Journal of The Iraqi University

Abstract
This research addresses the topic of envy in the Quran and presents several important conclusions. It defines envy as the hatred of God’s blessings upon others and the desire for them to be removed, according to the definition of Ibn al-Qayyim. Scholars divide envy into two types: real envy, which is the desire for the blessings to be removed, and is forbidden, and metaphorical envy, which is longing for the same blessings without wishing for their removal from others, and this is permissible in worldly matters and praiseworthy in acts of worship. The research also presents the causes of envy, such as hostility, pride, and greed, and provides examples from the Quran, such as the envy of Iblis and the brothers of Prophet Yusuf (Joseph). Additionally, the study highlights the negative consequences of envy, such as arrogance, murder, and the spread of animosity. Finally, it explains the cure for envy, which includes seeking refuge in Allah, believing in divine decree, and practicing patience

Abstract
The Great Qur’an has been the focus of religious, linguistic, rhetorical, and grammatical studies in the Islamic world throughout the ages, and no heavenly or non-heavenly book has received as much memorization, understanding, and study as the constitution of this nation has achieved throughout its generations. I chose one of these blessed generations that bore the burden of interpreting the Qur’an, which is the seventh century AH, and its pioneers include: Imam Al-Razi, Al-Qurtubi, and Al-Baydawi. The opinionsof commentators differ many times in determining the meanings of some Qur’anic words, or the meanings and connotations of Qur’anic verses, depending on the various variables that affect the process of understanding and interpreting the text, but there is no doubt that the circle of difference in interpretation expands as we move away from the first core.Or the first people to whom the Qur’an was revealed and who lived through its circumstances and astrology. The disagreement among the predecessors was less than among later interpreters, and the disagreement increased later and after the emergence of different groups and doctrines, as each group or sect resorted to the verses of the Qur’an to support its doctrine and overthrow the doctrine of the group that opposed it

Abstract
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the most honorable of creation and messengers, his family and all his companions.The orbit of the Islamic sciences is based on the Islamic faith, from which the rest of the sciences branch out. One of the most important chapters of the theological knowledge is fate and destiny. If we read these chapters in the literature of the great imams, we will discover scientific treasures and subtle points that will be the foundational rules for the upcoming branching sciences. Among these names is Imam Al-Sha'rani, who left a scientific legacy that enriched thought and aspects of the Sharia with pearls of science. Perhaps the most noble of them is the science of faith. Perhaps one of the most noble chapters of faith is fate and destiny. I wanted to show the concepts of fate and destiny from Imam Abdul-Wahhab Al-Sha'rani and how he combined great emotional taste with the theological understanding that added a beautiful scientific splendor to the curricula that influenced the Islamic library.I mentioned aspects of his personal life, then what came in his approach about fate and destiny, and what accompanies fate and destiny of the actions of servants and the imposition of what is unbearable, and some of the pearls that he adopted in the requirements of this chapter

Abstract
"In the science of the principles of jurisprudence, the principles of jurisprudence are considered the basic pillars upon which the process of ijtihad and derivation of legal rulings is built. These principles are divided, in terms of their application, into neglected principles and non-neglected principles. This division stems from the extent of the violation of these principles in jurisprudential ijtihad and legal application"

ABSTRACT.
There is no doubt that advance planning is the beginning of most actions, and any plan must stem from the will as a result of a revolution of ideas that sweeps the imagination and is the result of a specific thought that we follow and believe in. Thought is the first link and the basic material for completing any work. We live in a vast and diverse world, full of variables, and full of compatible or contradictory ideas. Each country has its own beliefs, culture, rules and ideas, some of which are consistent or neutral with other countries, and others exclude other countries. Hostility, and there are people who have completely contradictory ideas about other countries, which leads to... Competition and hostility arose between them due to their differences in their ideas. Here comes the challenge, because each party wants to bring its opponent to its side. The problem is hostility, dominance, style and ideas that create aggressive tendencies. This is intellectual colonialism. Global intellectual colonialism seeks to dominate moderate Islamic thought represented by Sunni and sectarian thought, and we see many projects hostile to the principles of Islamic thought being mobilized to undermine and demonize this thought.

Research summary
we see many palm trees, citrus fruits in mosques and some cemeteries, so a question comes to our mind: Are we allowed to eat from them or not? What is the Sharia ruling on it ,?So I wanted to know the opinion of the majority of the one sect on this matter, by researching more than one of their sources, finding out their most likely opinion, and then coming up - after collecting the opinions of each sect

Almulakhas
nzraan likathrat tashjir almaqabiri, bayniat khasayis aleadhab ean almayt, faqad qumt bibayan alhukm alshareii litashjir almaqabiri, baed dirasat alhukm alshareii litashjir almaqabir wabayan 'aqwal alfuqaha' wa'adlatihim fi hadhih al'amri.fatashjir almaqabir lihikmat aleadhab ealaa jayizat almuntaj alshareii, wahu ma faealah alnabii(salaa allah ealayh wasalama) wahu ma 'awsaa bih alsahabiu buraydata(radi allah), wadaewaa alkhususiat fi hadith baye aljaridat ealaa allahm ghayr muslimin; lima 'uwsi bialsahabii buraydat radi allah eanhu, waman 'arad 'iin yaghris shajaratan fi almaqbarat 'an yaghris shajaratan min alnawe aladhi la yusheib masaquhu, bal yakun min alnawe aladhi jadharah eamudi; hataa la yuadiy 'iilaa talafi almaqabir 'aw kasr eazm almawtaa.

