iklil for Humanity Studies

This study aims to shed light on a strategy behind its presentation in addition to its strategic weight in the structure of the global system، in light of China's attempts to make the Chinese economy the center of global economy in a global environment with accelerating changes، whether it is a very large conflict or polarization، which is carried out by the competing global powers. Similar to the United States of America and the possibility of changing the shape of the international system.

The problem of the current study lies in the research and investigation of cultural diversity and peacebuilding. Cultural diversity is linked in peacebuilding to the fact that cultural diversity is a place for integration and community cooperation that promotes peacebuilding and laying the foundations that encourage dialogue and respect for others, as well as cooperation and peaceful coexistence among cultures in society. And the importance of peacebuilding in societies that include many cultures "pluralistic societies" and where cultural cooperation has become the subject of conflict and conflict, as well as the political and security conditions that have affected them of the impact on the realization of coexistence and cooperation that promotes peacebuilding in societies. Therefore, it can be said that the problem of the current study is that cultural diversity constitutes two aspects, on the negative side, some societies consider cultural diversity subject to conflict and conflict, and conflicting views to exclude from peacebuilding. On the positive side, some societies consider cultural diversity to be a place for unity, cohesion and cooperation among religions and cultures present in society. Within the descriptive approach, in the present study it was found that to invest in the cultural diversity in society in a positive way and by encouraging cooperation, coexistence and respect for the other, this enhances peacebuilding in society.

After the year 2003, Iraq witnessed a major political shift towards democratic transformation, and one of its outcomes was the process of political modernization, which represented the building of Western-style political system institutions. However, the modernization process faced many challenges and difficulties that made it difficult to achieve its goals in light of the continued narrow loyalties and affiliations. Sectarianism, ethnicity, and sectarianism at the expense of loyalty to the homeland, in addition to the continuation of traditional structures at the expense of modern civil structures, which, if they continue, leads to the inevitable failure of the process of political modernization in light of the quest to build a modern and stable democratic state

The fight against drugs in Iraq is one of the important issues facing the government and society in general. Although Iraq was among the countries free of the phenomenon of drug spread, it has become at the forefront of the Arab countries in terms of drug abuse and trafficking due to the security, political and economic conditions it has experienced. Iraq, especially after 2003, drug use and trade affect societal, economic, political and security stability, and this problem requires effective intervention by the concerned authorities to limit the phenomenon of its spread in Iraqi society.

Relations between،Saudi Arabia and Iraq are an advanced stage of Rapprochemenk T and have passed ، the stage of non-optiona ، land estrangement for reasons، some of which were imposed، especially after The American occupation of Iraq in 2003، and some of which are due to the reluctance of the gulf states. led by saudi arabia ، to enter the iraqi arena during period the the post-occupation and sectarian phase، and then the control of (ISIS) over the provinces. Iraqi. After former Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi came to power and got rid of ISIS control، bilateral relations witnessed a cautious and slow breakthrough. Relations between the two sides developed during the last months، and the path of development of the two countries’ foreign policies continued.

Conventional electoral studies have focused mostly on how election laws affect party structures and how candidate selection laws affect party structure and conduct. The possible endogeneity of election rules—more specifically, how party rivalry circumstances may incite processes of electoral change—has drawn the attention of a sizable number of academics in recent years. The impact of election laws on party systems and the factors influencing electoral reform—two areas of electoral research that highlight the achievements and future directions of the broader field of political institutions research—are the main subjects of this paper's discussion. Regarding the impact of election regulations on party structures, it contends that advances in defining and evaluating how electoral structures interact with more extensive institutional arrangements as well as extra-institutional variables contrast with the still-restricted theoretical knowledge of how politicized conflict dimensions arise in a democracy and influence the number of parties. It suggests that, in terms of electoral change, the strategic model should be updated to take into account the existence of different historical pathways and fluctuating conditions of electoral reform, even if it has made significant contributions to understanding the origins of voting regulations. It has to loosen the presumptions that reformers are fully informed, that they always prioritize their partisan short-term interests, and that the political elite is in complete control of the reform process. The necessity of combining the reciprocal causal relationships among party systems, electoral reform, and politicized aspects of conflict into a unified, dynamic theoretical framework is covered in the paper's conclusion.

A common refrain in social science is that “institutions matter.” Institutions matter for, among other things, increasing a nation’s wealth, reducing corruption, and effective governance. And not least, political institutions matter for a citizen’s voting behavior. The political institutions within which a voter exercises his or her vote will structure the choices that are available to him or her. In turn, these choices act to shape the eventual voting decision. The interaction between these system-level characteristics and the voter’s own characteristics determines the voting decision. Voting is therefore not simply a personal choice, but one that is shaped by the context within which the choice is made. Since the range of political institutions is vast, and their potential impact on voting behavior substantial, some broad categorization is required. Accordingly, the paper is divided into five sections. The first section examines the impact of electoral institutions on voting behavior, with a specific focus on electoral participation. The second section deals with election rules, such as thresholds and the degree of proportionality in the electoral system, and how they can shape behavior. The third section moves the focus of attention to system performance, which is defined by economic voting, but the logic applies equally well to other issues that concern voters. Partisanship and how it varies by the institutional arrangements of the country is the topic of the fourth section, while the fifth section examines the opportunities particular institutional arrangements open up for strategic and split ticket voting. The conclusion draws some broad conclusions about the total impact of institutions on voting behavior.

Exchange rates are an important factor in monetary policy that allows countries to achieve full growth and stability in their economies, by directing the exchange rate to achieve balance in the general level of prices. The developments and fluctuations in the exchange rates of the dollar against the Iraqi dinar from 2020 to 2023 greatly affected the A number of important indicators of the Iraqi economy had a negative impact on individuals as a result of the devaluation of the Iraqi dinar. These fluctuations affected the living standards of individuals, increased inflation, unemployment, the level of poverty, and an increase in the general level of prices and the prices of imported goods. Reducing public debt and increasing the window for selling currency and cash reserves also affected the state’s general budget. The measures taken by the Central Bank and the Iraqi government contributed to alleviating the severity of the effects of these fluctuations, preserving the value of the Iraqi dinar, and reducing the smuggling of money outside the country, which led to events There is some balance in the Iraqi economy in light of these fluctuations