AL-ADAB JOURNAL

The general aim of this intervention is to highlight the positive aspect of Arabic eloquence by comparing it to the methodical science that claims to be scientific and objective. At the same time, the personal and superficial rhetoric is accused by an important structural element of literary composition, the poetic image.

I chose the poetic picture because it is regarded in the eyes of rhetoric and stylistic as a linguistic composition based on the imagination, understanding and interpretation cannot go beyond the linguistic boundaries, which is an important way to combine the two sciences separated time and environment and brought together many procedural tools born in the hands of rhetoric and developed between the folds Stylistics.

Sheikh Nouri Sheikh Saleh and Nazek Almalaeka, two prominent
pioneer figures of Kurdish and Arabic literary renovation who have
turned out as authorities, are originally from Iraqi Kurdish and Arabic
backgrounds. Thanks to their works and activities, a novel literary
theory came into being which led to emergence of a renaissance.
Some of major concerns and questions posed by these two in their
theory are measure, rhyme, poetic language, poem and society, and so
on. This study, aside from the above-mentioned issues, adopts a
descriptive-analytic method to deal with the role and status of these
two experts in modern Kurdish and Arabic literature, their state of
being pioneer, and the principles of their literary theory. Based on
some of the findings of this study, there are some common and
contrastive points of these two modernist authority in terms of their
thoughts, attitudes, and viewpoints and certainly they have proposed
some points in some specific regards.

The poet is distinguished by his style from his contemporaries despite
what the poet witnessed in his life, his life was not easy, he used to sell fish
in the markets from an early age, and it is a difficult profession that does
not generate much profit, practiced by the poor relying on what the rivers
provide, but he was able to prove his poetic identity in Andalusian literature
and has become one of the famous poets of Andalusian poetry, which made
me study his poems, consisting of widely dispersed pieces and verses,
compared to long poems, and I found many rhetorical methods, most
notably synonymy. I provided in my research a definition of synonymy and
its types and styles. I found types of synonymy, arranged according to their
frequent use in the collection, what each of these types represented in his
poetry and its effect on the recipient

The current study aims at investigating the utilization of Quranic expressions and processing them according to poetic purpose. It adopted the analytical –descriptive methodology to discover utilizing some samples from the Glorious Quran in poetry and investigating its efficiency on poetic purposes and its reflections on society. The study views literary works in Islamic and Quranic perspectives. The study tries to discover the effect of Quran on the poet trough the variety of the included discourse. The verses of Jareer were including Islamic vocabulary according to the taste of the poet.

The current study directs the attention towards the effect of Quran on the poet and the relation between the innovative level and the potential level.

Though ancient, the subject matter of my research paper has been dealt with by many precedent scholars who compose dictionaries of (opposites) which have been referred to by other scholars in some chapters of their books. They showed their adversaries and dialects as far as the truth of (opposites) is concerned. Among them are those who deny their existence in the Arabic language, those who approved them and those who triumphantly insist upon their existence. Verily, this is a live linguistic case study in which many researchers- Arab contemporaries and orientalists as well- have been interested. They are divided into opponents and exponents, of whom there are those who deny their existence in Arabic and those who concur them. They thusly try to investigate them in other languages especially the Semitic language, looking for the causes conducive to their appearance and trying to find justifications for their existence. They clearly examined their articulations to find whether the (opposites) were a fact or they were inserted in the Arabic language as exactly did many of our precedent scholars. The notion of the (opposites) remains a live linguistic case study and a fresh subject matter that always renews itself.

My study has concluded that the Arab scholars have expanded the subject of the (opposites) and multiplied them to the extent that they inserted in them what does not belong to their domain. Hence, they corroded them to the extent that they became what they wrongly believe them to be now. This study is an attempt to add significant facts to what precedent scholars did in this respect to the treatment of the (opposites), in order to unfold the truth about many of their articulations

This is a critical study on the topic of fantastic in the stories of the Saudi writer Nasser Salem Al-Jassim, who has been issued eight groups and four manuscript groups, three printed novels and one manuscript,These groups are characterized by several features that formed the aesthetics of its texts and their diversity, especially their interest in fantastic employment in some of the narrative components that we singled out for this study. From concepts that are rooted in the public imagination.Not only that, but rather, in specific joints of its narrative content, it has employed the Saudi dialect to give the texts a great and profound meaning that brings them closer to the reader, and also gives them the status of credibility.The fictional location also contributed to this, and those places were depicted through the impressions of the characters, these impressions are only the repercussions of the personal contact with the place and its interaction in it, and thus the place contributed to reading the psychology of the characters and giving them the fantastic characteristic.For this purpose, this study will focus on examining the structures that have achieved the fantastic character of texts, namely the fantastic structure of the text, and the structure of fantastic space, as will be shown in its place.

The novel is distinguished from other spatial arts like drawing, sculpting,
and architecture not only in the setting (narrative time), but also in its linguistic
contents, which are more flexible and capable of forming, and flowing in motion.
Even linguistic issues are more flexible than artistic materials that are essential in
other arts, including color, stone, and others.
Settings (narrative time) are characterized by the possibility of (pluralism)
across different temporal structures in one narrative moment, and in multiple
narrative perspectives, while other arts possess this plural characteristic only in
surreal or post-modernist formative works. Pluralism is a key pillar in the
formations of time, and in plural narrative perspectives.

we mean by free movement, movement from high to low, transforming that potential energy in the body into motion and surrendering it to Earth's gravity completely.

after accurate counting, we find that there are eight roots in the Holy Qur’an that give this meaning, and these roots are (descend-nazala , fall from high place -hawa, fall-waqa'a, breakdown-kharra, fall-saqata, landed-habata, fall-radya, putting dawn-sabba),

when we look at these words, we note that most of them are synonyms, and they give the meaning of (fall).

we start talking about any of those words by analyzing its lexical significance and investigating its semantic developments, after that and by depending on (the indexed dictionary of the words of the Holy Qur’an - by Muhammad Fu’ad Abd al-Baqi) we mention the number of times this word was mentioned and its derivation, then we will discuss how it came In the Holy Quran. One of the most prominent words indicating free movement from high to low is (descended-nazala), as it was mentioned 293 times with its various derivations, that is, approximately 300 times, and in the second place came the derivatives of the linguistic root (fall from high place- hawa) and it came 38 times, and in the third place came the derivatives of the linguistic root (fall-waqa'a) came 23 times, and in the fourth place we find (breakdown-kharra), and its derivatives were mentioned 12 times, and the word root (fall-saqata) and the word root (landed) ranked fifth, so the presence of each of them was eight In the sixth place, the derivatives of the linguistic root (fall-radya) were mentioned five times.