Abstract
Quranic studies are among the most important studies that seek to clarify the aspects of miracle and beauty in the Book of God Almighty. In this study, the researcher seeks to study the Quranic simile in the verses of rulings in the Holy Quran and to confirm these rulings by employing the methods of encouragement and motivation in the Holy Quran.This study begins with a summary that includes the definition of the different research points. The first section deals with encouragement and intimidation in the Holy Quran and their definition in language and terminology. In the second section, the researcher moves on to study similes in Quranic verses that include rulings and explain the role of similes in consolidating these rulings through encouragement, which is understood through the linguistic context of the Quranic verse. In the third section, the researcher moves on to study similes in Quranic verses that include rulings and the role of similes in confirming these rulings through the method of intimidation, which is understood from the linguistic context of the verse. The research ends with a conclusion that includes the most important results and recommendations, and a list of sources and references.

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most MercifulPraise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon our Master Muhammad, the Trustworthy, and upon his family and all his companions.As for what follows: Friday prayer is one of the greatest rituals of Islam, and in it is the largest gathering of believing men and women, and the angels of the Lord of the Earth and Heavens, in the most beloved places to Allah, the mosques, where mercy descends, sins are forgiven, and degrees are raised. Therefore, Islamic law has given it great rulings and noble purposes, where the call and the effort are at a blessed hour, in which selling and other works are abandoned, and the Muslim washes and perfumes himself intending that worship in compliance with the command of the Almighty.Definition of some terms: Friday, ruling, selling, time, surah.

Praise be to God, we praise Him with abundant praise befitting Himself, the Almighty, a praise that frees Him from every shortcoming. To Him belongs perfection, and to Him is good praise. I seek His forgiveness and I repent to Him. Prayers and peace be upon the teacher of mankind, Muhammad bin Abdullah - may God bless him and grant him peace. God Almighty has not prescribed for His servants matters that are beyond their capabilities, but rather He intended Ease them and help them to do good and benefit them. Therefore, from the kindness of God Almighty, He made every legal ruling that is beyond the power of the servants in a state of capacity, either by doing it if he is able to do it or by abandoning it when he is not able to do it, such as praying without a group in the event of heavy rain, and eating the flesh of a dead animal in the event of death and warding off harm. About the soul and other rulings

Abstract
This research addresses the utilization of Quranic verses in enhancing and developing critical and creative thinking skills among learners, considering that the Holy Quran contains numerous verses that encourage reflection and contemplation. The research aims to explore how these verses can be employed to teach thinking skills in a way that meets the contemporary needs of learners in Islamic societies. The objectives of the research are:
1. To identify and objectively analyze the Quranic verses related to critical and creative thinking.
2. To demonstrate the impact of teaching these verses on developing students' critical and creative thinking skills.
3. To provide educational models for integrating Quranic verses into curricula for teaching critical and creative thinking skills.
The research adopts an analytical objective approach and concludes with several findings, the most important of which are:
1. Quranic verses are among the most significant sources that stimulate critical and creative thinking by encouraging contemplation and reflection on God's signs.
2. Systematically teaching these verses contributes to improving students' ability to analyze, critique, and innovate, and enhances problem-solving skills.
3. Educational curricula that integrate Quranic verses related to thinking can be more effective in developing students' thinking skills compared to curricula that rely solely on Western theories.
The research emphasizes the importance of returning to the Holy Quran as a source for developing critical and creative thinking skills in light of modern challenges, and the need to adopt comprehensive educational curricula that combine religious knowledge with intellectual skills.

Abstract
The research deals with the rhetorical methods in Al-Farazdaq's poetry, which were on four axes. The first of them was entitled Simile, in which I dealt with all its pillars, from the simile, the simile tool, and the point of similarity.The second axis was entitled Metaphor, which is a linguistic style with creative artistic value through which the poet was able to highlight the aesthetic significance in his poetry.The third axis dealt with metaphor, which in turn worked to create an artistic rhetorical image that worked to enrich the poetic text.The last axis was entitled Metonymy, which the poet adopted and employed in his poetry in an indirect manner, so it carried within it the highlighting of the aesthetic value of the poetic text.These axes were preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion in which I summarized the most prominent results reached by the research, and then a list of sources and references that I relied on to present this research

Abstract
The Sufi experience is one of the most difficult experiences that a person may pass, and the ego requires greater and broader demands that differ from the demands of every human being, especially that every person has his own experience of himself without others, while the Sufi experience opens Vast horizons and a world full of experiences that make the ego open to a specific situation that can only be felt and real by those who touched it, to make its owner need the other, and that the other represents the finest and supreme reality for which the universe and existence was found and is (divine love), so the mystical experience is A very profound experience and an endless world, and so we find that for now Different manifestations of imposed on us to expose them according to mechanisms Angelaiha in the mystic text on a specific and particular about .

Abstract :-
The Holy Qur’an is the miraculous book of God, whose gifts and treasures do not cease over time, whether these treasures are in the Arabic language or in all other sciences. One of the miracles of the Holy Qur’an in the field of language is in terms of the diversity of the connotations of the single word and its derivations, and from that I single out the subject of my research, which is tagged with ( (The linguistic and graphic miracle of the root (r.h.b) in the Holy Qur’an)) and an explanation of the secret of choosing The word “Rahab” with its derivations in the Qur’anic structure and arrangement.

