessary to develop new means that enhance the traditional means relied on in the conclusion of the contract of contracting، because at every time of technical development, there must be a defect in information between the Centers of the parties; In some contracts, one of the contractors is supposed to have means of knowledge, and this is what always happens with the contractor of the First party to the contract, unlike the other contractor (the second party to the contract) who is unaware of the work of this contract because he is not specialized.
Hence, there is a strong need for the intervention of the legislator in regulating its provisions in order to establish legal guarantees in the light of the Iraqi Civil Code and comparative civil laws in order to ensure the execution of the contracting contract and ensure the execution of each of the parties to the contract

he development of a dynamic population movement that is important in population studies. It is a modern and ancient phenomenon and one of the population trends in the modern era in Iraq, after foreign migrations, which were characterized by violence, use and persecution indeed that the eye cannot imagine, and the migration has a great impact on a large differential in reaping demographic profits between the region of origin. Its currents and size are also different depending on the causes. Here, there are many types of migration, and studies have focused on some of them and at the local and regional levels. Since the population is in continuous dynamic movement, this leads to other types of migration. The issue of forced migration is considered one of the topics that require the availability of accurate data related to the displaced, and this increases the effort and requires a field study. And directly investigate missing information.

God Almighty has made the aspect of morality one of the most important principles, rules and fixed foundations that govern the conduct of man in following the method of the prophets (peace be upon them). From the perspective of Allamah Tabataba’i, morality is an end in itself, and this is what the heavenly religions have confirmed for the prophets of resolve (peace be upon them). When teaching, the moral aspect must be recognized and received by the learner in terms of scientific facts accompanied by action so that he qualifies himself for action.
And he practices it in order to remove the existing opposing beliefs and to establish the belief in what he has learned in the soul, because reality is the best witness to possibility. And taking care of this method in religious teachings in terms of seriousness and work, especially in Islamic religious teachings, is one of the clearest matters that leads to the formation of the faithful person who is adorned with praiseworthy morals in terms of courage, patience, justice, chastity, and others.
All of this organization has a lofty goal: to enable humanity to achieve happiness and perfection in this world, and then eternal happiness in the afterlife.

This research traces the life of Al-Bandaniji, his writings, his pioneers and his students, especially the book of Al-Taqfiyyah, his method and what was said about it. The research presented the method of the book, which he arranged according to the endings of the words only, and the disagreement over Al-Bandaniji’s leadership of the rhyme system; because there are other dictionaries that followed this system.
The research concluded that the rhyme system is the result of the efforts of Al-Bandaniji in his book (Al-Taqfiyyah fi Al-Lugha), Al-Farabi in his book (Diwan Al-Adab), and Al-Jawhari in his book (Taj Al-Lugha and Sihah Al-Arabiyyah), which are the books that dispute the leadership of the rhyme system.

The rebellious personality affiliated with extremist groups reflects an innate psychological desire seeking identity through belonging to an attractive environment. Understanding the psychological and social factors driving this personality to join extremist groups helps develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Extremist groups, such as ISIS, pose a significant challenge to international security and social stability. Studying the rebellious personality within these groups helps understand their motives and behavior. Based on this, this study, entitled "Connotations of the Rebellious Personality in Extremist Groups," was formed. This study consisted of three chapters. The first chapter included the methodological framework, which included the research problem, its importance, and the need for it, as well as the objective and limits of the research, and concluded by defining the terms. The second chapter included the theoretical framework, which included two sections: the first on the psychological and social dimensions of the rebellious personality, and the second on the connotations of extremism in the rebellious personality. The third chapter included the results and their discussion, which the researcher obtained through analytical induction within the theoretical framework (1- Feeling of injustice and frustration: Whether this feeling is real or false, it will push the individual to rebel, and the continuation of feeling this feeling creates a halo of a false feeling that makes him tend towards extremism and exaggeration in the feeling that he is wronged and oppressed, so he resorts to joining any group that shares the data of his position towards the cause of this false feeling of injustice. Most individuals who join ISIS feel injustice and frustration due to the social and economic circumstances in which they live, which pushes them to seek a new identity and alternative power. 2- Family and social influence: The family and society play a decisive role in shaping individuals' values and beliefs. Some individuals may be influenced by extremist ideas circulated in their environment, which pushes them to adopt them. 3- Economic factors: Poverty and unemployment may drive individuals to join an organization that provides them with money and weapons). This chapter also included conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions, and the chapter concluded with the sources that the researcher relied on in writing the research

The research examines the poetry of Dabal Al-Khuzai as a symbol of rebellion in the Abbasid era, as it highlights the suffering and pain of the people through his criticism of corrupt authorities and a society suffering from injustices. The manifestations of rebellion, according to Dabal, were manifested in three forms: political rebellion against the rulers, social rebellion against prevailing values, and artistic rebellion that breaks traditional forms. His ideas are expressed in expressive poems that highlight the gaps between reality and aspirations. Dabal represents the voice of marginalized classes and poses intellectual questions about identity and power, making him a symbol of rejection and ongoing protest across generations.