Arabic is characterized by being a coherent linguistic system, and like other languages ​​in which each of its elements is compatible with another component that complements the aesthetic meaning of reality or metaphor, and this is called tying, as two or more words combine functional union, so they become like the one word in its position in the aesthetic structure, as the relationship of attribution Which in the two sentences: nominal and actual, and the relationship of the adjective to the descriptive, the addition to the addition to it, the conjugation of the conditional sentence with the instrument and the condition of the condition and its answer, the definition and denial, the matching, the neighbor and the object, and the verb that is already transgressive, regardless of its infringement to the object of one or more, and as a relationship The correlation between some verbs and letters of meanings, and therefore this research seeks to reveal this grammatical system and to clarify the most important elements of the syndrome in the chapter on Arabic grammar. The research used the descriptive analytical method in explaining the importance of Tying in grammatical thought, and showed important results that the Arabic grammar is based on a two-element system, and this division is useful for educational curriculum developers and teachers, and the research concluded several recommendations, the most important of which is the use of linguists And professors of the curriculum with the phenomenon of Tying being present in grammatical thought from its beginner to the present time.

Aramaeans are one of the ancient peoples who migrated from Arabian Peninsula to the fertile Crescent, and who were called (Semites) by western scholars. Although the name Aram was mentioned early in Akkadian documents, scholars agreed that Aramaeans were referred to for the first time in Assyrian texts from the fourteenth century B.C. by the name Ahlamu in Syria and Mesopotamia, especially along Euphrates. After their settlement in cities, they were referred to as Aramu.

Aramaeans lived in large areas of Syria and north-west of Iraq. The change of the political situation in the ancient east around 1200 B.C., which resulted in dislocation and political vacuum in Syria and the whole of this ancient area, enabled the Aramaeans to appear as an influential element in the political arena. Since the beginning of the tenth century, they established many states or small kingdoms. The most important ones were Zoba and Bet-Rehub in Lebanon, and Damascus, Hamath, Arpad, Sam'al, and Bet-Adini in Syria.

Though the Aramaean Kingdoms were rival, they were united in confederations or coalition, when they were threatened by external force, especially by Assyrian campaigns. These campaigns began before the rise of the Aramaeans kingdoms and were almost continual. At the end of the eighth century B.C, these kingdoms were subjected to Assyrian control.

One of the most distinguished aspects of the Aramaean's culture was their language, which was widely used by Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians along large part of the ancient east. The Aramaeans were also distinct in the trade. The geographical location of their kingdoms among countries and empires enabled them in this aspect.

This article is translated by the writer of this Search as a part of his Ph. D. thesis Titled: (The Use of Aramaic in the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the Ninth-Seventh Centuries B.C) P53-58. Submitted to the University of Wales, Britain 1984.

This research has studied the Qazwini-Baghdadi Intellectual Convergence Through (AL TADWEEN FI AKHBAR QAZWIN) Book to Abi Al-Qasim Abdulkareem Al-Rafeai (623 AH-1226AD) Scholars of tradition as model.

Qazwin city in the past fourth century has reached to developed level of scientific recovery which is made it beacon of science. Many factors gathered and helped this recovery as security and stability that the Qazwin scholars found and settled in it , this was the most important factors which helped to establish many sciences and knowledge centers and recovery the scientific movement where it became a place science askers and men of scholars of tradition .

The scientific and cultural relationships between Qazwin and Baghdad the capital of Arab-Islamic State helped to appear many scholars of tradition who are recording what they see and registering what they notice. They left many works to the researchers in Arab-Islamic studies as it is a reliable source to the present time.

The local books filled many scholars\' names and this what we found in (AL TADWEEN FI AKHBAR QAZWIN) Book to Al-Rafeai. Many scholars of Qazwin emerged in Baghdad and confirmed one of its intellectual side, especially when they took office an important position as judge and teacher in Al- Nizamiyya of Baghdad an example. So, they are not only a visitor or stable but they merged in the life in all important levels and fed their output Islamic intellectual movement.

The concept of the temple in the ancient Egyptian faith was derived from the ancient Egyptian philosophical theological thought; Believing that the gods live like human society governed by laws and customs; And they organize their lives by forming a family and living in their own dwellings in the sky, and from here doubts began to appear in the minds of the ancient Egyptian since his association with the gods, which is how the gods could respond to him while they were far from him and inhabiting the sky? These doubts prompted the ancient Egyptian to propose solutions to bring him closer to the gods? He found that his construction of temples to the gods throughout the country and abroad are possible solutions for offering sacrifices, holding rituals and religious holidays, and closely offering obedience and loyalty to the gods.

Accordingly, this study seeks a historical-archaeological research on Egyptian temples in Lower Nubia, and in this context, it is necessary to follow the systematic cognitive sequence of the ancient Egyptian mentality in spreading his religious beliefs outside the borders of his country, as well as knowing the setting of his carefully studied goals about the areas he chose to build. Temples in it; He chose Lower Nubia as a result of its possession of rich resources, including gold and incense, the two materials that were included in the ancient Egyptian religious rituals, in addition to following the strategic marketing plan that the ancient Egyptian pursued in building his commercial centers near the temples he built in Lower Nubia in order to facilitate the task of Sell ​​his marketing products.