Research Summary :
( Gardens of Lights & The Wonders of Poetry) book is considered one of the monthly selections books, It was written by (Junaid bin Mahmoud bin Muhammad), and investigated by Dr. (Hilal Naji), as the investigator mentioned in the introduction to the book it contains famous poets, whether from the pre-Islamic era, Islamic era, the Umayyad era, the Abbasid era, or the Andalusian era, and other obscure poets, in addition to his inclusion of poetic texts whose names were not mentioned in the book, so the book contains a huge collection of poetry in depicting spring and its forms, in addition to describing flowers and fruits in different eras of Arabic poetry. Still, the overwhelming majority of it was in the selections of Abbasid poets.Accordingly, the research is based on explaining the dialogue in the poems of the ( Gardens of Lights & The Wonders of Poetry) book, as the research aspires to monitor the contents and come out with a comprehensive vision that shows the level of depth of among the poets of ( Gardens of Lights & The Wonders of Poetry), and the method adopted in the research was based on interpretation and analysis, and the combination of artistic and objective axes at the same time, which gave the poetic text an aesthetic dimension and intellectual depth, through the gathering of ideas, the diversity of styles, and the contrast of sayings, and the research required that it include the concept of dialogue, its forms and types.

Abstract
This research includes a study of the duality of youth and gray hair in selected examples of Abbasid poetry, from whom we have found abundant poetic material related to the research topic, with the aim of standing on the dimensions of the images of youth and gray hair in our selected examples of poetry and analyzing them objectively, as each stage of them differs from the other in terms of the physical, psychological and social aspects. The youth stage makes a person embrace life, loving it and striving to achieve the hopes and ambitions he seeks, and the gray hair stage is a source of complaint and expression of what a person suffers from in it from several physical, psychological and social aspects. Perhaps this stage (gray hair) is the stage of returning to God Almighty and thinking about the past and blaming the self for what it was from shortcomings or slips and reprimanding it from everything that is not appropriate for a person to do at this stage of life and calling it to return to God Almighty with repentance and repentance

Abstract
Elegy, like other poetic purposes, has become widespread and has clear foundations and poetic images that are compatible with the state of sadness and the feeling of great loss as a result. The lamentation in the poetry of Al-Makzoon Al-Sinjari has taken the aspect of religious lamentation in most of it, in which we often find words indicating faith, asceticism, piety, piety, and righteousness from those who deserve it in the form of lamentation. In this research, we aim to discuss the features of lamentation in the poetry of the Sinjari mazun, especially since it dealt with religious figures who had a great impact on souls, in addition to identifying the terms and vocabulary for forming the image of lamentation according to the Sinjari poet, as well as knowing the mechanism of employing the art of lamentation in the Sinjari mazon. The analytical approach was relied upon, which is based on the use of procedural tools to analyze the images and structures that embodied the mechanism of lamentation from the poetry of the Sinjari makzoon. Important results were reached, including that the mechanism of lamentation in the Sinjari maqzoon reflected Al-Sinjari’s focus on dealing with meanings and images based on the characteristic of religious elegies. Al-Sinjari’s images of lamentation take on one character, which is that they include meanings with words that belong to one semantic field. Most of them dealt with the concept of asceticism, piety, and piety

Considering the literary text's receptiveness to contemporary science and knowledge; the study seeks to emphasize several Strategies, Skills, and Procedures that the Reader/Professor must employ while interacting with any poetic or narrative literary work. This study is more relied on the authors of this research experience than on following other people's experiences, as it focuses on the author's own experience teaching at schools and universities for up to fifteen years.The study indicates that rather than following a particular literary criticism curriculum, this paper focuses on explaining the approaches, skills, and challenges of interpreting literary texts considering school or university educational contexts. Although it clearly benefits from those curricula, this study is based on measuring the researcher's teaching experience in the educational and academy fields. This happens because the paper's main goal is to highlight some reading practice methods and competencies, which include a variety of Textual and Contextual curricula, Reading Theories, Interpretation, and Cultural Criticism.It is no secret that teaching literary texts is one of the most challenging lessons in the Arabic language in terms of how to address them. The paper showed several sought-after results, such as the fact that each Reader of the literary text is interested in developing his own critical reading skills by identifying some important competencies in reading the literary text and identifying some ways and steps to access the literary text.
The study concluded that there are many different approaches to literary text analysis, and we have suggested splitting them into two categories: The method of Entry: from inside the text and from outside the text. The research demonstrated how to interpret both narrative and poetic texts, with an applicable model for each. Along with several texts from the Omani Arabic language curricula, the study continued to focus on the issue of processing the poetry text and offered a solution.

Abstract
The miraculous and the grotesque are among the modern terms in the field of narration that are based on transcending everything that is reasonable to the absurd and from reality to the unreal, so its names have varied, such as (the miraculous, the supernatural, the bizarre, the magical, fantasy, science fiction). It is noted that all of these terms carry In its meaning is everything that is unfamiliar and natural. Man naturally tends to search, explore, and enter hidden worlds and violate the rules of nature. Hence our choice of the novel (The Mule of the Throne) by the writer Khairy Shalabi, as the study aims to clarify the concept of the miraculous and the strange and the difference between the two terms and then Analyze the novel in its light

Summary
This study seeks to delve into the investigations of texts by interrogating them from a modern point of view and knowing their contents and cognitive awareness through the use of the mechanisms of the cultural pattern and their meanings hidden within the folds of the text and highlighting the hidden goals and hidden messages that the poet wanted to send through the ether of the text, employing his cognitive and cultural balance in interrogating the meanings. It carries other meanings that blend behind the cultural pun, especially in... In the prose poem, the patterns extend deep into history and are embodied in our reality, both compromised and revolutionary, with a reading that evokes the mechanisms of the collective-systematic mind that revolves around fixed and semi-closed frameworks

Abstract
Suffixes in Arabic serve different functions, including the suffix -tāʾ. This suffix performs in Arabic words and fulfills a wide range of semantic roles. The research has demonstrated that limiting its function to indicating femininity is inconsistent with linguistic reality and overlooks its broader linguistic roles. This suffix extends far beyond that singular function, performing numerous other roles. For instance, it can serve to emphasize an existing hyperbolic meaning without explicitly mentioning the suffix. It can also act as a substitute for an omitted element, which could be the root’s initial (fa’), medial (ʿayn), or final (lām) consonant. Additionally, it can indicate taʿrīb (adaptation of a non-Arabic name or term into Arabic).

