Journal Dawat

This research sheds light on the rhetorical efforts of a contemporary Shiite scholar from the holy city of Karbala, Sayyid Muhammad Taqi al-Modarresi, through his book (Tafsir min Huda al-Qur'an). From this effort, we derived a branch of rhetoric, namely the art of simile. The interpreter did not neglect this art in his interpretation, as he mentioned it and its purpose in the blessed verses. We addressed the most prominent forms of this renewed science, as it is part of the aesthetics of the Qur'anic text in its eloquence. We found that the interpreter was not closed to his own sect or school of thought, but rather drew from all sects with their diverse orientations and modes of thought. His opinion was present and pioneering in most cases, and he often began where others had left off. This indicates that the interpreter was well-versed in most interpretations. However, this did not prevent him from agreeing with them on some texts that he deemed correct.

The poet Abdul Amir Khalil Murad relied on the Quranic effectiveness In order to convey the theme to the recipient as well as to convince and influence them. This is because the function of intertextuality in creative texts works to eliminate the divisions and boundaries between texts, and the new text identifies with other texts with which it is intertextual, to produce a new text, where the identifiable texts are an effect, a necessary function, and a persuasive goal. This is what makes the identifiable text open to new and numerous horizons, which makes it a recipient of more than one time and event and more than one meaning, and the text becomes full of meanings. The new text that relies on the mechanism of Quranic/argumentative reasoning acquires a persuasive mechanism according to the text with which it is intertextual. Quranic in general represents the authority, so the Quranic text represents for the recipient the authority of a higher authority, and through it the poet creates in the poetic text a persuasive position that facilitates the transmission of his discourse, because the Quranic text represents a sacred symbolic state for the recipient, and the creator of the rhetorical space in which his discourse moves knows the necessity of the symbol expressing the affiliation of his recipient It influences him, enables him to be persuaded, and makes him submit.

The research focused on studying the manifestations of Quranic verse in contemporary Iraqi poetry, namely (intertextuality with the Holy Quran), in the poetry collection of Sheikh Ahmed Al-Waeli (may God have mercy on him). This collection represents a linguistic masterpiece, distinguished by its poet's eloquence, magnificence of words, and richness of meaning. This is a product of his academic studies and the scholarly environment in which Sheikh Ahmed Al-Waeli grew up. The research noted that the Quranic manifestations in his collection represent two types of interrelationship with the Quranic text. The Quranic verse with which the poetry interrelates is indirect Quranic verse. The research divided this verse into two sections: modified and unmodified in the use of these verses, which interrelate with the poetic verses according to the poet's intention. At one point, he attempted to employ the Quranic text, preserving the meaning while changing the words and structure of the verse. At another point, he attempted to employ the Quranic text, preserving the meaning while changing the wording and structure of the verse. He keeps part of the verse while changing part of it, employing it in a new poetic meaning. This interrelationship between the Qur’anic text and the poem creates new connotations according to the contexts in which they appear, and thus intertextuality with them allows for those connotations.

Nature has been sanctified by poets since ancient times, due to its spiritual status in ancient beliefs through its imitation, as well as the romantic view that made it a companion to the soul. It is the clear mirror to which poets turn to reflect their true selves, reflecting their love, sweetness, and sanctity, as well as their sorrows, pains, and suffering.

The research dealt with still life as an objective equivalent. The (objective equivalent) is a critical term that has occupied a large space and its use has become widespread. The term has a history that goes back to the (Anglo-American) school of criticism, the most prominent pioneer of which was (Eliot), whose critical theory is considered the basis for forming the objective equivalent. The term imposed itself on the modern Arab critical arena, which prompted many to study it more broadly. It means what the creator employs of events, topics, and facts, without resorting to direct report to convey feelings to the recipient, thus becoming a means of expressing conscience in art.
This study dealt with the concept of the objective equivalent in language and terminology and its application to modern poetry in the poetry of Abdul Razzaq Al-Rubaie, as the writer does not express his opinions directly; rather he creates a literary work in its artistic components. Since the nature of poetry consists of the interaction of the self and the other, it became clear that the poet resorts to employing the objective equivalent in his writings and poems to express various issues (political, social, religious) that he cannot state directly for fear of many things, so he uses (an objective equivalent) that he addressed by employing the words of silent nature. The poet employed it to express that in a smooth and attractive style. He turned to nature in most of his poems, using it as a means to address his concerns and problems. A poet does not resort to objective equivalents out of nowhere; rather, there are motives and factors that drive him to do so. The most important influential factors that drive him to employ objective equivalents are social, psychological, and religious influence. Among his poems is "The Descendants of Cain." Keywords: objective equivalent, still life, self and other.

