Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities

The present theoretical research aims to shed light on the sub-‎identities in general, and its effects on the exacerbation of the ‎phenomenon of violence and extremism in Iraqi society. To understand ‎and explain this problem, a descriptive analytical approach and some ‎theoretical approaches have been relied on. The research also tries to ‎answer a set of inquiries that represent an essential start to find out the ‎engines and dimensions of identity intolerance and violence on society, ‎including how did identity violence in Iraqi society exacerbate along the ‎last years? What are the mechanisms to reinforce this violence? Who is ‎the first beneficiary of the aggravation of this phenomenon? Here, it is ‎necessary to recognize as much as possible the psychological and social ‎factors that nourish the identity fanaticism and its reflections on the ‎march of the social system. Therefore, this study represents an essential ‎importance in the light of the societal disintegration that Iraqi society ‎witnessed during the last years. Especially in light of the fragmentation ‎of the national identity and the drive towards retirement in sub-identities ‎at the expense of social security and stability

The study seeks to demonstrate the peaceful moderation in the ‎Andalusian society and to stand on it between civilization and history ‎and to reveal it among the classes of society and to demonstrate that ‎coexistence in the Andalusian society is a historical fact as they met in ‎councils of thought and literature and in ways of living in housing and ‎shops and in the similarity of small vocabulary, habits, furniture and ‎cooking, so they were They stand, in front of one justice, by virtue of ‎the Arabs being civilized in transactions, sharing joys, language and ‎feasts‏.‏
The Andalusian society, with its ethnic and religious diversity, ‎has produced for us multiple layers with different concepts and ‎literature, and the statement of the concept of moderation with this ‎diversity needs careful research, so the researchers stopped on this ‎phenomenon with explanation and statement by studying its roots and ‎the extent of its reflection on the civilized reality and its impact on the ‎individual and society, showing the legal aspect and the Islamic position ‎on it. The study came with a preface and three axes: the preface ‎included a definition of moderation in language, convention, and Islam, ‎and the axes included first: societal moderation in Andalusia between ‎civilization and history, and second: moderation among the groups of ‎Andalusian society, and the third axis: including moderation in ‎literature and thought.‎

The sources of Arab Islamic history are rich in information about ‎the cities and capitals that appeared in the Arab Islamic civilization, and ‎from us what appeared in the Abbasid era. For political reasons or ‎reasons related to the person of the Caliph and the nature of his ‎inclinations in choosing the place, and whether the need became ‎necessary for its upbringing due to the circumstances surrounding the ‎stages of development and moving from one city to another. Hence the ‎choice of the title of the research, the strategic vision, if it is decided to ‎move the capital, and this is not easy. Security of the Caliph, who ‎referred to him, and what are the reasons? And do not forget whether ‎they thought of urban planning and not the randomness of the city.‎
‎ Through this research, we learn about the conditions of the ‎alternative capital and the relationship between the authority of the ‎caliphate and the components of the new society between the resident ‎and the one coming from outside the capital? Is it far from the ‎opposition and opponents of the rule of the Abbasids? Is it suitable as a ‎model for the residence of the Caliph, the Minister, the Diwans, the ‎Grand Mosque, and other annexes? And do not forget the nature and ‎size of the population coming from the old capital to the new? In ‎addition, we can stand on the historical stages of what the Caliph left in ‎the former capital, and we can open the door to asking about the ‎scientific and intellectual life, its cultural conditions, and its links with ‎the Islamic world after leaving it. The nature of the land, soil, and water ‎on which the inhabitants of those areas reside can be forgotten or ‎ignored.‎

The current study aimed: to identify the role of the family and ‎civil society in achieving social security and community peace in the ‎city of Tikrit. And to identify the social impact of the role of the family ‎and civil society on achieving social security and community peace in ‎the city of Tikrit. And to identify the psychological impact of the role of ‎the family and civil society on achieving social security and community ‎peace in the city of Tikrit. The study sample was 256 individuals, and ‎the results were: 1- The results of the study found that there is a social ‎impact of the role of the family and civil society on achieving social ‎security and community peace in the city of Tikrit. Affects their social ‎interaction, 2- The results of the study found that there is a ‎psychological impact of the role of the family and civil society on ‎achieving social security and community peace in the city of Tikrit and ‎its spread in the psyche of individuals, which is reflected in the ‎presence of peace and community security, which ultimately leads to ‎working on the interaction of individuals in a normal and positive ‎manner, which It pushes individuals to community development.‎