Summary
This research dealt with the study and investigation of a manuscript entitled (Message in the statement of the letters of Dhulqia) of Imam Shihab Al-Khafaji (d. 977 AH) as between the letters of Dhulqia when the people of the language and clarify their differences on them, and those letters come out of the throat (tip) tongue and lip easily and easily collected by your saying: (fled from the core). The presence of any of the letters in the quadrilateral and pentagram is evidence of the eloquence of the word, provided that it was used by the Arabs. And the humiliating: that is, extreme, which is the clearest static sounds in hearing, so the modernists see it as more like soft sounds. They are neither severe nor loose, so they are called intermediate sounds _ between _ that is, between severe and soft. and against it is solid, and it was called so because of its weight and refraining from speaking about it

Abstract:
This research monitors the effects resulting from the emergence of linguistics as a modern science and method and its impact on the re-analysis of morphological phenomena. This analysis may be consistent with the traditional vision with an increase in the dimension of innovative observations, or an analysis that contradicts the traditional content. The research deals in a simplified manner with the forms of innovation and reconsideration of the morphological phenomenon and its analysis in a manner consistent with the developments that have occurred in the sciences, especially phonology.
The research consists of an introductory introduction to the subject, the method followed, the most prominent previous studies, an introduction that addresses the definition of morphology according to the classical term and the contemporary linguistic term, a first section that looks at the effect of linguistics on morphological changes, a second section that monitors some features of the re-analysis of the morphological structure according to linguistics, and a conclusion with the most prominent results.

Abstract
This research aims to explore the impact of the morphological system on guiding meaning in the Arabic language through a comparative study between phonetic and morphological formulation. The focus is on a set of linguistic elements that include: vowel harmony, vowel substitution, emphasis, reduction, pause, and consonantization, and how they affect the direction of meanings and connotations,Therefore, we decided to divide our research into an introduction followed by the main components of the research, including its importance, objectives, and methodology. Then, we divided the study into two applied sections: the first on the phenomena of vowel substitution, emphasis, and reduction, and the second on vowel following, stopping, and consonantization. Our research reached a general conclusion that the morphological system is not merely the formation of words, but an effective tool for directing meaning and enhancing understanding. Through the analysis of morphological and phonetic changes, it became clear that these changes directly affect the potential meanings of texts and contribute to achieving greater accuracy and clarity in linguistic expression.

Abstract))
This research focuses on military equipment, especially artillery and the great development in its manufacture, as this type of weapon and what is related to it from the use of gunpowder, through the book “Pride, elevation and benefits for the mujahideen in the path of God with cannons” by Ibn Ghanem Al-Riyash Al-Andalusi (1048 AH/1638 AD), who was able to write this book during a period of dark periods that passed over the Muslims who resided in Andalusia after the fall of the Arab Islamic rule in the last stronghold, which is the Kingdom of Granada. As a result of his experience in the field of artillery through his work in disguise with the Spanish Navy, he was able to learn how to manufacture these cannons. After that, he addressed the great role and credit that goes back to the Arab scientists who were able to discover and manufacture gunpowder, which is one of the main elements for the work of this weapon, and they called it oil .

This study aims to colanfy the principle of poetic developmentin the thought of the first teacher of humanity ,Muhmmad(peace beuoon him ), as it was first mentioned in our constitution ,the Holy Quran , in the Almighty’s saying “indeed.
Allah will not change the condition of apeople until they change what is in the mselves “Surat Ar-Radiyah ,rerse : 1-Despite the appearahce of moderan term, the best one who has deal with the drelopment of human capabilities and their rehanabilitation is the Holy Quran , rehabilitation is the Holy Quran then the prophetic Hadiths, and acritic of what was presented by Al-Banna ,what you want the concepand nature of human development through the prophetic Hadiths , was said .I slamic law our goal in this study is to understand the coghitire fram work. Knowel dge of what is the hanture of positire poetic development through the texts of the prophet’s hadiths .
The study me thodology came from the descriptive analytical methods that are based on the unity and analy zing the nature of human development from the perspective of the handiths of the prophet tow chapters , The first is the concept of human derelopment in light of Islamic law.
These cond Humanderelpoment in the texts of the hadiths of the prophent
We concluded that our first prophet and teacher (Muham mad (pBuH) was he one who addvessed the is sur of derelopment .
The village and the derelopment of the community spiritually,educationally ,intellectually ,seviqnsly and finally.
Key words (human derelopment , hadiths , education )

Abstract:
Spatial variation is one of the vital studies that was referred to as a special study in terms of the social protection network for the province in Anbar for the year 2023. It contributed to the emergence of the social protection network to improve the quality of life of the deserving groups, with a focus on the deserving groups, the orphans, the disabled, people with disabilities, and the unemployed, with a focus on the differences between Females and males, the study also found a difference in the level between the sexesThis topic was chosen by small administrative units, where the focus was on social and economic life, as it has today contributed to improving the benefits of general groups and improving the reduction of life requirements for them, and by highlighting the importance of social welfare programs in reducing poverty and social peasants.