Cultural practices that are important to societies are often woven into the fabric of each person's identity. Cultural appropriation is defined as the inappropriate or disrespectful use of a meaningful element of a culture or identity outside of its intended cultural context by someone who is not part of that culture or identity, if at all. Cultural appropriation by dominant cultures threatens to erase remaining parts of a culture that may already be endangered, appropriation is associated with Because it involves a socially dominant group using the culture of a marginalized group for exploitative or capitalist gains, the cultural significance of the appropriated elements is lost. While the act of cultural appropriation dates back centuries, there has been a renewed call from marginalized communities in recent years To understand how and why this practice is harmful.

The subject of student movements in Iraq between 1941- cadres in the national and patriotic parties that were established later.1963: A political and social study (Baghdad And Najaf Are Examples), is of great importance as an important and conscious segment of the national movement, whether on the political or social level, considering that the early national awareness among students and the various political accumulations made this conscious segment ready in the later stages to enter the arena of party organizations and formations, and they became founders and advanced

This article aims to explore various studies that have collectively contributed to the scientific field of mental image, a public relations term considered one of the most prominent in media. Mental image refers to the general impression or idea that individuals form about a person, group, system, institution, country, or any other entity that may influence human life. It is a fundamental component in shaping an image, whether positive or negative.
The article adopts an approach distinct from traditional academic research, focusing instead on the efforts of a number of researchers who have examined how Iraqi institutions are perceived in the minds of individuals and groups, aiming to develop effective strategies to improve their public image. It is anticipated that the article will yield a set of findings and recommendations that contribute to enhancing the mental image of institutions in general and help in form positive impressions that support the institution’s public image.
Undoubtedly, any scientific endeavour will encounter critical opinions that contribute to its improvement and development, helping to address aspects the researcher may have overlooked

Objectives: The study aims to shed light on the reasons that led to the emergence of the two-ministerial system during the era of Buwayhid and Seljuk domination, and to compare these two systems and their impact on the Abbasid Caliphate. The study addressed the institution of the ministry from its inception until it became an official system and institution during the Abbasid era, and the developments that occurred in it. The ministry is considered one of the most important state institutions after the Caliphate, and the most influential of them. Since its inception, it was characterized by strength, especially in the early Abbasid era. The caliphs chose their ministers from among those who possessed the competence and knowledge to manage the affairs of the Caliphate, granting them broad powers. Therefore, the ministers played an important role in directing the Caliphate's policy due to their political, administrative, and financial talents. During the era of Turkish domination, Turkish leaders intervened in the dismissal and appointment of ministers to suit their own desires. The institution of the ministry weakened due to the selection of weak ministers who lacked experience in state affairs. During the reign of the Amir al-Amir, the Abbasid caliph's ministry was abolished in terms of its position and authority. The caliph was satisfied with a secretary to manage his affairs, and the minister's powers gradually shifted to the Amir al-Amir.
During the era of Buyid domination, the minister lost all his powers and was no longer an assistant or advisor to the caliph, but rather a secretary who managed his affairs. The Buyids also introduced the two-ministerial system, with the Buyid emir appointing two ministers.
During the era of Seljuk domination, the Seljuks, as a foreign element, were no less dangerous than the Buyids, as the minister returned to exercising his administrative responsibilities alongside the Abbasid caliph. The Seljuks retained the caliph's minister alongside the Seljuk sultan's minister, i.e., the two-ministerial system. Methodology: The study adopted the historical-analytical approach, which aims to monitor and analyze events to understand the reasons that led to the emergence of the two-ministerial system and its impact on the Abbasid Caliphate.
Results: The study revealed several findings, including that the Abbasid caliphs were deprived of competent ministers to assist them in shouldering the caliphate's burdens, managing state affairs, and running its affairs. The two-ministerial system, introduced by the Buyids, was one of the factors that weakened the prestige and authority of the ministry. This system resulted in the assignment of the ministry to two Buyid ministers, which led to intense competition between the two ministers, with each seeking to eliminate his partner in the ministry and monopolize power. The Seljuks, on the other hand, kept the caliph's minister alongside the Seljuk sultan's minister. The two were in constant conflict for political influence and monopolization of power. Comparing the two ministers' powers reveals the growing power of the Seljuk minister compared to that of the Abbasid caliph, especially since the latter's continued employment was subject to the approval of the
.Seljuks