The Abbasid caliphate, since its emergence on the tourism scene, which took control of the religious and political aspects of the Islamic Orient, was not subject to it continuously, as in Baghdad, among the other Hassan shows several revolutions, against it for the geographical distance from the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, or the emergence of princes of the caliphate, but or is it weak as a result of the takeover of weak princes, or not? The emergence of princes of strength in number and number, and at the same time the weakness of the caliphate, and this is what happened in the faith of the Bohemian Covenant, which is the subject of our discussion.

When they took over the Bohemian Emirate of the Orient, and arrived in Baghdad, the economic situation deteriorated in the capital of the Abbasid caliphate, for several reasons, including that the late Abbasid era, many revolutions appeared in Baghdad, causing hunger and drought, as well as the spread of the plague, disrupting life, neglecting agriculture the basic forces of the population at that time, and causing the paralysis of the trade movement.

Moreover, the Princes of The Boi's Yin did not find enough money in Baghdad, which led them to give the territories interruptions, and the emergence of revolutions rejecting them.

This study examines the G.J. methodology. Lorimer writes the history of the Arabian Gulf, which has been very interested in the corridors of the British government, which commissioned the employee to gather information and knowledge of every small and large gulf in order to create a guide that British state employees living in the Gulf can refer to, to obtain the necessary information to facilitate their work in the region.

In light of this, Lorimer did not adhere to the correct approach in scientific research, neutrality and objectivity is one of the indicators that weakened the evidence, as the evidence came from a purely British point of view, there was no indication that the British or Indian government had acted wrongly, and there was no criticism of the British staff and British political representatives, and we can say that it was more royal than the King.

For a century, the base of Bab Al-Halba tower remained lying under the excesses, rubble and wheel remnants, the tower was subjected to vandalism, weakness and deliberate destruction by the Ottoman government after losing the First World war and it turned into a trace after it was visible.

After that, the researchers started to argue about the nature of this material, the controversy has continued about the nature of the voussoir's material from which the entrance of the arch of Bab Al- Halba Tower was constructed, it is one of the gates of the eastern wall of Baghdad, naming as that according to the land in where Bab Al - Halba was built, this land was a race track or playground for the Chaugan sport at that time before building the tower (Table No.1).

Bab Al- Halba was known locally as Bab Al- Talsim,(·) this naming came late, relatively to the decoration of the bricks that adorn the spandrels of its entrance arch (Table No.2), The people at the time considered it as a talisman to protect the city from the evils of enemies , Ibn al-jawzi(part 9, p81), The tower was also known as Baroud Khana(·) ,relatively to the gunpowder in which it was stored , also known to the residents of Baghdad as Bab Al –Sheikh , for it is near to the shrine of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Al- Gilani, and the tower was translated by Guy le strange as the White Gate, (ak kapi) , However, the latter did not explain the reasons of the naming, Which is most likely a nickname given to places that maintain their peace in times of wars and invasions.

The reasons of this controversy attributed to several major things including:

The tower is un prominent as it was demolished on 11 of March 1917 at the end of First World War, when it was blown up by Ottoman troops at the time of their withdrawal from Baghdad; while the British troops were advancing in order to undermine the opportunity and prevent using the ammunition that deposited inside the tower, which it was set up for defending the wall, that led to scatter the tower into fragments and fall into piles of stones, and from that time till now the historical sources or archaeological discoveries have not mentioned yet the place of the tower or any indication of the structural foundations of it; that what we going to discuss after investigating between the folds of documents in the department of documentation of the state board of antiquities and heritage, and as a result no trace remains except what was discovered by pure coincidence , so it has not been highlighted during a period of nearly a century , as well as the historical sources (Non- specialized) did not mention the structural details of the arch in particular beside that , the identification of the type of structural details which have been used in making the voussoirs , whether they are joggled or were made as an interlocked for decorative purposes , in addition to the outstanding archaeological buildings in Baghdad and the nearby ones that date back to close periods of time from the construction of the tower in particular and the antiquity of Iraq in general from the outstanding ones or those that have been removed for great reasons did not provide us with examples for the type of voussoirs. What we get exclusively in this site are all that we have mentioned before of reasons that did not help the researchers in the field of architectural decorations of the bricks or even help those who searched in the buildings façades in making comparison between those voussoirs and the opinion of the researcher towards the nature of the building materials of the voussoirs, (al-Tamimi, 2014, footnote5, p.44). Therefore, most of the researchers including the owner of the research have relied on researchers who preceded us to know and seek the nature of voussoirs whether they are joggled or just architectural decorations that were carried out perfectly on the form of joggled; so, we present this study to stand on this problem and to give a new opinion, beside to look for the reasons of discovering the base of the tower which has not been published yet.

The nature of the research necessitated that it be organized into three topics:

-The first topic: A brief history of eastern walls of Baghdad between revocation, maintenance and documentation.

-The second topic: An exploration of the tower and the excavation and restoration works.

-The third topic: Methods of making joggled voussoirs, as well as the results of the research, an English summary and list of research sources and references.