Abstract
This study scrutinizes to discover the morphological and morphometric changes that occurred along the selected piece of land of Euphrates River that affected the formation of the channel stream line and caused its development, in order to apply new indicators to fill the gaps in the classical braiding through formulating a conceptual work to give better information for developing knowledge in the braided channel morphology. Focusing on the analytical approach that includes the effect of the land structure and the development that occurred on the morphological characteristics of the channel could be investigated in order to discover disentangling the braiding mechanism as well as the basic concepts about river braiding. In addition to identifying the mechanism of formation of the braided river through an applied study of the indicators of dimensions and barriers that clarify some of the factors that may be associated with causing the difference as a measure of the degree of braiding according to the pattern of its formation in order to provide some basic information about the development of the braided pattern via the application of some morphological indicators to know the degree of braiding that the river passes through. The most important results discovered by the presented study are that the meandering degree reached (1.30) and the application of braiding indicators proved that the river is braided and has multiple channels and its slope degree is (0.5) and its height is (158.9). The study recommends the application of new indicators to develop knowledge in the morphology of the braided channel as well as focusing on the separation resulting from the difference in flow strength, flow speed and sediment load. With the section plotted for selected years and the construction of numerous tables and drawings to cover the combined area of erosion and sedimentation of the active channel annually per unit of longitudinal distance as well as the channel migration rate which is an indicator of the channel's activity and stability.

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify the level of digital well-being and its relationship with shyness among university students, investigate the differences based on gender, and examine the correlation between the two variables. The research population includes the morning study students of Tikrit University for the academic year 2023-2024, totaling 16,346 students distributed across the university’s colleges. The researcher selected a sample of 300 students from the Colleges of Education for Humanities and Education for Pure Sciences, representing three departments from each college, using a simple random sampling method. The researcher developed a Digital Well-Being Scale consisting of 28 items with response options (Always, Never, Often, Sometimes, Rarely) distributed across the scale’s domains. After ensuring its validity, reliability, and differentiation, the scale was applied to the sample. Additionally, the researcher used a Shyness Scale consisting of 22 items (Al-Dulaimi, 2011) with the same response options, also distributed across four domains.After applying the two tools to the sample, the results revealed a statistically significant difference on the Digital Well-Being Scale, with males exhibiting higher well-being than females. Similarly, the Shyness Scale showed a statistically significant difference, with females displaying more shyness than males. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between digital well-being and shyness among university students

Summary
Fatimid architecture and arts represent an important architectural heritage, as it represents an important episode in the history of Islamic architecture as a whole, and it also represents a bright stage in the history of Islamic architecture in Egypt. The history of the Fatimids in Egypt and the events of the history of the Fatimid caliphate after its move to Egypt and its control over the Levant and the Hijaz. Where the Fatimids showed a great ability to keep pace with the civilizational development in the field of construction and reconstruction, in order to compete with the Abbasid caliphate, as there were many facilities and cultural facilities that the Fatimids built.

Conclusion
The study of (Judges and their judicial activities in Transoxiana under the Samanid and Karakhanid dynasties) bears both political and cultural significance. It aims to highlight the importance of the regions and cities of Transoxiana, to explore the history of the most prominent states that emerged in the region, including their origins and the factors that contributed to their establishment. Moreover, the study examines the relationship between these states and the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad. On the cultural aspect, it investigates the role of the princes and sultans of these states in supporting intellectual movements and their flourishing, as well as the contributions of scholars to state administration, particularly judges, who held one of the most important official positions and combined knowledge and governance, thus bridging the gap between leadership and scholarship.

Abstract:
This research aims to analyze the soft power methods used by MBC Iraq in its television programs, and to study the impact of these methods on shaping the cultural and social awareness of the Iraqi and regional audience. The content of three programs broadcast by the channel was analyzed: Beit Al-Saad, Hadith Baghdad, and Kalam Nawaem. The most important results are: The topics presented by the three programs differ according to the orientations that each one seeks to achieve. The program "Beit Al-Saad" focuses mainly on social topics with limited interest in politics and economics. "Hadith Baghdad", on the other hand, devotes a large space to political topics, with a focus on social topics as well. As for "Kalam Nawaem", it is characterized by a greater focus on entertainment and social topics, while addressing some economic issues, but in smaller proportions. The most important suggestions include: the need to continue studies on the role of the media in enhancing soft power, not only in Iraq but in the Arab world in general.

ِAbstract
This research aims to identify “the effectiveness of the logical alignment strategy in acquiring historical concepts among fourth-grade literary students.” For the purpose of verifying the research objective, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: -
There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores for acquiring historical concepts for the female students of the experimental group who study using the logical alignment strategy and the female students of the control group who study using the usual method.)
To verify the validity of this hypothesis, the researcher conducted an experiment that took an entire semester, and the following procedures were adopted:
The experimental method (partial control type) was followed for two equal groups, one experimental and the other control, with a post-test to acquire historical concepts. This research was limited to female students in the fourth literary grade in one of the secondary schools affiliated with the First Rusafa Education Directorate, as the research sample was chosen randomly (secondary school). Voluntary school for girls) distributed between two study classes. Class A was chosen by random drawing to represent the experimental group taught using the logical alignment strategy, and Class B was chosen to represent the control group taught in the usual way.The two research groups were rewarded for some variables that may have an impact on the dependent variable, which are (age calculated in months, female students’ achievement in history for the first semester, previous knowledge test in history and intelligence test, and parents’ academic achievement), in addition to controlling other variables from For the sake of the integrity of the research, noting that the researcher taught the two research groups and specified the scientific material in the last chapters (fourth and fifth) of the Arab-Islamic History book scheduled to be taught to students in the fourth literary grade for the academic year (2023-2024 AD), she identified behavioral objectives in the cognitive field, and their number reached (120). A behavioral goal for the purpose of preparing teaching plans for the two research groups (experimental and control). As for the research tool, the researcher prepared a test to acquire concepts consisting of (60) multiple-choice items.
The experiment was implemented in the second semester of the academic year (2023-2024 AD), as the beginning of the experiment was on Sunday (2/15/2024), and it ended on Tuesday (5/5/2024). To obtain the results, the data was processed. Statistically using the t-test for two independent samples, the results showed the following:The female students of the experimental group who studied using the logical alignment strategy outperformed the female students of the control group who studied using the traditional method in the test of acquiring historical concepts In light of the research results, the researcher reached a number of conclusions, including:The strategy of logical alignment in acquiring historical concepts has a major role in making students more aware of the concepts while taking into account individual differences while presenting the material and advancing them.

