Journal of Almaarif University College

يعد التوقف وصوره من أهم المسائل المهمة والغامضة في وقتنا الحاضر والتي تكاد خلت المكتبات من مؤلفاتها إلا أبحاث يسيرة تكاد لا تغني أصل المسألة وما يدور حولها من خلاف واختلاف، وكان من جملة من درسها وضمنها في مصنفاته هو الامام الزركشي (ت. 794 هـ)، إذ يعد من أبرز العلماء في الفقه الإسلامي، حيث قدمت مصنفاته وكتاباته رؤية عميقة وشاملة للمسائل الفقهية والشرعية. كان له دور بارز في تطوير الفقه الحنبلي وشرح المسائل الشرعية بأسلوب واضح. يتناول هذا البحث "صور التوقف" التي أشار إليها الزركشي، والتي تعكس الدقة والفهم العميق لمبادئ الفقه الاسلامي ومشاربه عبر العصور المتعاقبة.
مفهوم التوقف في الفقه الاسلامي:
وخلاصة القول: تعد صور التوقف عند الإمام الزركشي نموذجًا يحتذى به في الفقه الإسلامي، حيث تعكس أهمية التجرد والتأمل في الفتاوى. يشير الإمام الزركشي إلى أن الفقه لا يمكن أن يكون صحيحًا إلا مع الفهم العميق والبحث الدقيق في الأدلة. إن استمرارية دراسة هذه الصور تعزز من تطور الفقه الإسلامي وتلبي احتياجات العصر.

This research is based on studying the effect of the Maqam on Arabic grammar and applying it to verses of the Holy Quran. The importance of the research stems from the importance of Arabic grammar; the science of grammar is one of the tools for understanding the sciences of the Quran, the most important of which is interpretation, which is closely related to it; as the rules of grammar contribute to analyzing the Quranic texts and understanding them in their correct form, and thus the Quranic text is free from errors or distortions. Ibn Atiyah confirms this statement by saying that the science of grammar - specifically parsing - is a foundation in the sciences of Sharia. The research aims to clarify the effect of the idea of Maqam on Arabic grammar, and whether it has a formal or moral effect.

The literary or poetic experience makes a difference in the literary work, giving it realism and credibility, in addition to the psychological depth and the accompanying emotion that charges the literary text with wonderful creative energy, and its data differ from one creator to another and from time to time for the creator himself. Its types differ according to the way the creator draws inspiration from it, it may be lived, read or heard, and it does not differ for the creative poet, but it differs for those who do not have the real literary experience and great creative ability.

The two dictionaries, Al-Jamhara and Al-Miqyas, are successive dictionaries in terms of time period, as the first was in the third century and the other in the fourth century, in addition to the fact that they belong to one lexical school, which is the alphabetical school. As we know, Ibn Faris relied in his dictionary on Ibn Duraid’s Al-Jamhara. Perhaps the reader will think that since the two dictionaries belong to one lexical school, they must be identical. Here, the purpose of the research is to shed light on the aspects in which Ibn Faris differed from Ibn Duraid and vice versa. As we know, every scholar has a scientific personality that distinguishes him from others, and this is reflected in his writings and scientific convictions towards any linguistic material. It is unreasonable for a dictionary to be an extension of a dictionary in the same way, method, structure and style, as science, as it advances, tends to make things easier for researchers from students of knowledge. By reviewing the two dictionaries, I found some differences and variations between the two dictionaries and shed light on them and reached some results that I will mention in the research, God willing.

The figurative image is an external formation that the poet builds and then employs through several elements: imagination, emotion, and suggestion, relying in the construction on tools: simile, metaphor, metonymy, or symbolism, through the adaptation of language and its use in a thoughtful manner when embodying the scene or scene that is intended to be announced to the recipient, as it is not an easy matter, but rather requires mental effort and contemplation, and after the elements and foundations are available, especially since Scholars and researchers have not agreed on a unified concept for it since Long time. Platonic love is a poetic style that appeared in the valleys of Najd and Hijaz. It is known as chaste love in which the poet expresses his feelings towards the one he loves in a style far from sensual, offensive and exciting description, and the criticism in it is marked by tenderness, charm and beauty according to this Hair color.