-al- talisman ,for more See - Al-Shahristani, Imam Abi Al-Fateh Muhammad bin Abdul Karim, (died 548 A.H) Al-MILAL WA AL-NAHL , investigated and commented by Ahmed Fahmy Mohamed, library of science books ,Beirut,2009,p2,p349; Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, “Introduction” Kitab al-Ibr and the Diwan of the almubtada wa al khubar in the Days of the Arabs, Ajam, and Berbers and their Contemporary from the Great Sultan, Al-Muthanna Library, Baghdad, without history, vol.1, p. 496-498; Al-Tahanawi, Muhammad Ali, Encyclopedia of Idioms and Sciences, Presentation, Supervision and Participation by: Dr.George Zenari ,Lebanon library,Lebanon,1996,p1,p57.
- Gunpowder is a store of gunpowder, which is a Turkish term. Consulting by prof. Dr. Imad Al-Din Salloum Al-Abbasi Specialist in oriental ​​-
Farsi languages, College of Languages, on 3/12/2017 AD

This study captured a rare opportunity to prove its hypothesis. This coincides with the imposition of a full ban on traffic in Basra City during March 2020 as a measure to prevent the Coronavirus pandemic that has recently spread throughout the country. Accordingly, measurements of traffic noise and noise dose during the referred period were made and the results were compared with a previous baseline study carried out in the same area in 2018. The same measurement equipment and method was used and the same measurement points were selected, in order to achieve the greatest accuracy and validity of comparison.

The comparative analysis of the results showed that there is a significant difference in the traffic noise measurements between the baseline study and the present study, as a result of heavy traffic in the first and stopping in the second. The variance ratio was 32% in the case of noise levels and 99% in the case of noise dose. The results indicate that the spatial variation in noise pollution has decreased between the areas of the present study due to the absence of the influencing factor represented by traffic and the disruption of human activity. In addition, the noise dose is a reliable indicator for assessing the severity of susceptibility to noise, rather than the conventional noise-level scale only. It can be said, in general, that the Coronavirus pandemic sometimes has indirect positive effects on the environment despite its extreme danger to human health.

The tourist movement in the province of Holy Najaf witnessed significant development and growth affected by and influenced by many natural and human factors, in light of the evolution of human awareness and the evolution of life aspects of the importance of tourist and its impact on the lives of individuals in particular and society in general q1Q

This study sought to indicate the most important natural and human factors that helped the establishment of the tourist movement in the Holy Najaf Governorate based on the quantitative indicators related to natural and human factors in the governorate. The study reached a set of results

1-Through the map of the geographical location of Najaf Governorate, it was found that the study area is a link between the central and southern governorates, which represent the center of gravity of the internal tourism movement, as well as its proximity to places of external demand.

2-The study showed that the climatic characteristics, despite being an important tourist attraction, are not encouraging tourist activity in most of the months of the year. Nevertheless, the tourism movement is not significantly affected, since the tourism activity is largely limited to the pattern of religious tourism, which has the effect of these characteristics. Poor climatic conditions.

3- parts, it was found that the study area has an internal road network that connects its and an external road network that connects it to the neighboring governorates, as well as the air transport represented by Najaf International Airport, however, these transport services are not sufficient during the big visit seasons such as the forty visits.

4-The study showed the lack and the lack of media coverage in the media and propaganda because it suffers from a problem of failure in marketing the tourism activity internally and externally.

Basin of Barada Ali Valley is one of the seasonal valleys, its area
73.9 km2. The study aims to demonstrate the hydrological characteristics
are represented by the size of the surface runoff of Barada Ali Basin. Which
flows into Qara Tu River in northeastern of Diyala Governorate. She has
used (scs-cn) models, which is the most widely used method for estimating
the depth of runoff. Which deals with many variables including land cover,
soil hydrology and quantities of rainfalls and HEC-HMS model. This model
was worked on within the environment of geographic information systems
and remote sensing techniques, in the creation of a geographic database
with morphometric and hydrological characteristics for Valley of Barada
Ali basin. The study concluded the hydrological significance of Barada Ali
valley basin through rise of CN values. Where the weighted cn curve for the
basin reached 78, as for the volume of surface runoff (QV). It has reached
the highest amount in the lower parts of the basin that ranged between
3980-10900 M3 with an area of (26.5) km2 of the total area of the basin.
Then the hydrograph of the drainage curve of the basin was obtained based
on the analysis of space rain data for the period (2018-2019). Where it
reached the highest peak of the flow of Barada Ali Basin by (29.63 m3 / s).
This means that the amount of water discharged outside the basin during
(177) minutes is estimated at (1062.23) M3. This amount indicates a
decrease in the volume of runoff, the reason for this is due to the
characteristics of the basin that allow to leak large quantities of falling
water during the period of the rainstorm. The losses amounted to about
(2957.93) M3 of the total precipitation which is estimated at (4020.16) M3
and the remainder represents surface runoff.

The irrigation projects in Halabja city are one of the vital agricultural projects.
That contains three huge projects with its (45) branches in three areas (townships).
(%90) of these depends upon fountain and springs to irrigate a land area about
(26340) Acres, design capacity estimated by (230039153 m3
/year), and about
(73706512 m3
/year) as it is.
This study will focus on the specifications of designed water discharge and the
reality, Also the specification of geographical locations of the projects while the
agricultural investments for the projects seizes on the overall water amounts of the
project. Accreditation has been done on the systemic and regional curriculum,
which focuses on studying natural geographical factors and the humanitarian ones
in determining the efficiency of the irrigation projects and how it is affected
within the geographical location and creating a relationship between discharge
amounts, agricultural lands, and orchards that could be irrigated. And to
investigate advantages and disadvantages of the natural and humanitarian factors
and how it is affects the projects in order to create future plans for the crisis to
facilitate expanding the land areas.
The study found many results which are descending the yearly water discharge
average to the project in order to invest (%32) of the project efficiency, and that’s
because of the land surfaces and terrains, the absence of future plans to irrigate
bigger areas. The misuse of the irrigation water of the project by the farmers
spatially and temporally. Also, there is a misuse in water drainage that estimated
as (12284m3
/year) for each acre and that is more than ten times the estimated
water for each acre in case you plant any agricultural crop.

The study is part of agricultural studies that address the productivity problem of the two most prominent types of dates in areas known to have been cultivated since ancient times. Palm cultivation and date production are constantly deteriorating in most of its production areas, so the study summarized the spatial variation of the production of Al-Zahdi and Al-Khistawi in iraq's production provinces for the period (2010-2019), to determine the volume of production and future predictions using approved statistical methods.