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of role-playing strategy in treating common spelling errors among fifth-grade primary school students. The basic foundations of the role-playing strategy were identified. To achieve the research objective, the descriptive and experimental approaches were used. The population consisted of fifth-grade primary school students in Kanaan district/Diyala Governorate, and Arabic language teachers to learn their perspectives on common errors among students and their causes. The research tool was a questionnaire. A test was also used to determine the students' level and the areas in which they make mistakes. A teacher's guide was also used to help them teach spelling topics according to this strategy, as well as some methods and their statistical treatments. After conducting these treatments, the research reached a set of results, including: There are spelling errors among fifth-grade primary school students from the teachers' point of view. The most common mistakes made by students, as seen by teachers at this stage, are omitting the definite article (ال) when conjunctions or prepositions are added to it. The least common spelling error is the addition of the nunnation in the wrong places. The main reason for this, according to teachers at this stage, is the large number of students in the classroom. The least common reason for these spelling errors is the inability to understand spelling rules in the early stages of education.
Keywords: Strategy, Spelling Mistakes, Primary School Students

The aim of the study was to identify the justifications for using traditional teaching methods from the perspective of university professors. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire consisting of 30 items was developed to measure the opinions of male and female faculty members at the College of Education regarding their use of traditional methods. The research population consisted of 139 male and female faculty members, from whom a random sample of 50 male and female faculty members from the College of Education for the Humanities was selected.
After verifying the validity and reliability of the instrument, the questionnaire was administered to the research sample. Using appropriate statistical methods, such as the weighted mean, the research reached the following conclusion: All questionnaire items represent genuine justifications held by faculty members.

The current research aims to identify "the effectiveness of using the literary interpretation approach to the Qur'an in developing some skills in understanding the Qur'anic text and literary appreciation." The research sample consisted of first-grade intermediate students at Nafi' bin Hilal Intermediate School, affiliated with the Babil Governorate Center. The number of students selected for the research sample was (32) students who studied the selected texts with their literary interpretation according to the literary interpretation approach, and (32) students in the control group who studied using the traditional method. A Qur'anic text comprehension test and a literary appreciation scale were constructed, and their validity and reliability, as well as the criteria for evaluating Qur'anic texts, were verified. A teacher's guide was also constructed according to the literary interpretation approach. After applying the tools pre-test, students were taught the topics of Qur'anic texts according to the literary interpretation approach. The same tools were also applied post-test. The research reached several conclusions, including: the effectiveness of the literary interpretation approach in developing the skills of understanding the Qur'anic text among the first-year middle school students in the study sample, as well as the effectiveness of the reading comprehension approach in developing the skills of literary appreciation among the first-year middle school students. It also confirmed a positive relationship between the development of Qur'anic text comprehension skills and literary appreciation skills among the students in the study sample. The research recommended the need to reconsider teaching the Qur'anic texts in accordance with language learning theories and various teaching approaches. It also recommended adopting an educational plan that clarifies how to use new strategies and approaches, including the literary interpretation approach, when teaching Qur'anic texts. Furthermore, it emphasized the importance of guiding Arabic language teachers to embrace the principle of diversity in teaching strategies, methods, and approaches, as well as non-traditional educational media, and to provide students with the opportunity to express their opinions regarding what they read and write during instruction.

This study aims to identify the reading comprehension levels of fourth-grade science students. The study included a sample of (425) male and female students selected from fourth-grade students in middle schools affiliated with the Diwaniyah Education Directorate. To determine reading comprehension levels, a valid, reliable, and objective test was developed to measure students' reading comprehension abilities. After administering the test to the study sample, and using a set of statistical and computational methods to analyze and process the data, the study results showed that the reading comprehension level of fourth-grade science students was at an average level.
Therefore, one of the most important recommendations was focusing on activating reading skills that contribute to improving and stimulating reading comprehension levels among students. The researcher suggested conducting descriptive studies on a broader level that complement and are similar to this study.