Abstract
The collection of public revenues should be conducted through procedures that are appropriate to the circumstances of taxpayers and the state treasury, contributing to maximizing public revenues to cover public expenditures, which are continuously increasing due to technical and technological advancements and population growth. It has been observed that the use of traditional methods in collecting public revenues is inadequate given their scale and does not align with the principles of public finance. The state allocates significant amounts as salaries for collection officers, transportation costs, supplies, and other expenses.In the context of reducing expenses allocated for collection and addressing cases of financial and administrative corruption, financial legislations have increasingly relied on modern alternatives for public revenue collection. Among these are electronic collection methods, which uphold the principle of transparency and enhance values of integrity in public service. This contributes to activating the role of oversight bodies and addressing the phenomenon of public fund waste. Moreover, the use of these methods reduces the costs allocated for collection, suits the circumstances of taxpayers, and encourages them to fulfill their financial obligations instead of evading them.

Abstract
Damage is the fundamental basis for the administration’s responsibility and the real basis for compensation although not every damage resulting from the administration’s activity deserves compensation rather, this damage must meet certain conditions including that it be direct and realizable and that it violate a position protected by law. It is noted that the judiciary of the French Council of State has developed and gone through many stages regarding the type of damage eligible for compensation He began by denying compensation resulting from moral damage that is not accompanied by material damage, and then the first stage of his development began when he decided to compensate for independent moral damage that is not accompanied by material damage as long as it can be repaired with money, the development of the judiciary of the French Council of State did not stop there but rather moved towards compensation for all moral damages whether accompanied by material damages or not. It is worth noting that the scope of compensation for moral damages has expanded in France to include damages resulting from psychological pain, physical pain, disturbance of living conditions, and lack of enjoy the joys of life, I cannot fail to point out that there are ill-defined damages that affect a person’s feeling which leads to pain and sadness that befalls a person that requires compensation especially if the error was issued by a public administrative body or as a result of the administration’s actions.

Abstract
The research aims to study the stance of Maghreb countries on the nationalization of Iraqi oil in 1972 and analyze the impact of this decision on Arab economic and political relations, focusing on the differing reactions of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. The descriptive historical method was employed by analyzing historical documents, official speeches, and press articles. The research found that Algeria provided strong support to Iraq, while Morocco and Tunisia adopted cautious stances due to political and economic considerations. The study highlighted the significance of the Iraqi oil nationalization in raising Arab awareness about sovereignty over natural resources and its role in coordinating oil policies among Arab countries. The study recommended enhancing Arab cooperation in economic and political fields, developing joint strategies to support sovereignty over natural resources, and maintaining a balance between national and regional interests

Abstract
This study deals with the analysis of the relationship of Iraqi youth with the political programs broadcast by Al-Iraqiya Channel, with a focus on the extent of their interest in and follow-up of these programs, as the research seeks to understand the extent of the influence of these programs in shaping political awareness among young people, and their role in enhancing political participation among men and women alike. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach and was based on a sample of Iraqi youth from various regions Whose opinions were surveyed about the nature of the political programs presented, and the extent to which they are compatible with their interests and issues, the results showed a difference in the follow-up rate. The study also addressed the obstacles facing young people in following these programs, and the research concluded with recommendations calling for improving the content of political programs to make them more interactive and attractive to young people.

Abstract.
The concept of modesty and public morals is fundamentally a social idea regulated by societies, which abhor and punish anything that may disrupt it, in a relatively temporal and spatial manner, by referring to a set of prevailing social standards in a given society. As a result of the technological information revolution that has occurred worldwide, along with the importation of foreign cultures that conflict with the social standards of
Iraqi society, one of the most frequent and widespread crimes in our era is the crime of engaging in acts that violate modesty and public morals. We have concluded that the standard for criminal liability for this crime is a mixed standard composed of an objective element, which is the social standards themselves, and a subjective element, represented by criminal intent. The matter of deriving and revealing this intent is left to the authority of the criminal judiciary

Abstract:
Criminal intent is considered the most prominent pillar of the moral element of the crime. Since the secondary contributor in it, as well as the original one, cannot be attributed to the act of the crime and participation in it as well without proving the existence of any relationship between the material aspects of the crime and the degree of readiness for the criminal act in it and the degree of psychological and moral readiness to carry out this act in participation with the original contributor, and that the intent and readiness for the criminal act is something that is within the soul and mind of the actual criminal and with the participation of whoever dares to participate and help, even superficially, this made proving the reality a difficult task. However, science and its scientific research facilities in the criminal field and the continuous development that has occurred for it made the task of uncovering the crime and its facts and identifying the perpetrator or perpetrators an easy and necessary task to prove the facts with a purely scientific meaning and following up on the effects of the crime and linking it to the circumstances of its perpetrators and the necessity of committing it a matter related scientifically and realistically with the experts and their scientific background related to everything related to it from materials and events a matter that the legislator made by assuming the intent of the criminal act. Although the secondary contributor does not have the greatest influence in the act of the crime, he remains a contributor to it and an actual participant It is achieved by playing a primary role in the crime. The secondary contribution to the crime is called the contributor (accomplice) and his work in participating in the crime is achieved by playing a secondary role. The role of the criminal center here is that the specialized laboratory will conduct coordinated and innovative research in forensic sciences. Here, the important and effective role of the laboratory appears in spreading knowledge of forensic sciences to influence society and involve it in it. The laboratory will serve as a center for culturally responsive and evidence-based training in forensic sciences