The study was followed by two main approaches (geospatial analysis method) to determine spatial variations in production (and the inference analysis method) as the simple linear regression model was chosen to find the predictive value of its production in the study area by relying on a time series of production quantity (2010-2019) by provinces and for the two categories through a set of results such as correlation value coefficient and F value of the overall morality of the regression equation and the value (t) of the partial parameters of the parameters. According to this model, the production of the two categories was predicted until 2025, and the results showed a spatial and temporal variation in production at the level of the producing provinces. The hierarchical cluster analysis was used to divide the provinces into clusters with common elements and characteristics in production and which is unique from the rest of the provinces by producing one of the categories, indicating the specificity of these provinces in their production in quantity and quality. Based on the data available from the Ministry of Planning/Central Bureau of Statistics/Directorate of Agricultural Statistics on production volumes at the level of the provinces producing for the calculated period.

The study included many tables, charts and illustrative maps, the study also came up with a number of conclusions and proposals, and the study relied on many important sources in the topic.

The study aimed to analyze the impact of climate change, which included elements {actual brightness, degrees of normal temperature and the maximum and minimum, wind speed, relative humidity, rainfall, evaporation} in the change of field crops and its implications in the province of Misaan, and the impact of those changes in the area and the yields and production of selected agricultural crops They {wheat, barley, rice, maize } has been relying in this study on the data of Two weather stations are (Misaan ,AL hay) for the period (1960-2014), it has been the general trend and the rate of change coefficient the annual rate of change during the duration of the study for an average of different climatic elements, showing the direction of the solar brightness in all stations downward direction different temperatures upward ranged Other elements between the rise and fall according to the stations on the impact of this rise and fall with the climate elements on an area and yields and production of field crops, which include each of wheat, barley, rice, maize.

The twentieth century witnessed the emergence of many religious associations and movements, both moderate and extremist, and the truth is that these movements did not arise out of a vacuum, as several political, intellectual, social and economic factors combined that led to the emergence of these groups as a result of feeling the need for the need to adopt a new method for reform and renewal, Therefore, from time to time, the religious leader who tries to gather the youth around him appears and begins to teach them the principles of the correct religion, and directs them to how to reform the individual, strengthen the ummah, and fair governance. This is why the youth who belong to these groups have sweeping religious tendencies and here violence appears as a tool to carry out orders as well as the wrong understanding of some orders. And religious principles according to the purposes of the religious leaders, and friction begins between these groups and the state's political apparatus. Religious groups or religious movements, then, is a name given to each group that tries to take on for itself an independent entity and different in behavior from what people have understood in terms of traditions and customs, and the emergence of these groups in Islamic societies is a necessity imposed by the nature of the Islamic religion, where the order of good and forbidding the evil, as well as imposed by economic conditions Social, cultural and political societies go through.

These religious groups often join themselves around religious standards and principles, and despite the participation of these groups with other groups in terms of the nature of the organization, they have different goals and may have a set of different organizational standards as well. However, religious groups, like any other groups, resolve differences in interpreting and implementing their goals, standards, and roles, and they may tend to adapt or modify these differences, norms, and roles to suit other groups. When the size of the group or religious organization increases, the degree of agreement among members about goals and standards decreases to a large degree. ‏According to the understanding of these movements, and in order to understand the causes of the emergence of violence and determine the extent of its impact on the kinetic thought of the Islamic movements, we will try to investigate the reasons behind its appearance on a pattern of behavior by groups that were supposed to be an example of tolerance, forgiveness and mercy because they are the product of religious values ​​characterized by their high humanity, but before that we emphasize The main reason behind religious extremism is an ideological reason, so the other reasons are auxiliary and secondary reasons. We do not deny the role of the standard of living for members of Islamic movements, for example, in practicing violence, but it is not a major reason. Otherwise, the former Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden is a known billionaire. Most of the members of the Islamic movements belong to the middle class, and the same is true for educational levels. (Raid Al-Banna), the Jordanian who led the bombing of the Iraqi city of Hilla, was a graduate of the Faculty of Law and was very comfortable and lived for a period of time in America, and Omar Ahmed Abdullah, who led the bombing of a theater in the State of Qatar He was an electronic engineer and earned a high monthly salary. Also, the remaining causes outside the circle of thought and belief are secondary causes in comparison to the main cause, and this statement is confirmed by statistical data and field studies conducted on different samples of members of extremist Islamic movements and it has been shown that the individuals of these movements have good academic and scientific levels, and most of them have obtained academic certificates that ranged from Between middle school and doctoral degrees, a level that is supposed to provide a fair amount of awareness that prevents the storming of death and risking lives, while the reality is otherwise, as many suicide operations have been carried out by individuals with advanced academic degrees and distinctive job positions, which prompts us to search for other reasons for this phenomenon, and we should study The ideological understanding that drives them to the storm of death and asceticism in life despite the luxury that these young people enjoy.

This study aims to identify the factors that achieve sustainability in the context of civil society organizations in general, and also aims to present the efforts undertaken by the Dubai Foundation for Women and Children as a sustainable model for a community institution of non-governmental civil society organizations in the United Arab Emirates, Which provides immediate support services to protect the most vulnerable groups of women and children, victims of domestic violence, child abuse and human trafficking. The study also links these efforts with the sustainable human development goals and examines how it’s been achieved through practical practices using the case study approach, and linking it to some aspects of the CSO Sustainability Index.

The study concludes that the factors for achieving sustainability in the context of civil society institutions means obtaining the largest number of indicators evaluating the strength and viability of civil society in seven dimensions: the legal environment, organizational capacity, feasibility of financial resources, advocacy, level of service provision, infrastructure strength and the public image. The study also concluded that the Dubai Foundation for Women and Children was able to create a model in protecting the most vulnerable groups, and providing them with the necessary services by adhering to the guidelines that it set and worked to implement in the field of organizational capacity, partnership and creating sustainable financing and reputation. And that the societal work practiced by the Foundation achieves the concept of sustainability in the human development of this group in the areas covered by the study.