Iraq is one of the societies characterized by sects, religions and ‎nationalities through cultural diversity, which stems from a vision that ‎ultimately seeks to establish new cultural values that seek to embody ‎peaceful coexistence. Achieving peaceful coexistence is gaining ‎increasing importance in the current stage and current circumstances, as ‎it represents a social and security value, and this confirms the ‎importance of such issues that come within the framework of providing ‎a social role in achieving peaceful coexistence in light of cultural ‎diversity, and culture has an important role in achieving comprehensive ‎development and reversing This leads to conflict and ‎underdevelopment, so it is necessary to study the prevailing culture in ‎society to search for its elements and sort out the handicapped from ‎them, and since culture as a complex whole of values, customs and ‎traditions is the result of the accumulation and interaction of several ‎different and diverse historical, environmental and religious factors, ‎and according to the different factors and circumstances from one ‎society to another. Culture will also differ, and that is why the issue of ‎cultural diversity and peaceful coexistence has taken on a lot of ‎importance in the field of social and anthropological studies, which ‎made a high percentage of researchers shed light on it by conducting ‎many field studies to find out its patterns to understand it and show ‎what it contains of similarities and differences that may affect in the ‎course of social life. Therefore, achieving the conditions for peaceful ‎coexistence and cultural diversity can only be achieved by the presence ‎of anti-violence, hatred and terrorism concepts that work to rid society ‎of its evils‏.‏
This research deals with one of the most important problems of ‎the twenty-first century, which is the problem of cultural diversity and ‎peaceful coexistence, which constituted a worrying concern for the ‎human community, as the conflict represents an imminent danger from ‎the duty of the civilized human mind to innovate to confront it ‎according to the rules and foundations of just coexistence focused on ‎the data of values and morals. The research is to identify the nature and ‎reality of cultural diversity and peaceful coexistence in the city of ‎Baghdad.‎

Civil society is among the basic concepts that help define the ‎relationship between the state and society, and thus ensure the ‎expression of society’s needs to avoid entering into crises after a ‎conflict situation. To move towards stability and achieve peace for the ‎period after the occupation of ISIS, especially in post-conflict areas, it is ‎necessary to move towards a cooperative, participatory effort between ‎civil society institutions in Iraq to work on building peace.‎

Peaceful coexistence represents in all its different aspects the ‎concept of harmony between the people of the same country with their ‎different national, religious, and ethnic affiliations, in addition to their ‎ideas and beliefs, because of what they have in common regarding the ‎language, homeland, interests and fate. This coexistence is subjected to ‎continuous crises, instability and deprivation of rights that affect ‎societies of religious, national, and ethnic diversity, especially if these ‎crises lead to a state of fighting and war that produce mass displacement ‎and destruction of areas. So, comes the process of wound healing ‎between the members of the society in the post-war phase, this process ‎happens through a series of requirements, which are considered as ‎foundations for achieving peaceful coexistence within one country ‎again in order to consolidate civil and community peace, as well as ‎creating a general coherent framework for restructuring the society and ‎building it again‏. ‏
This research tries to find out how these communities ‎characterized by religious and ethnic diversity that has been exposed to ‎these crises are able to rise and fuse within one country again, thus ‎achieving civil and societal peace. Anbar province is a vivid example ‎for this, as the negative effects of the war, which were accompanied by ‎the commission of many criminal acts that generated fear and hateful ‎feelings in the community, which creates in the long run devastating ‎effects on both the psychological and social levels.‎

The Arab countries, including Iraq, have lived through modern ‎and contemporary history, the domination of colonial countries, and ‎that the real goal behind this is to destabilize the security and stability of ‎peoples, sow division under the principle of "divide and rule" and ‎disperse the unified identity, and control the capabilities and bounties of ‎the country, as the advocates of secession did not realize that Iraqi ‎society is linked together by many approaches, the most important of ‎which are: (Arabism, Islam and citizenship), as Muslims, Christians, ‎Yazidis, Shabak and Jews lived side by side in Iraq, whether in the ‎cities of Kirkuk, Nineveh, Baghdad or Anbar (Habbaniyah - Khalidiya, ‎Ramadi - Anah, Hit). Haditha, K3, and Fallujah) coexist, united by the ‎spirit of citizenship and humanity, and share joys and sorrows with ‎each other, achieving the principle of peaceful coexistence and ‎community security, through the application of the law and the power ‎of the state on the one hand, and the role of academics and scholars ‎from the preachers and elders on the other hand

The issue of moderation and peaceful coexistence has become ‎one of the important issues at the present time. It has become one of the ‎necessities to which we must pay wide attention, especially after the ‎religious, national and sectarian extremism witnessed in our societies ‎that directly threatened societal peace and peaceful coexistence. This ‎extremism also led to a defect in the moral system. The value and ‎religious values of society, so the language of violence, extremism and ‎persecution has become the dominant language among societies.‎