The growth of ascetic poetry in the third century AH was steady until its poets multiplied, and its star rose among the themes of poetry, and the names of its poets began to be repeated in literary gatherings, and among these poets was Sumnoon Al-Muhib, who stood out among them at that time by following the doctrine of Sufi love, but the scarcity of his poetry limited the spread of his mention later, in addition to the loss of his mind in the last years of his life, so he became considered one of the forgotten ascetic poets, and this study attempted to collect the poetry attributed to him from the sources of books and verify its narration, which was mixed with the narrations of many texts of asceticism and Sufism in the Abbasid era, and to introduce him, and to present a brief study of his poetry that highlights its most important characteristics.

Al-Tasri' (end-rhyming) has aesthetic value in poetic achievement, as it serves as an important tributary of rhythm on one hand and has a direct relationship with semantic formation on the other. The research found that the poet Al-Jawahiri employed Al-Tasri' in his poems for important humanitarian purposes in his life and the life of his people, which helped him overcome many of the difficulties and troubles that faced the course of his life and the life of his people. Al-Tasri' results from the matching or similarity between components of linguistic elements represented by sounds, vocabulary, or structures that are repeated within the space of a single hemistich, or at the level of a single line of the poem. Al-Tasri' formed a prominent feature within the framework of individual lines in Al-Jawahiri's poems, and it is an ancient technique that was previously discussed in the books of rhetoric scholars as well as in literature and prosody books.

In order to convey the truth and fulfill the saying of the scholars and philosophers that “the poet of the philosophers is the father of eloquence,” confusion has arisen among people, both in ancient and modern times. They narrated stories about him, believing and disbelieving in them. Thus, this research emerged. In the field of criticism, they said that he spreads his rulings across society, wants to reform the people, exposes their flaws, and confronts them with their faults. They also claimed that his ideas are coercive, implying that reform cannot happen without criticizing prevailing opinions and systems. Through this, and with God’s grace, we were able to defend this literary figure, presenting examples of his criticism in various fields. We aimed to prove that his ideas form a natural state of critique of the prevailing social circumstances, the oppression of rulers, and the injustice of society’s dominant opinions. His message was humanistic, aspiring for a better world and calling for noble morals. He represents a personality that imposes its authority on people when they feel distant from self-discipline. His desire for reform is evident in his messages, though he leaves their interpretation to the people themselves.

The research aims to study the features of social criticism in one of the poets of the Ayyubid era, namely Osama bin Munqidh, the poet and prince who was known to be one of the most important poets of the Crusades, to the point that his poems in those battles were considered important historical documents. The poet cast his penetrating gaze on his society at that time, shedding light on its faults and revealing its diseases and weaknesses. His role was not limited to mere diagnosis, but rather went beyond that to provide us in some of his texts with an accurate description of the treatment with which he treated these negative phenomena in society.

This research seeks to identify the most distinctive and recurrent artistic features in the poetry of Ahmed Matar, focusing specifically on the introductions and conclusions of his poems. Among the selected features and characteristics are repetition, binary oppositions, intertextuality, irony, and the use of everyday conversational language. The study concludes with a set of findings that collectively form a clear perception of Ahmed Matar and his poetry, which is characterized by symbolism and satirical style. Thus, he is considered a pioneering figure in this domain.

It is established that constitutional rules sit at the pinnacle of the legal hierarchy in the state, laying down the principles and foundations upon which the system of government is based, organizing the relationship between the authorities, defining their jurisdictions, setting the boundaries, imposing restrictions on their activities, and establishing rights and freedoms along with their guarantees. Since constitutional judiciary is the body responsible for safeguarding the constitution and the rules it contains – whether it relates to constitutional review, the interpretation of constitutional provisions, or resolving disputes – it is essential that its rulings are characterized by absolute authority over all. This is referred to as the principle of the "binding force of constitutional precedents. However, at the same time, rulings are issued by judges who, like all humans, are prone to error or deficiency. Thus, judicial decisions may contain errors in reasoning or fail to clarify the meaning or substance, or may be based on outdated societal realities, making them unable to keep pace with the evolution in various aspects of political, economic, and social life. This necessitates the abandonment of a previous ruling in favor of a subsequent one that is more aligned with and responsive to the changes. Such a shift would serve the public interest in general and the rights and freedoms in particular, while still adhering to the principles of legal and judicial security to achieve a reasonable degree of stability in legal relationships and a minimum level of consistency and permanence in different legal positions, with the aim of promoting security and reassurance among the parties involved in legal relationships, whether public or private.