Akhenaten's monotheistic doctrine represented a unique social and intellectual stage in the history of the Egyptian Pharaonic society, which came for the first time with a strange and unique idea, which is the belief in one God, and some considered him a religious revolution, and a popular hero who led the struggle against the tyranny of the Amun priests who extended their political and religious influence significantly until they overthrew their worship and closed Others considered him the first unifying philosopher, and others went to several of the prophets carrying a reformist and humanitarian message.

His ideology took all his intellectual and spiritual effort, which subsequently produced new social functions of monotheism that intersected with the old religious heritage.

Akhenaten tried to form a social memory and build a social identity based on the belief in the living Aten, which is symbolized by the disk of the sun and whose rays hang over the world to carry for them the key to life, energy, goodness and blessings. The new one who will publish and install it.

Many researchers believe that Akhenaten’s call was ahead of his time, so the Egyptian society did not understand its significance or recognize its essence. So, it happened that the Egyptian Pharaonic culture, with all its traditional loads, swallowed his new call, and people returned to worshiping Amun as soon as Akhenaten died, and his idea of ​​the one God was forgotten.

This research tackles the anthropological significance of the beginnings of Arabic poetry as a cultural study of its written phase.

The cultural studies as well as the cultural anthropological studies are concerned with whatsoever man produces away from heredity. Culture is an evolving structure rather than a static one that is passed from one generation to another. Hence, in studying the culture of a certain people at a given time period care should be given to the manifestations of this structure; i.e., the cultural processes of producing meaning. This requires an investigation in the everyday popular culture or literature; the commonplace rather than the canonical or mainstream literature which produces meta-narratives that do not reveal the individuals' activities of everyday life; these manifestations are fixed concepts that have been formed by a collective elite consciousness.

It can be said that the "Arajeez" (Arabic plural for "Erjooza" which is a poem that follows the "rajaz" meter) or the verses that represent the beginnings of Arabic poetry had suffered marginalization and elimination at the early stage of writing the Arabic culture as they had been compared to the literature of the elite or the high literature which is artistically and linguistically more mature; it is the literature of the markets of Mecca.

Another point should be made, these arajeez were eliminated by scholars and linguists during their endeavors to put grammatical and critical rules, as a rule is built on what is common, familiar, and standard rather than on what is peculiar and uncommon. Those texts had been improvised spontaneously and were not subjected to artistic or thematic polish or standardization. They articulated daily practices and were not an elite literature. Those verses or poems started with the activity of the first Arab Bedouins in the desert (with the desert- guide or camel-rider). They represented the early beginnings of founding a collective Arabic consciousness when Arabs started their first steps of gathering in groups and communities and then of integrating into tribes with abstract intellectual bondages which were shared among tribe members and that enhance their existence. Poetry was a manifestation of these bonds, being a metrical parole that is easy for memory to "carry" every time they travel in search for water and grass.

Early poetry was a spontaneous art produced on the spot. However, it revealed reflections on abstract concepts which were ahead of their time like, for instance, the concept of time as, in spite of the primitivism of their life-style, Bedouins realized that it is time that defeats man, so they tried to transcend it by their linguistic skills through the ability to come up with an artistic expression that is immortalized after their death.

The investigation of those artistically primitive texts is significant as they constitute man's cultural identity. Cultural identity is formed by everything the individuals produce like legends, popular tales, spontaneous arts, and so on; away from the categories of high and low, central and peripheral, elite and common. And the bigger the collective cultural repertoire among individuals is, the more solid identity those individuals have; an identity that gathers them and that firstly expresses itself, and secondly, distinguishes itself from other identities by avoiding dissolve and imitation. It is an identity that rests on a cultural reserve what makes it able to be itself every time it comes into contact with the Other.

Poverty is a social problem that exists throughout the world, with varying degrees of severity and in different environments. In some countries, it means hunger and death. Poverty is not confined to poor countries or only to third world countries, but rather it is found in rich and developed countries, as no society is devoid of them. The fight against poverty is a strategic goal that everyone strives to achieve.

Therefore, this research attempts to shed light on the most important governmental policies that contribute in a realistic way to eradicate or reduce poverty

The current research aims to know the effect of employing the SQ6R strategy on developing literary appreciation and creative thinking among middle school students. The research sample consisted of (62) students distributed equally among the two groups (experimental and control). The Creative Thinking Test), and after making sure of their validity and consistency, they were applied to the research sample and after treating the results statistically, they showed: the superiority of the experimental group in the two tests over the control group.

The aim of research is to determine the suitable techniques to develop the reading skills, pronouncing skills, comprehension skills for beginners in illiteracy centers and detecting the performance of Arabic teachers in basic stage.

In order to achieve the target of this study. The researcher used the descriptive curricula depending on the study as it is on the reality, and the researcher adopted the tool of the study (observing card) which consist of (38) techniques to develop reading skills .The tool of the was applied to a community consisting of (21) male and female teachers in illiteracy centers in Baghdad governorate during the first semester in 2018. The researcher used many statistical techniques to come up with these results:

Determine three basic reading skills (reading skill, pronouncing skill, comprehension skill), each single skill consist of many sub skills which are (15) and each one of these need (38) techniques to develop it.
The Arabic teachers’ performance was medium in teaching adults to develop the techniques of reading skills for beginners in illiteracy centers.
The Arabic teachers’ performance was medium in teaching adults to develop the techniques of pronouncing skills for beginners in illiteracy centers.
The Arabic teachers’ performance was medium in teaching adults to develop the techniques of comprehension skills for beginners in illiteracy centers.
The reading skills for beginners in illiteracy centers refer to their scientific certificate and years of service.