Educators are well-known for their belief that no single teaching method is superior to another. On the contrary, the most effective method is the one that combines the learner and the educational material. Learners in classrooms are diverse individuals, and educators emphasize the need for teachers to consider individual differences among learners, taking into account their differences in abilities, cultures, achievement, and intelligence. Furthermore, grammatical rules are abstract and intellectual in nature, requiring a great deal of attention in their teaching. The teaching method may be the reason for learners' reluctance to learn grammar rules, their lack of mastery, and their failure. This is due to the focus on memorizing grammatical rules without understanding them and working to apply them in new linguistic contexts, and the failure to take into account individual differences among learners, given their inappropriateness to their intellectual level. Therefore, we see that the educational arena has witnessed many learning theories and techniques that were previously uncommon. These teaching theories and techniques support education that treats students as diverse learners, allowing for respect for these individual differences and capitalizing on them to develop and enhance the capabilities of all learners. Teaching methods have been greatly influenced by these theories, with attempts to utilize them in practical applications. They have become important tools that can contribute to raising the academic level of teaching and learning and reducing or resolving their problems. From this perspective, the importance of incorporating the technical skills in reducing the difficulty of accepting grammatical performance is manifested. This research sheds light on technical skills and how to apply them to grammatical performance.

The aim of the research was to identify (the effectiveness of the brainstorming strategy in developing critical thinking skills among university students in the subject of literary criticism). To achieve this, the researchers chose the experimental method as an appropriate method for their research. The University of Diyala was the place to conduct the research, and they chose university students as a research community. The (research sample) was chosen from the university students of the Arabic Language Department, third stage, for the academic year (2022-2023). The sample was chosen intentionally, and it consisted of two groups. The first group consisted of (50) male and female students, and represented the experimental group, and the other group consisted of (48) male and female students, and represented the control group. After the exclusion process, the total number of the first experimental group became (48) male and female students, and for the second control group (45) male and female students. The reward was done with a number of variables. The researchers chose the test of developing critical thinking skills as a research tool, which consisted of (forty test paragraphs) of multiple choice, and it was applied on Sunday (12/3/2023). After After completing the experiment, the statistics were processed, revealing a significant difference in favor of the first experimental group. In light of the results, the researchers concluded that the "brainstorming strategy" is an effective strategy for developing critical thinking among students in the Arabic Language Department at the University of Diyala, College of Education for Human Sciences. The researchers also recommend that the "brainstorming strategy" could be adopted in teaching literary criticism and other branches of the Arabic language. The researchers also proposed a set of proposals, including conducting studies similar to the current research in other branches of the Arabic language and at other educational levels, such as elementary and middle school, and other subjects such as history, geography, and psychology.
Keywords: Brainstorming Strategy - Criticism

The study aimed to identify the effect of the cooperative learning method on the academic achievement of fourth-grade middle school students in Arabic language, compared to the traditional method. To identify this effect, the researcher assumed the following null hypothesis:
- There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) in the average Arabic language scores of students who are taught using the cooperative learning method and those who are taught using the traditional method.
To achieve this goal, the researcher intentionally selected Al-Waili Intermediate School for Boys in Babil Governorate. Two fourth-grade classes were randomly selected from the school, as two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The sample size was (72) students, distributed equally between classes (C) and (D). The class was divided into six heterogeneous groups, with (6) students in each group. The researcher adopted the Jigsaw method and its modified version, Jigsaw 2, after adjusting the time allocated for the lesson. The researcher used appropriate statistical methods to analyze the test results and concluded that: The students in the experimental group, who studied using the cooperative learning method, outperformed the students in the control group, who studied using the traditional method. The difference was statistically significant at a significance level of (0.05). In light of the results, the researcher recommended the use of modern methods in teaching Arabic and taking individual differences into account when presenting educational activities. The researcher suggested conducting further studies on Arabic language topics.

This study traces the codification stages that Arabic morphology has gone through over the ages. It reveals how morphologists have streamlined the morphological rule from its classical origins to the contemporary form found today within the covers of morphological books. These strategies have varied from emulating heritage, attempting to renew it, or taking a new approach and focusing on phonetic and semantic aspects.
In this study, the researcher examines the patterns of codification strategies in the modern era, which lie in six forms—according to his commentary—and these forms may be interconnected or distinct.