The majority of countries have been keen in their criminal legislation to provide criminal protection for the public office, represented by their employees, and to surround them with a stronger protection than the ordinary individuals, since the employee may be assaulted, insulted, threatened and prevented from performing their duty by ordinary people, which does not only affect themselves, but also extends to their jobs which they in charge of. Public job protection is not a privilege for employees, but rather a privilege for the public job, as the matter is related to public system, which is not permissible to discuss it, and Crimes committed against public office are not permissible for waiver or reconciliation, the victim’s absence at the trial does not lead to the case being dropped and the entity represented by the employee must appear on behalf of him at the trial to not make the job subjected by bargaining.

This research aims to clarify the right to political and military asylum within the framework of the provisions of international law. The research problem crystallized in answering the following question: "What is the right to political and military asylum within the framework of the provisions of international law?" The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the description of "political refugee" is given to individuals who have convincing justifications for fear of being persecuted due to their political opinions, political affiliations, or committing crimes of a political nature, with their unwillingness to seek protection from their country of origin. The 1951 United Nations Convention on the Status of Refugees is considered one of the basic international documents in dealing with asylum issues, as it sets out the general principles of refugee law and defines the rights enjoyed by refugees, in addition to the obligations that fall on them.

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of the dual situations strategy in the achievement and reflective thinking of second-year middle school students in the Holy Quran and Islamic education. The research followed the descriptive approach in collecting information and the experimental approach in applying the experiment on a sample consisting of (64) students distributed equally between two groups, the experimental group studied with the dual situations strategy, and the control group studied in the usual way. An achievement test was prepared consisting of 40 test paragraphs, and a reflective thinking test consisting of 20 paragraphs, both of which were multiple choice. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the achievement and reflective thinking test.

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of the Merle-Tenson model in acquiring literary concepts among fourth-grade literary students. To achieve the study’s goal, the researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control, which is the design of a non-randomly selected control group with a post-test. The research sample consisted of (59) students from the fourth literary grade at Saad bin Abi Waqas Intermediate School for Boys, affiliated with the Anbar Education Directorate. The school was chosen intentionally, and the two research samples (experimental and control) were appointed by random drawing. Section (B) represented the experimental group, which had (31) students who studied the Merrill-Tenson model, and Section (A) represented the control group, which had (28) students who studied the traditional method. The researcher rewarded the two groups in the variables (chronological age calculated in months, Arabic language grades for the previous academic year, parents’ academic achievement, and the Hanmon-Nelson Intelligence Test for mental ability). The researcher taught the two research groups himself, to avoid affecting the course of the experiment. The researcher built the research tool, which was represented by a test of literary concepts in the subject of literature and texts for the fourth literary grade. The researcher used the statistical package program (SPSS) to analyze the data he obtained from the experiment, to reach results. The research showed that there was a positive difference in the arithmetic averages in favor of the experimental group. The researcher concluded, through the research results, a number of results, conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

Since chronic diseases have a negative impact on both the patient and their community, and given that the number of people suffering from these diseases is continuously increasing, the current research aims to develop a cognitive therapeutic program to help kidney failure patients who visit Ramadi Teaching Hospital reduce their anxiety and depression. This was done by randomly applying two scales to a number of patients representing the research population, which consisted of 50 kidney failure patients. The researcher used an experimental research method with pre and post-tests. From the 30 patients receiving treatment who suffered from anxiety, 10 individuals were randomly selected who agreed to participate in the training program. The researcher developed a cognitive therapeutic program after applying anxiety and depression scales, consisting of 12 sessions. After obtaining written consent from the research sample, therapy sessions were scheduled in coordination with the treating physician on the same day as their doctor's appointments, and after completing their specialist consultation, the researcher would gather the research sample and begin the sessions. At the end of the period, which extended for three months with one session per week (except for the final session at the program's end), both scales were applied in the last session. The researcher found that the experimental group's scores had decreased significantly compared to their scores in the first application at the beginning of the program, indicating that the program had an effect on the research sample as their scores on both anxiety and depression scales decreased.

