TIKRIT UNIVERSITY JOURNAL FOR RIGHTS

All constitutions have approved the right to litigation as one of the most important human rights, so it has become a general and absolute right. The judge has the right to consider all individual disputes, and recently the executive authority has immunised some administrative decisions from judicial oversight, so the judiciary has become unable to monitor the legality of those decisions. Then an anti-immunization trend emerged, starting with the French judiciary and then spreading to include all laws regulating the administrative judiciary. The administrative judge’s oversight of the fortified administrative decisions became a necessity required by the principle of legality oversight.

Abstract: The crimes of employee kidnapping are crimes of danger that threaten humanity and affect the public interest of the state, in the past and in the present, due to the material and moral damage it causes, both for the kidnapped employee and his family or society or for its impact on the functional administrative activity of the state Since the employee is the backbone of the state’s activity, he performs the work of the public office and bears its obligations and burdens, it was necessary to legislate laws that guarantee his rights and the rights of his dependents in the event of a kidnapping, and in this regard, the Iraqi parliament approved Law No. (20) of 2009 amended regarding compensation for those affected by the operations war, military errors and terrorist operations, It is a law that included a series of important changes to address and organize compensation for the affected, and among the affected category are the kidnapped employee category.

The solar energy easement rights are among the new
concepts, and solar energy is the promising future for the
production of clean, high-quality energy, which contributes to
the prosperity of the economy and is environmentally friendly.
Obstructed by the height of the building or the shade of the
surrounding trees and the right to establish power transmission
lines, according to an agreement, unless the law stipulates
otherwise, and solar energy easement rights arise by agreement
in some countries, and the law may stipulate its establishment
in other countries, and the judiciary may have its say in the
establishment Solar energy easement rights in other countries

Abstract: Civil service legislation organized a set of positive and negative duties that the public employee has a duty to respect, for the purpose of achieving the goals for which public utilities were found, and therefore the need has arisen to provide a means that enables the administration to impose respect for those duties on the employee, and from here it created disciplinary systems in the world.
Each country organizes its own disciplinary law in accordance with its constitutional identity and its own philosophy, and thus this led to a divergence of disciplinary systems in the countries, as systems emerged assigning the task of directing the accusation and imposing punishment against the employee to the management body alone without obligating it to seek the assistance of any other party or take its opinion, so the presidential system appeared in Disciplining, while some other countries went to compel the administration to consult a specific party or body and it is in the process of holding the employee accountable for the violation attributed to him, even if its opinion is different. sometimes binding, A quasi-judicial disciplinary system appeared, and other countries went to complete separation between the powers of accusation and imposition of punishment, and disciplinary courts were introduced to investigate the employee accused of a violation and impose the punishment against him after the administration was satisfied with directing the charge against him, so the judicial system appeared in discipline.
The study aimed to present the disciplinary systems in the world by showing what they are as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each system and diagnosing the effectiveness and guarantee it provides, by dividing the study into three sections.

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