According to the results of the study. The researcher recommended to write a guide for beginners in illiteracy centers to develop reading skills, in order to put an end to teachers’ explanations and specialization, let the teachers of Arabic language teach reading and get benefit from the list of techniques that the researcher reach, let the teachers of Arabic language teach Arabic in these centers with increasing the financial and moral incentives. The researcher suggested many studies and researches which are intended to be complementary to this study.

It’s not weird to describe the Islamic nation as (Iqraa nation) and it’s not surprising that the educators describe (Iqraa nation) as don’t read. We are (Iqraa nation) because the first verse come down from the (QURAN) was (Surah AL-alaq).

The study aimed to identify school's role in achieving psychological security among primary school students from the point of view parents to achieve this research, the researcher chose two schools from the Baquba schools at the center, the school has a role in achieving psychological security from students from the parent's point of view, and accordingly some recommendations and suggestions were made.

Islam has a special method in education, which is a comprehensive treatment of the human soul with the innate nature created by God Almighty with infinite precision and not oblivious to anything. When an individual thinks about the means of education based on the Islamic approach, he marvels at the infinite precision with which a person treats, starting from treating his small parts and ending with it as a whole and as one unit, the individual is able to start and has taken his share of Islamic behavioral nutrition in refining and controlling its psychological aspects.

The aim of the research is to know the fear of the Covid-19 epidemic among university students, and the researcher used the (Descriptive Research Methodology). College, including (14) scientific colleges and (10) humanitarian colleges. The sample of the research consisted of (200) male and female students from the research community distributed among (four) colleges chosen randomly from the University of Baghdad, two scientific colleges and two human faculties, and a gender variable representation (males - females), equal, by (100) males and (100) From females, the researcher used the fear scale of the Covid-19 epidemic for (Ahorsu et al, 2020). The validity (translation, apparent translation,) and consistency were verified using and to extract the results of the research, the researcher used the T-test for a sample One and the T-test for two independent samples. Research results: - The research showed the existence of statistically significant differences among student's university in fear of the Covid-19 epidemic in general. There is difference in fear of the Covid-19 epidemic, according to the gender variable.

The first topic can be considered school violence as a behavioral and causal problem. Attention must be paid to finding a balanced relationship between school students, considering that students are a reflection of the society in which the school is located and also considering students as the pillar of the future, and the school is no longer an indoctrination educational institution but rather an educational institution that develops human behavior Positive and working to confront school violence through its educational and educational role in implementing extra-curricular activities programs, and accordingly the aim of the study is determined by identifying the role of extra-curricular activities in facing school violence What are the obstacles you face.

The problem of the study came to identify the importance of extra-curricular activities in schools in terms of their functions in the formation of students ’personality in terms of cooperation, interaction and adherence to laws and society’s values and standards in tolerance and rejection of violence and assault, and their obstacles in schools. Scholastic.

And the importance of the study lies in the fact that schools have the basic role in the life of societies in developing and preparing the human element, and for the educational and social upbringing they play in building a conscious generation that possesses knowledge, culture and positive behavior based on tolerance, flexibility and the rejection of violence.

The second topic is the aspect related to extra-curricular activities, their importance, functions, and related obstacles in extra-curricular activities. As for the third topic, it dealt with school violence, motives, causes, and types, some theories explaining violence, and school procedures to stop violence.

The study found that there is weakness in some of the roles of school administrations in marginalizing extra-curricular activities, overcrowding in schools, lack of halls for practicing activity, the small size of the school that does not fit with the number of students, two-term study, and lack of time, and most schools do not have a social worker who graduated from social service Weakness of cooperation between the school, the students' families and the community.

This study aims to study the phenomenon of alienation in the novel " Scapegoat " by Elie Amir, because this phenomenon appears more clear in this novel, and it represents a current that dominates its data and intellectual and artistic trends, especially that the writer was able to embody this pivotal phenomenon distinctive technical embodiment, and revealed The nature of the relationship between the real world and the dream world of personalities, and the contradictory, opposing, collision and sense of frustration, loss and alienation that characterize it. The study included the following axes:

Amir's reality and conditions of his life. The concept of alienation. Alienation in fiction. Intellectual data in the novel. Manifestations of alienation in the novel. Narrative techniques and their role in highlighting the experience of alienation.

This research came under the title (Motives for the sixth preparatory students to rely on YouTube learning videos - a study according to the theory of dependency on the media-), and it defines the main objective as it is clear from the title of the research in Knowing the motives for the sixth preparatory students' accreditation on YouTube videos, and according to this main goal, a number of sub-goals have been formulated, which are as follows:

Disclosure of materials in which students rely more on YouTube videos
Investigate the length of time students spend watching these videos
Knowing the kind of educational material students are trying to obtain in YouTube videos
Knowing the reasons for students' reliance on these educational films
Our research community was the sixth preparatory students, and its sample consisted of 200 of the sixth preparatory students (male and female) and its scientific and literary branches in the district of Tarmiyah.

This research is considered descriptive research that is used to study the public by relying on the survey method. As for the tool, it was a questionnaire form, and the most important results that emerged to us are:

The highest reliance on educational videos in YouTube was in mathematics with 89%, followed by physics with 84%, then chemistry with 81%.
It was found that the weekly time period for watching the videos (from one hour - less than 3 hours) was the highest for most subjects, followed by (from 3 hours - less than 6 hours. (
The results showed that most of what students are looking for in educational videos is (solutions to problems), followed by a search for (explanation of materials).
Regarding the reasons for relying on videos, the most of them were (an attempt to increase understanding after the teacher’s explanation of the subject) then (obtaining additional information), and then (compensating me for private lessons).

In this study we develop a didactic unit, in which we try to determine the cases in which the presence, absence and alternation of the null subject in the Spanish language will be necessary, the purpose of the work will be to support the task of the teacher and the student in the process of teaching Spanish as a second language or as a foreign language.