Abstract
Research included identifying the concept of administrative and financial corruption and identifying its manifestations, causes, effects, types, treatments and solutions to administrative and financial corruption in Iraq the most important intellectual curriculum for the study, as well as those responsible for combating it in Iraq and corruption is a long-standing phenomenon that has plagued Iraq's administrative and financial apparatus since the establishment of the Iraqi State in the last century after 1968, but has become more evident after the events of 2003/4/9. One of the most important recommendations it recommends is the importance of continuously developing anti-corruption laws, imposing strict penalties for corruption offenders and punishing high-ranking offenders s financial resources and assets, The research concluded from all of the foregoing that the responsibility for creating a clean environment of corruption is a cooperative solidarity that can only be achieved through the concerted efforts of the State, the citizen and civil society institutions.

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The Iraqi constitution is effective and contains many rights, the middle of which are political rights, freedom, social rights, health rights in general, legal rights, and others. The rights in terms of theory were comprehensive and broad, but these rights must be applied and translated into tangible actions so that they can speak of a guaranteed shift in people's lives and so that they become of value commensurate with the sanctity of the constitution and its importance and include the master of laws. Otherwise, the failure to apply the texts of constitutional rights will cause the constitution to lose its essence, meaning, and value. Therefore, the application of the texts related to rights is a matter of utmost importance and expresses respect for the true constitution and its sovereignty over all laws and authorities. In contrast, the failure to apply it has multiple immediate effects on the political system, policies, and society as well. The failure to apply creates a very great success between the system and society, and the application of the texts of constitutional rights leads to the disintegration of the family and because of senior financial, social, and psychological officials, it highlights the high levels of poverty, insanity, crimes, divorce, and deviance. All of these things will cause great harm to society and destroy it.

Abstract:
This research studies one of the most important areas that were exposed to various military operations, which is the area northwest of Hamrin Lake. The research aims to demonstrate the impact of landforms on military operations northwest of Hamrin Lake. To achieve this goal, the analytical and descriptive approach was used. The research addressed the natural characteristics of the region and the impact of different landforms in the study area on military operations. The research showed the clear impact of terrain on patterns of movement of military forces, tactical decisions of commanders and the military success of operations. The terrain in the region also poses major challenges to both optical and thermal imaging systems used in military operations. Landforms have also greatly affected the transportation of military equipment by limiting access routes, restricting vehicle movement and increasing operational challenges due to weather conditions and the need for careful logistical planning. Military forces also face many challenges regarding wireless communications in the region due to terrain, frequency restrictions, environmental factors and operational restrictions.

Abstract
The Purpose of the study was to determine how project-based learning affected the academic performance of both male and female students in Islamic education and to raise their degree of academic success. An achievement test was as the research instrument to determine the sample members degree of success in their studies of Islamic education. According to the behavioral aims of Bloom's cognitive classification at each of its levels- memory- comprehensions- application and analysis the exam was formed.According to the research findings Student's achievement levels were higher when using the project-based learn approach than when using the traditional technique. However, there were statistically significant differences between the achievement levels of male and female learners who used the learning and project method. The study suggested that Islamic education teachers be more interested in the project-based learning approach investigate how effective it is in education and how much academic achievement students achieve, compare project. based learning to blended learning in developing special abilities and involve the project-based learning approach into teacher preparation programs for both Islamic education teachers and general education so that students learn how to use it.

Abstrac:
In light of the talk about the concept of civil society and human development, the concept of civil society is one of the concepts that has begun to be circulated on a wider scale than before in the Arab and Islamic environment and Wasit Governorate in particular, after the West preceded them to it by stages, as it is one of the concepts that represents a link in the chain of dealing with social, political, economic and other issues Likewise, civil society and human development are not the general society, but rather a part of it that works to establish a group of cultural, social, scientific, political, and other relationships and connections among people that are based on voluntary work and free will.

Abstract
Employing Jacques Lacan’s theory of psychoanalysis, this paper examines the moral ambivalence and identity formation of Tom Ripley in Patricia Highsmith’s The Talented Mr. Ripley. The exploration of Ripley’s desire for social ascension and self-idealization sheds further light on the interplay between imaginary, symbolic, and real orders in Lacanian thought. The purpose of this research is to explore how Ripley’s malleable identity and moral ambivalence mirror wider constructs of success and belonging. Some of the burning questions that lie beneath are: How do Ripley’s desires for an idealized self-line up with Lacan’s mirror stage? How does the symbolic order affect his innate choices like committing crime? And how is the tension between desire and lack manifested in what he does? The paper’s methodology consists of a close reading of Highsmith’s novel, tracing key passages where Ripley’s psychological motivations and identity shifts are most evident. The descriptions of Ripley’s behaviour and the conclusions drawn from it based on Lacanian concepts like the mirror stage, objet petit a (object of desire), and the symbolic order are applied to deconstruct Ripley’s behaviour and the implications that follow. The results indicate that Ripley’s criminality arises from his obsessive endeavour to bridge the gap between his disparate sense of self and an idealized version of himself, shaped by societal expectations and his own ingrained beliefs of inadequacy. His moral ambiguity isn’t just an aspect of character, but a structurally necessary element of identity formation in Lacan. This analysis shows that Ripley’s behaviours are more than a matter of immorality; they are indicative of something more profound, of an existential crisis, a fight to instantiate coherence in a decentred world. Beyond their scorpions and playgrounds, we can trace Patricia and her addict friend, an explorer of identity, through the twin mirrors of her own psychoanalysis and that of Jacques Lacan, whose mirror stage proved ideal for constructing her films on the corruptible.