This study aimed to identify the illiteracy eradication project ‎aimed at eradicating extremism and enhancing intellectual security and ‎its relationship to national security, which cannot be separated or dealt ‎with in isolation from the concept of comprehensive national security, ‎as it is an integrated security system with its intersections and points of ‎convergence.‎
The researcher, through the investigations devoted to confronting ‎illiteracy, has sought to reject moderation, which means cutting off ‎from the moderate majority, whether it is in this direction or the ‎opposite direction, while moderation, which means conscious rejection ‎of extremism in both directions, which means a deep understanding and ‎active will that consciously rejects and adheres to Consciously as well, ‎moderation necessitates encompassing the other who intends to reject it. ‎The study also aimed to discuss the relationship of the risks of illiteracy ‎and its impact on intellectual security through two prominent features ‎that establish ideological extremism and political violence "intellectual ‎terrorism".‎
And treatment in the context of awareness of the values of civil ‎society and human rights. And the last goal is the challenges and ‎opportunities for confronting illiteracy in Iraq through the strategy to ‎combat violent extremism leading to terrorism and its impact on ‎strengthening the reduction of intellectual deviation and maintaining ‎intellectual security, thus preserving Iraqi national security with ‎recommendations, most notably achieving societal balance in addition ‎to unifying the "religious - political - media discourse As well as other ‎mechanisms mentioned in the study.‎

The aim of this study is to identify (social intelligence and its ‎relationship with intellectual security among university students); The ‎sample was consisted of (1166) male and female students from the ‎University of Anbar for the academic year (2021-2020). The ‎researchers prepared a scale of social intelligence which consisted of ‎‎(30) items with three alternatives, and a scale of intellectual security ‎which consisted of (28) items with three alternatives; After the ‎researchers verified the psychometric properties of the two scales, they ‎were applied to the sample. The results showed: that the university ‎students gained social intelligence and intellectual security, and there ‎was a positive correlation between them. In light of the outcomes, the ‎researchers presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.‎

There is no doubt that the chapter of the general framework of ‎research in research and scientific studies is of great importance, as it ‎lays the foundation stone for the topics covered by scientific research. ‎Research objectives, identifying key terms and concepts in the research
The importance of the research, the objectives of the research, ‎defining the basic terms and concepts in the research, in general, there ‎are several goals for presenting previous studies, including knowing the ‎shortcomings, shortcomings and obstacles that these studies faced to ‎avoid. Another goal is to benefit from the results reached by those ‎studies in order to compare them with the current research results. In ‎order to know the similarities and differences and try to use this to ‎achieve the current research objectives, In order to know the similarities ‎and differences and try to employ this in achieving the current research ‎objectives, and accordingly, the topic included the explanatory theory ‎of the research. As for the research methodology, the research used the ‎descriptive analytical method that fits with the nature of the research ‎and the use of the social survey method by the sampling method, if the ‎research sample consisted of (148) Among them were (14) supervisors ‎and administrators concerned with the literacy program, as well as a ‎random sample of teachers amounting to (134) teachers in the ‎governorate. (148) questionnaires were distributed, the percentage of ‎the sample to the original community amounted to (62.71%).‎

The current research aimed to identify the correlation between the ‎concepts of psychological resilience and anger management, and to ‎identify the levels of these two concepts among the sample members. ‎On (154) schools, the researchers randomly chose a sample of (400) ‎female teachers. Ali to a small degree, it does not apply to me at all), for ‎both scales, and the researchers verified the psychometric properties of ‎the two scales, and after using the appropriate statistical methods, the ‎research reached the following results: The parameters enjoy a high ‎level of psychological flexibility, anger management, and a positive ‎direct relationship between flexibility Psychological and anger ‎management.‎

The current study aimed to reveal the level of intellectual ‎immunity and cognitive mental openness. It also aimed to reveal the ‎existence of a correlation between the two variables among students of ‎Iraq and Algeria. The study was conducted on a sample consisting of ‎‎(214) male and female students at the universities of Iraq and Algeria, ‎who were chosen by accident. To achieve the objectives of the study, ‎the descriptive approach was used, relying on two measurement tools: ‎the intellectual immunity scale (Al-Shammari, 2019), the cognitive ‎open-mindedness scale prepared by (Price, et al., 2015) and translated ‎by (Abdul-Baqi Abdul-Latif and Abdul-Azim Muhammad Mahmoud, ‎‎(2019). The data of the study using the statistical package for social ‎sciences using: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, theoretical mean, ‎one sample t.test, Pearson correlation coefficient. A high level of ‎intellectual immunity and mental openness was found. It was also ‎found that there is correlation between intellectual immunity and ‎cognitive mental openness.‎