This paper tackles the issue of myth and symbol in the poems of Badr Shakir as-Sayyab and Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin, and the effect of the surrounding world which is made apparent therein. The analysis has been made of the points of similarity in their poems, and how they had pictured the world as a whole via the exploitation of myth and symbol, where myth, the poetry of both, had the indication of love, freedom, life, hate, and injustice.

There is no doubt that the correct and accurate translation of religious terms and concepts is of the utmost importance for those who seek to be precise in their translations and strive to convey the meanings to the readers of the language transmitted with extreme precision. and linguistic proficiency, taking into account the linguistic and cultural stock of the transmitted language, as this is a major condition for its successful Translation.

This research seeks to highlight the rhetoric of the Koran by touching on the polysemy of a term in the translation. In this research, the term "word" is treated because it is mentioned in 22 verses in different surahs of the Quran.

After clarifying what translation and interpretation are, we give an overview of the history of Quran translation and mention the first to translate the Quran into French and identify the three corpuses on which the research depends (translations of the Quran in French).

In order to obtain the exact result of these translations, two versions of the interpretations of these verses are consulted. To clearly show the results of this research are represented in tabular and graphical form.

The conclusion of the research which was reached is that the use by the translator of the Quran interpretation books of the Quranic verses is very necessary in order to follow the rhetoric of the Quran and get an accurate translation.

In conclusion, it is hoped that this simple research will help support research efforts on translation in general and Quran translation in particular.

This research aims to clarify the living conditions of the Christians
in the early 19th century during the reign of the Ottoman Empire. The
researcher tried to find out if the Eastern Christians were the only
community living under hard circumstances and the causes behind
that. To answer this question, this study limits itself to the Eastern
Christian sects. The study analyzed the political influence of the West
as well as the role which the Turkish governors played in these
conditions from the point of view of Chateaubriand compared to that
of other contemporary travelers to come up with a permanent
conclusion. The findings showed that some Turkish governors abused
the Eastern Christians for political, financial and religious reasons,
where as it is evident that the Muslim people treated them with great
respect and respected their freedom to practice their religious rituals.

When a person gets used to a place where he was born and grew up and adapts to people and the environment around him and becomes an integral part of them, it would be difficult if he is forced, by any means, to leave the place and abandon these people ,leaving them behind. Migration, whether voluntary or compulsory, has its negative effects. A migrant may need many years to forget the effects of the moves he did and perhaps will not forget their influence on him throughout his life, especially if he is forced to move for certain circumstances and will definitely need someone (s) to help him feel secure and safe in the new environment, and that will relieve him of his feelings of emptiness, irrelevance and isolation.

It is part of human nature to live in social and communicative societies, not in isolation and detachment. Migrant children are the most affected people in these moves. Juan Felipe Herrera believes that it is the duty of the new society to which immigrants are moved to accept and help them, not to impose tough and inconsiderate laws or put other obstacles before them. These immigrants are already loaded with concerns and worries and need no more trouble to suffer. He insists that attention to these children is a human duty, which, when done, can assists them to adapt environmentally, socially and psychologically to their new societies. In The Upside Down Boy, Juanito, the immigrant child feels lost at the first days he is in the new school and that everything is upside down for him when his family moved from Mexico to San Francisco. Herrera, himself a Mexican immigrant, tells people about the situations juanito suffers and calls them to help him to set things up right once more.

Legal language is an unusual type of language which raises the interest of many people. It is considered to be one of the discourses that prefer traditional styles and values. Moreover, using this language is confined to specific places and circumstances, namely, in a court or legal texts. Additionally, legal language is radically different from ordinary language in vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and semantics, in addition to other distinctive features. In fact, one of the predominant distinctive features of legal language is that it is a formal language. It is hypothesized that formality in English legal language is realized with different ways and at different levels. It is also hypothesized that what is formal in English is not necessarily formal in Arabic. In other words, formal expressions in English and Arabic are realized differently.

The data in this study has been quoted from different authentic legal texts supplemented by the researcher's renderings.

Eco-feminist writers, in general, investigate the relationship between the oppression of women and the degradation of nature. Cultural ecofeminism, as a branch of ecofeminism, reclaims the twinning of nature with women in terms of productivity and bounty. Cultural eco-feminists emphasize a kind of affinity between elements of nature such as land, woods, desert….etc. and women, in an attempt to reach out to a better cultural community. They try to integrate their views of nature with culture. With such perspective, the current study approaches the poetry of the Mexican American poet, Pat Mora (1942-). Mora's attachment to the Mexican environment and culture greatly influences her literary output which is imbued with images of the desert stressing the cultural concept of the desert as a mother who is endowed with a healing power. She believes that one's culture and environment knit one's heritage and the process of recovering heritage conditions reviving cultural traditions, concepts, practices, values, beliefs and character of place. Thus, her writings focus on the cultural value of land, of communal identities and the Latino mythologies. She depicts Latino people who dwell in a harsh desert from which she unearths the stories of the past to heal the present with special emphasis on the role of land/ desert as a healer by exploiting the image of the curandera, the woman healer in the Mexican culture.

The present essay is personal reading of Ahmed Saadawi’s novel Frankenstein in Baghdad, which is viewed in light of the development of the genre of utopian/dystopian writing not only in Western literature but also in the Arab/Islamic literature, highlighting the way the Iraqi writer understood the realities in his own country following the American invasion. The novel is a metaphor of the intertribal violence that is still shaking the illusory peace of the country, affecting the lives and destinies of a people which has not completely recovered from the horrors of the wars of the last decades.



“Frankenstein in Baghdad… is something of an exorcism of the evil spirits of an era not quite past. Saadawi’s goal isn’t to resolve the horror of war, but rather to thrust the reader into its midst so that they may question its senselessness”. ~ Zahra Hankir