Abstract
In recent years, the traditional education model has been undergoing significant transformation, driven by innovative teaching approaches that challenge conventional classroom dynamics. "Flipping the Script: A New Era in Education" explores the shift from teacher-centered to student-centered learning, with a particular focus on the flipped classroom model. This approach inverts the traditional learning structure by delivering instructional content outside of class, often through digital platforms, while dedicating in-class time to interactive discussions, problem-solving, and collaborative projects, in this paper the author used a qualitative descriptive analysis on Flipped classroom as new era in education.The paper examines how this model empowers students to take greater control of their learning, promoting critical thinking, creativity, and deeper engagement with course materials. It also addresses the role of technology as an enabler of personalized learning experiences and the development of 21st-century skills. Additionally, the study explores the challenges educators face in adopting this model, such as rethinking lesson plans, student assessment, and classroom management. The result of this study finds that Flipping classroom is a new model in ELT. Also, by assigning students to watch videos outside of class, they would have more time during class to work one-on-one with students

Abstract
The present paper applies Positive Discourse Analysis (PDA) and Appraisal theory (AT) on Lex Fridman’s interview of Michael Malice in his Podcast “Michael Malice: Freedom, Hope, and Happiness Amidst Chaos”. These two important frameworks, in the field of linguistics, lay an important topic for discourse analysis, especially nowadays, with the analysis of leaders’ speeches. The research analyzes, accordingly, Michael Malice’s face-to-face interview, which has been the research subject of this paper. PDA and AT have been conducted on this interview with the aim of investigating Michael Malice’s spoken word, in order to achieve an exploration of whether or not his speech is a stand floor for the negotiation of interpersonal ideas and experiences between the speaker and his listeners. As Positive Discourse Analysis is aimed to examine the use of language and communication in creating positive social roles and relationships, the aim of this research is to investigate these facts by taking Michael Malice’s interview as a data sample. Through the implementation of PDA and AT, on the above-mentioned interview, this study has observed on how discourse is used by writers/speakers to expand positive values and promote values of cooperation and respect

Abstract
: This study compares the speech of four (N=4) native speakers (control group) to the oral production of forty English as a second language learners to assess their pragmatic-discursive ability. Interviews with university students who speak more than nine native languages and are classified as having low-intermediate proficiency in A2 (N=20) and B1 (N=20) comprise the student interlanguage corpus from which the data originate. Research on learner corpora, including computer-assisted error analysis and contrastive interlanguage analysis, is part of the methodology used. Coherence, which refers to the statement's logical structure and the existence or lack of contradictions, and cohesion, which includes the use of discourse markers, deictic and anaphoric phrases, repetition of elements, and transitions between the present and past, are the main topics of the study. The analysis includes cultural errors, functional exponents, and registers at the pragmatic level. Finally, receptive mistakes and other pragmatic-discursive flaws are addressed. Although there is considerable variation across individuals, the results of this corpus show that cohesion errors are more common. The evolution of the English language corpus and the applications for corpus processing and analysis will be covered in detail. This can be a starting point for academic discussions about the viability of creating an English language corpus model and using it for English language study and learning at the university level.

Abstract:
The process of persuasion is fundamental to interactive communication, and its course is inevitably influenced by previous assumptions and anticipated discourses, with its success hinging on the abilities of the audience, including their linguistic and knowledge skills. Discourse is never achieved in a vacuum; it is always connected to preceding or succeeding contexts. Nonetheless, the strategy of persuasion is utilized to fulfill the practical objectives of the sender, which varies across different areas of discourse. This is why we emphasize the diverse aims of discourse and determine the most effective strategies for achieving them. Denzel Washington's speeches, specifically ‘Put God First’ and ‘Fall Forward’, serve as exemplary cases of this selection process. Moreover, the research particularly examines these questions: (1) What foundational elements of persuasion are evident in Denzel Washington’s speeches? (2) Does Washington employ a consistent set of persuasive techniques in both of his speeches? Each question was addressed individually, and the findings were derived from applying the frameworks of Cialdini (1993), Breuer and Napthine (2005), and Huggard et al. (2006

Abstract:
The study investigates the role played by cohesive devices in media discourse, focusing on the way cohesion shapes public perception in crisis communication. The study follows Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) model of cohesion together with Fairclough's (1995) model for Critical Discours Analysis. It analyzes an article tackling the recent American fire in Los Angeles. The analysis examines how cohesive devices such as reference, conjunction, substitution, etc. are used to produce a coherent text and control the reader’s perception in the crisis. The study investigates how these linguistic means tie the text together to affect emotive and cognitive responses. The study comes out with a highlight to the importance of cohesive tools in probing clarity, and modeling the public’s reaction to the disaster. The study proves that cohesion is not save a textual feature of discourse but an essential element in shaping reporting media in crises and influencing public perception.

Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются этимологические особенности лингвистических терминов церковнославянского языка в период становления русского литературного языка на основе материала «Словаря русского языка XVIII века». Церковнославянский язык используется сейчас исключительно в качестве языка богослужения, в первую очередь у православных славян и славян-униатов (русских, украинцев, русинов, белорусов, болгар, македонцев и сербов), кое-где также в богослужении Римскока толической церкви у хорватов и чехов.
В статье анализируются этимологические особенности славянских терминов со стилистической и семантической точки зрения. Этимологические особенности языковых терминов в церковнославянской грамматике XVI–XVIII вв. подтверждают богатство и многообразие языка, а также его развитие под влиянием различных культурных традиций. Влияние церковнославянского языка на русский язык охватывает широкий спектр — от лексических заимствований до грамматических структур и фразеологии. Это влияние до сих пор ощущается в современном языке, обогащая его культурные и религиозные аспекты.