This research presents the views of Imam Ali ibn Musa al-Rida (peace be upon him) on linguistics and some of its levels. His views, peace be upon him, were not based on his being a specialist in this field, but rather within the context of his discussion of the attributes and names of God Almighty, and his responses to some doctrinal issues. Therefore, some of his views were expressed explicitly, such as his view on the origin of language, and some were allusive, such as his view on the origin of derivation and his distinction between adjectives and adjectives. I divided the collected material into two sections: the first on linguistics, and the second on its levels. The research reached positive results, including his belief that language is divinely ordained, that the relationship between a noun and its named is one of signifier and signified, not of essence and identity, and that the verb is the origin of derivation, among other results. He relied on ancient and modern sources to support this.

Relationships of presence and absence are procedural tools for reading literary texts. Dr. Samir Al-Khalil examines the term's technical concept and operational scope in his book (Relationships of Presence and Absence in the Poetics of Literary Texts). This book serves as a critical reference for the reader. It is rich in diverse critical readings between theory and application through a group of diverse critical articles, in which the critic turned to many critical tools that contribute to revealing the connotations and meanings of literary texts, and mentioned critical proposals that represented many signals and problems, and all of these issues were included under the relations of presence and absence, as the title formed a cognitive dimension and an inclusion for the proposals and tools that the critic adopted in the texts of his book, as the issue of the relationship between the connection of words and sentences present and their absent communicative contexts absorbs the relational network of the elements of the literary text in various forms.

The idea of epistemology as a method for criticizing criticism was first referred to by Hamid Lahmadani in his book The Magic of the Subject, although this critic did not believe in a fixed methodology in the field of criticism of criticism, and the book that is the subject of the article explicitly adopted epistemology as a method for criticizing criticism. However, epistemology cannot be a fixed method for criticizing criticism, because the area of literary criticism is vast and shifts according to many cognitive lines, and this shift cannot be relied upon on a single method to control it. In this space, our article begins to criticize that method and demonstrate its shortcomings.

This research aims to study the phonological structure in the poetry of Al-Mutanabbi and analyze its impact on generating poetic meaning, by linking the phonetic level with the semantic level in selected texts from Al-Mutanabbi’s poetry. The research is based on the hypothesis that the sounds in Al-Mutanabbi’s poetry not only serve a rhythmic function but also act as an effective tool for expressing psychological emotions, intensifying rhetorical imagery, and shaping the overall semantic pattern of the text.
The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing tools from modern phonetic studies and applying them to three selected models from Al-Mutanabbi’s poems:
1. “If you venture in pursuit of noble honor…”,
2. “Horses, night, and the desert all know me…”,
3. “If you honor the noble, you possess him…”.
The analysis addresses various aspects of the phonological structure such as repetition, phonetic harmony, and the characteristics of sounds (voicing, voicelessness, plosiveness, softness), and their relationship to the psychological and rhetorical meaning within the text.
The research concludes that Al-Mutanabbi skillfully employed phonological structure in the service of meaning. He used it to express pride, challenge, heroism, and generosity by harmonizing sounds with the psychological and semantic context of the poem. The study also reveals an organic interplay between internal rhythm and rhetorical imagery, reinforcing Al-Mutanabbi’s status as a poet deeply aware of his phonetic and semantic tools.

This article for Smith’s , Between Text and Theory, examines the evolving relationship between literary texts and critical theory. It shows that literary criticism not only responds to cultural changes but also help shape the way literature is understood
Smith review the evaluation from New Criticism to poststructuralism,
And explains how the “third wave” of criticism has blend older methods with new ones like post-humanism and digital humanities. The article highlight three main trends: theoretical pluralism, interdisciplinary methodologies, and used of applied case studies’ article is informative but failed to include non-Western perspectives and critiques of excessive theorization. Nevertheless , it serves as strong groundwork for understanding how contemporary criticism evolve alongside border social, cultural, and intellectual changed .