The current research aims to identify‏:‏
‎1- Negative identity among middle school students‏.‏
‎2- School violence among middle school students‏.‏
‎3- The correlation between negative identity and school violence among ‎middle school students‏.‏
‎4- The differences in the relationship between negative identity and ‎school violence according to the variables of the sex variable (males – ‎females‏.(‏
The research was limited to a sample of (300) middle school ‎students in middle and secondary schools affiliated to the Anbar ‎Education Directorate for both sexes (males and females), for the ‎academic year (2021-2022). In order to achieve the objectives of the ‎current research, the two researchers adopted the Negative Identity scale ‎prepared by the researcher (Shaima Jani Haider Khan, 2010) for its ‎suitability to the current research sample. The score (2) was given to the ‎position expressing the negative identity and the number (1) for the ‎position that did not express the negative identity. As for the school ‎violence variable, the researchers prepared a scale to measure school ‎violence after adopting the social learning theory (Pandora) as a ‎theoretical framework, where the school violence scale consists of (30) ‎items. As for the answer alternatives, they were of a quadratic gradient ‎‎(always, sometimes, rarely, never). Scores were given from (4-1) to the ‎positive items and from (1-4) to the negative items. Also, the ‎researchers verified the psychometric properties of the scale from the ‎validity and stability of the scale, and after analyzing the data The ‎results showed the following‏:‏
 The sample has a low level of negative identity and that the ‎average scores of the sample members were less than the hypothetical ‎mean on the negative identity scale with statistical significance in favor ‎of the hypothetical mean
 The sample has an average level of school violence, and the ‎average scores of the sample members are not statistically significant‏.‏
 There is a positive, statistically significant correlation between ‎negative identity and school violence‏.‏
 There are no differences in the relationship between negative ‎identity and school violence according to the gender variable
In light of the research results, the researchers recommend a set ‎of recommendations and suggestions.‎

The revolution of telecommunication and information technology ‎produced what is so called digital or new media. Social media is an ‎example of that which produced citizen journalism or the citizen who is ‎a journalist. Also, we can name it as streets public journalism or even ‎democratic journalism. On this basis, any citizen who makes a page on ‎social media can be a journalist by himself who can post news, ‎information, photos, and videos. This made him in the position of ‎discussing and publishing the problems of society and so that assisting ‎the culture of peaceful coexistence in Iraq especially after what the Iraqi ‎society witnesses of exceptional circumstances on 9\4\2003 on various ‎regards. New terms were entering the community like terrorism , ‎extremism, violence, and sectarian conflicts.‎
The current study depended on the methodology of surveying ‎data which is the most important method in description methodology ‎for both surveying and analytical types. This aims to collect data and ‎analyze it to get to scientific results and give recommendations that go ‎side by side with the aims of the research. This is done by quantitative ‎and qualitative description for this phenomenon by collecting data by a ‎questionnaire to classify and analyze it. ‎
Facebook website is where data is taken from being mostly used ‎by young who are the targeted part of society. The student of Media ‎department in the college of Arts of the University of Anbar ‎contributed in answering the questionnaire. They are 200 students. ‎They are selected due to their attachment to social media being young ‎and their specialism is media. ‎

This study sheds light on a very critical topic at a pivotal stage, ‎namely, the use of digital and electronic media or social media ‎platforms and sites, and their exploitation as media platforms by ‎terrorist organizations for extremism and the dissemination and export ‎of terrorism after these digital platforms have become the most ‎powerful and effective communication tools in dominating and ‎controlling the public opinion. Even worse, these facilities have become ‎a dangerous industry and a product exported to other countries across ‎borders or open space. Accordingly, it was necessary to find a clear ‎media strategy with an open discourse to confront and deter these ‎extremist media and intellectual methods, as well as spread the ‎teachings of Islam based on moderation through well-thought-out plans ‎to implement that strategy. Therefore, it was necessary for this study to ‎focus on the joints and bases of the phenomenon of terrorism and ‎intellectual extremism, which is no longer just a transient phenomenon ‎or a behavioral deviation for a person or an intellectual extremism of a ‎group using violent methods against the other, but rather has become a ‎dangerous and deadly weapon that threatens the existence of humanity.‎