The Levant province was one of the most important and largest Ottoman provinces, which attracted the attention of the Ottoman state because of its fertile lands and the multiple yields of crops that were cultivated there. In addition, many of the villages in this region were made part of the Sultanate's privately owned lands after the liberation of these lands. However, the weakness of ruling for some governors and the preoccupation of the Ottoman state with its wars at that times, as well as the mismanagement of lands of the sultanate properties as a result of granting these lands with a chaotic manner and not taking into consideration the administrative skill and experience. Eventually led to many abuses through which the Ottoman empire lost much of the money of these lands. Accordingly, many of the villagers of the sultanate privates migrated as a result of the abuses in these lands. After that the Ottoman state try to compensate these losses in the funds of the Sultanate properties by replacing them with other villages that are populated and have valuable and beneficial products than the villages that were destroyed by the violation of other villages belonging to the governors and princes of the Sanjak. This event made the most villagers of these lands think about the injustice and aggression inflicted on them and the chaotic policy of the Ottoman state in its management of the Arab provinces, primarily the Levant Province

Global climate changes in the Twenty-First Century are the result of the Industrial Revolution, the consumption of Natural Resources, unplanned urbanization and damage to the components of the atmosphere by increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases. The concept of State Security is no longer limited to protecting external borders only, but has been associated with threats to the environment and climate change, and environmental degradation has become a tangible reality. therefore, the term environmental security has emerged, which is an important means of achieving the security and stability of states and Man together. This study came to shed light on the climate changes of the Twenty-First Century and compare them with the twentieth and nineteenth centuries to identify the risks and challenges facing the world due to climate change, and the research concluded that the climate change in the world in the Twenty-First Century is the largest compared to the rest of the centuries, the evidence of this is the temperature anomaly and the unprecedented rise in the Arctic, where the temperature rise reached 3-4 m° from other centuries. The research also found that the world's countries are not committed to the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and did not realize the risks of climate change until 2007. The most important conclusions reached by the research are that there may be an opportunity to reduce these effects, especially if the global agreement was made to reduce greenhouse gases and control emissions based on renewable sources and work on the development and investment in these projects, especially after the global attention and the holding of international conferences, including the Paris conference.

Every individual possesses unique psychological traits that distinguish them from others in society and their surrounding environment. Especially, it is evident when discussing the subconscious awareness (Id), as one of the three components of Freud's psychoanalytic theory – the Id, the Superego, and the Ego. The charismatic personality of the individual plays a significant role in transcending social and religious boundaries, as well as moral restraints, by addressing desires that override shame and principles. Challenges often appear in understanding and analyzing the personality of such individuals when examining literary works, particularly in terms of the psychological state of the characters and how they achieve their goals. In this context, Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which explores the personality of the author and the characters in the subconscious mind, reveals the underlying purpose and hidden messages of the author. The level of subconscious awareness (Id), considered a reservoir of diverse suppressed desires and instincts rooted in human psychology since childhood, embodies this mystery and explores those repressed facets. These aspects, suppressed by the author throughout their life, are reflected in the protagonists and characters of works that delve into the subconscious. This study, titled A Study of the Level of Subconscious Awareness (Id) Related to Individual Consciousness in the Stories of Ismail Hajani in Payv Magazine – Based on Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory applies the concept of subconscious awareness (Id) to individual consciousness. It highlights both the visible and repressed sides of the author, exploring their psychological state, the suppression and restraint of desires throughout various stages of life, and how these aspects are mirrored in their short stories published in Payv magazine.

The Just War tradition (JWT) is viewed in this paper as a corpus of ideas that discusses the morality and ethics of war. It has changed throughout more than 1,500 years, making it a complicated one. The Just War tradition is broad and multifaceted, yet it is confined within some essential principles that determine its boundaries. It differs from pacifism in that it holds that wars can occasionally be justified and from realism, which views war as outside the purview of moral judgment, in that it holds that both the choice to go to war and the tactics used in conducting it are subject to moral inspection. Within such confines, just war theorists disagree with one another not only about subtleties of the theory but also over fundamental issues like whether or not a war may be justified by something other than the necessity of defending oneself against an already-initiated armed attack. This paper's main goal is to provide a clear and comprehensive understanding of the JWT, the conditions under which it permits and restricts acceptable damages and the moral conundrums these arguments raise. Regarding modern just war theory, one of the central concerns is whether war can be fought and damage done for "humanitarian" or "cosmopolitan" purposes, including protecting human rights. Stated differently, the question is whether there exists a clear and present need to conduct war. This paper lays out the main problems with the use of violence, evaluates the cosmopolitan and anti-cosmopolitan contributions to Just War thinking, and ends with some observations on the suitability of Just War thinking and its connection to cosmopolitanism.