The current research aims to identify the moral evidence and its implications contained in Surat Al-Baqarah and Al-Nahl and the extent of their inclusion in Islamic education textbooks for intermediate levels. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the "content analysis" method, preparing a special list of moral evidence based on the general objectives of Islamic education for intermediate levels and previous studies. This list consisted of (34) indications, the validity of which was confirmed by presenting it to a group of arbitrators, and its stability was verified in three ways, namely: the method of analysis over time, analysis with an external arbitrator, and analysis with an external analyst. The results of the research showed that Surat Al-Baqarah and An-Nahl in the Islamic education books for the intermediate stage include (9) moral evidence and (12) moral indications despite the lack of the book’s content of some important moral indications that were included in the list of indications prepared by the researcher, such as (honesty, generosity, chastity, not being extravagant and wasteful, Good treatment of the wife, rent / tolerance / modesty).

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the Spectrum Discussion Strategy on the Achievement of Teaching Methods among Third-Year Students in the Arabic Language Department at the College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Wasit. The research population consisted of (73) male and female students, of whom (60) formed the study sample. The sample was distributed equally between the experimental group (30) male and female students and the control group (30) male and female students for both groups. The researcher prepared an achievement test. Based on this, she worked to identify the desired behavioral objectives of recall, comprehension, and application. The apparent validity, content validity, and reliability of the test were determined using a split-half test. The reliability coefficient for the test was 0.50, and the split-half test was 0.061. To answer the research hypotheses, the researcher used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze and process the data. These statistics included the t-test for two independent samples, the chi-square equation, the standard deviation, the arithmetic mean, and the split-half coefficient. Examining the study results, we find that they revealed statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental and control groups in the teaching methods course, as measured by the post-test questions at the following levels: recall (2.322), comprehension (1.293), and application (2.891). This demonstrates the effectiveness of the discussion spectrum strategy in teaching. The study concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals, the most important of which are: the necessity of including the discussion spectrum strategy within the vocabulary of the teaching methods course in colleges of education, as it is one of the most important modern teaching methods, and working on addressing the independent variables in this same study but using other educational environments such as Google Meet, Google Classroom.

The aim of this research was to study the extent to which students in the Department of Islamic Education and Qur'anic Sciences at the University of Kufa possess creative and innovative thinking skills.
The sample of the current research consisted of 100 students from the Department of Islamic Education and Qur'anic Sciences at the University of Kufa, who were randomly selected. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers developed a research instrument (a test of creative and innovative thinking skills) and obtained its apparent validity (89%) and test-retest reliability (92%). The results were then analyzed, and the conclusion was reached that the level of creative and innovative thinking among students in the Department of Islamic Education and Qur'anic Sciences at the University of Kufa is low.
The researchers recommended directing department teachers to focus on developing students' thinking in general, and creative and innovative thinking in particular. The researchers propose conducting studies on students' creative and innovative thinking skills and their relationship to certain variables.

The current research aims to reveal the prevailing teaching strategies among Arabic language teachers in Al-Warith Educational Schools for the primary stage, and the impact of both years of experience and academic qualifications on their use of these strategies. The research community consisted of Arabic language teachers in Al-Warith Primary Schools, and a random sample of (65) teachers was taken. The researchers established a tool containing (15) strategies for teaching the Arabic language. The researchers developed a questionnaire that was presented to the teachers and what they observed through their repeated visits to the schools to measure the degree of teachers’ practice of these strategies. After ensuring the validity and reliability of the tool, the teachers answered it by choosing one or more strategies. The results, after statistical analysis, showed that there were five strategies that constituted the highest percentage of teachers’ answers. The teachers practiced the strategies (role-playing, dialogue and discussion, brainstorming, cooperative learning, clothesline, postman, think, pair, discuss, popsicle sticks, and six hats) at a high level, while the teachers practiced the strategies (projects, mind maps, problem-solving, find the error, hot seat, and listening triangle) at an average level. The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) in the degree of teachers’ practice of teaching strategies according to years of experience. The researchers recommended the necessity of generalizing the experience of Al-Warith Educational Schools affiliated with the Holy Shrine of Imam Hussain to the rest of the schools of the Ministry of Education in using modern teaching strategies instead of using traditional methods, and inviting the educational and teaching cadres in the schools of the governorate, including teachers and instructors, to closely view the experience of Al-Warith Educational Schools, and to live the experience on the ground to increase their effectiveness and enthusiasm to emulate this experience in their schools. The researchers suggested conducting a study similar to this study on the extent to which teachers practice teaching strategies in Al-Ameed Schools affiliated with the Holy Shrine of Al-Abbas, and conducting other studies on one or more of the modern strategies used by Al-Warith School teachers in public schools.