At the present time, electronic newspapers have occupied an ‎important position as one of the new media (digital media) and have ‎become an important tool for injecting news and information of all ‎kinds and forms. In its theoretical and practical aspects, The problem of ‎the study was represented by a main question about the role of Iraqi ‎electronic newspapers in promoting the values of peace and moderation ‎from the point of view of the academic elite, represented by university ‎professors, The research aimed to explore the opinion of elite university ‎professors about the advantages of electronic newspapers in general ‎and the motives for exposure to them, and the ideas contained in the ‎topics of peace in these newspapers‏.‏
And the forms of influence achieved by Iraqi electronic ‎newspapers in the field of peace and moderation, and given the ‎homogeneity of the research community, the researcher chose a ‎deliberate sample of (120) individual Iraqi university professors at the ‎Universities of Anbar and Fallujah, and the results showed that the ‎Iraqi electronic press played different roles in promoting the values of ‎citizenship and peace, and moderation among its followers.‎

Taxes have a distinct and great importance in‏ ‏financial ‎legislation. This importance stems from being an important resource‏ ‏in ‎supporting the general budget and one of the important tools in the ‎state’s‏ ‏economic, political and social policy in addition to the goals it ‎achieves in‏ ‏various fields. In some countries, taxes are the most ‎important source of‏ ‏financing public expenditures to achieve ‎Comprehensive development in all‏ ‏areas‏.‏
‏ ‏Due to this importance, the tax‏ ‏administration works to ‎improve its relationship with the taxpayer in order to‏ ‏create a kind of ‎trust, justice and societal peace between them. This trust‏ ‏leads him to ‎perform the tax imposition. The administration works to make tax‏ ‏laws ‎accessible to everyone, including decisions and regulations related to ‎the‏ ‏application of the texts and provisions of legislation equally, and to ‎achieve‏ ‏justice and peace between them. It also works to raise the ‎efficiency and‏ ‏development of the tax system and introduce the best and ‎easiest methods in the‏ ‏process of estimating, collecting and collecting ‎tax and avoiding any tax‏ ‏dispute and pushing towards the safety of ‎society. Even in the case of‏ ‏conflict, it resorts, as much as possible, to ‎resolve it away from the‏ ‏judiciary to preserve the reputation, privacy ‎and financial justice of the‏ ‏taxpayer and the administration at the same ‎time. If a dispute arises before‏ ‏the judiciary, it works to take into ‎account that the taxpayer is the weak‏ ‏party in this relationship. ‎Therefore, it creates a kind of balance, peace and‏ ‏justice between the ‎two sides of the equation and facilitates litigation‏ ‏procedures and ‎evidence to achieve justice

This study sought to identify the role of the media in presenting ‎the image of Islam as a major contributor to the achievement of world ‎peace and security. Spreading tolerance and religious moderation .The ‎study showed that the media has a great role in how to present the ‎Islamic scene to the world, especially since Islam has been linked to ‎terrorism through tools and interests aimed at distorting the image of ‎Islam The study examined the nature of the new media, its tools, its ‎spread and its impact on the world. The study also showed the naiveté ‎of the media discourse directed by the Islamic world to the world as a ‎whole. And that the defenders of Islam and his acquittal from the ‎pollution of terrorism, do not do what is required and effective form ‎that works to change those stereotypes about Islam and Muslims.‎
The research ended with several results that showed the need to ‎work on creating Islamic cultural and professional media strategies that ‎can cope with the communications revolution and cope with the ‎knowledge explosion in the world. Otherwise, the Islamic nation will ‎continue to decline.‎
At the end of the study, recommendations based on the results of ‎the study were developed.‎

This study aimed to identify the role of social networks of all ‎kinds and forms and their various media uses in building peace and ‎spreading a culture of tolerance and moderation among Anbar ‎University students as an important part of the community of Anbar ‎Governorate, especially after the liberation of the province from the ‎occupation of the terrorist organization ISIS, and how that occupation ‎affected the society, which resulted in many negative phenomena such ‎as extremism and extremism and the collapse of some societal values ‎that some of them are still practiced by others, in the absence of ‎regulatory bodies that can control the world of the Internet, and the ‎public space that is not bounded by borders and does not require a ‎visible identification identity.‎
This goal included a set of sub-objectives, which are to identify ‎the role of social networks in enhancing the skill capabilities of Anbar ‎University students and the role these skills play in building peace and ‎spreading a culture of tolerance among community circles, in addition ‎to identifying the nature of social networks and their positive role in ‎Developing and promoting societal values among the students of Anbar ‎University.‎
Therefore, this research came to shed light on the role that social ‎networks play in all their forms and types in achieving moderation, ‎building peace, peaceful coexistence and spreading a culture of ‎tolerance among students of Anbar University in particular, and Anbar ‎Governorate has recently emerged from a war that was one of the ‎causes of the negative role played by communication sites. its social.‎