Dijlah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

This study was conducted in the Genetic Engineering Laboratory of the College of Agriculture, University of Basra. In this study, 50 dairy cows of the two breeds of local cows and the Holstein breed were used (34 local cows and 16 Holstein cows), which were selected from some breeders in Basra Governorate in relation to the local cows. As for the Holstein cows, they were from the Al-Qadisiyah cattle station. Blood samples were drawn and placed in a test tube containing an anticoagulant for the purpose of extracting DNA. Then the DGAT1 gene was amplified and cut to reveal the genetic makeup of this gene. The current study focused on revealing the genetic makeup of the DGAT1 gene. The DGAT1 gene was amplified and cut using the enzyme (Taq1) and was Obtaining the two alleles, the A allele and the K allele, resulted in three genotypes KK, AK, and AA. The AA genotype showed one band at position 411bp, the kk three bands of sizes 411, 110, and 85, and the AK genotype showed two bands of sizes 411bp and 110bp. The Holstein breed was characterized by the presence of the KK and AK genotypes, while the local breed was characterized by the presence of the AA and AK genotypes. The aim of the study: to determine the genotypes of the DGAT1 gene in cows raised in Iraq using PCR-RFLP technology.

The results of the sulfur addition treatment at a level of 2000 kg.ha-1 for the first date (30 days before planting) showed the highest concentration of nitrogen, which reached 1.85% compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest rate of nitrogen in the plant, which amounted to 0.97%, and phosphorus, which amounted to 0.29% in comparison. With the comparison treatment, in which the concentration of phosphorus reached 0.06%, and potassium in which it reached 1.18%, compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest rate of potassium in the plant, as it reached 0.66% in the yellow corn plant at the flowering stage, while the rates of the same treatment were in the harvest stage, where it recorded an average Nitrogen, which amounted to 1.43% compared to the control treatment, which gave the lowest rate of nitrogen in the plant, which amounted to 0.94%, and phosphorus, which amounted to 0.27%, compared to the comparison treatment, in which the phosphorus concentration reached 0.06%, and potassium, which amounted to 1.02%, compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest rate. For potassium in the plant, it reached 0.76%. The results showed that increasing levels of sulfur fertilizer in the soil led to an increase in some growth characteristics and yield, and that the highest rate of leaf area in yellow corn plants was achieved in the sulfur addition treatment at the level of 2000 kg hectare-1 in the experiment, where it reached 6270.48 cm2 compared to the treatment without Adding 5513.6 cm2, the treatment also achieved the highest rate of plant height, which amounted to 200.17 cm compared to the comparison level, in which the average height reached 188.27 cm, and the highest rate of chlorophyll content in leaves, which amounted to 38.9 SPAD compared to the comparison treatment, which amounted to 28.47 SPAD. The same treatment achieved the highest rate of stem diameter, which reached It reached 2.27 cm compared to the comparison treatment, which amounted to 1.78 cm.

This study provides information about the classification of lichens in the village of (Al-Zaheem), which is located in areas of Jabal Al-Akhdar during the year 2023, and to identify the swarms on which lichens grow. Also, the soil surface and calcareous rocks have been classified into three kinds: leafy, dendritic and crusty groups. We were able to identify 6 families, namely (Teloschistales, Cladoniaceae, Rmalinaceae, Acarosporaceae, Lacanoraceae and Thelotremataceae) and nine genera, which are Ramalina sinensis, Cladonia foliacea, Cladania rangiferina, Cladania fimbriata, Xantaria parietina, Diposchistes ocllatus , Lecanara muralis, Acarosparq thamnin and Caloplaca aurantia, and this study will serve as a starting point for identifying other types of lichens in different places.

A hydrological study was conducted on the Tigris River, upstream of the Kut Dam. The study period lasted (10 months), during which six sections of the Tigris River at the back of the Kut Dam were selected, and the distance from one section to the other was 1000 meters. The cross-section of the river was divided into six sections, the distance between one section and the next was 1000 m. The M-9 device, portable to a boat and connected to a laptop computer, was used for the purpose of measuring water discharge, water current speed, and some hydraulic parameters related to the river section. The results showed that the variation in the discharge of the Tigris River at the back of the Kut Dam in the months of the study period was the highest value in the first site S1, and it is noted that the discharge values of the studied sections ranged from 160.77 m3/s to 229.61 m3/s. The water velocity values for the studied sections ranged from 0.284 m/s to 0.35 m/s. The lowest velocity value was 0.16 m/s in August 2022, and the highest velocity value was 0.493 m/s in October 2023. The flow area of the Tigris River ranged from 480.83 m2 to 655.43 m2 during the study period. The depth of the Tigris River water level ranged from 1.91 m to 2.42 m, and the area of sediment accumulated at the source of the Kut Barrage ranged from 1869.48 m2 to 2319.17 m2 during the study period. The volume of sediment accumulated at the downstream of Al Kut Dam ranged from 10,749,438 m3 to 11,584,193 m3.

A factorial experiment was carried out using a completely randomized block design and a split-plot arrangement in a sandy mixture soil, with three factors resulting from the salinity of irrigation water (1.2, 3, and 6 dSm-1) and symbolized (S1, S2, S3) respectively, and organic fertilization (the comparison treatment). , poultry waste 10 mcg ha-1, Agri M40 fertilizer 80 liters ha-1) and their symbol is (M0, M1, M2) respectively, and mycorrhizae (0, 12 and 24 gm ha-1) and their symbol is (F0, F1, F2) respectively. Sequential and three replicates. The results showed a significant decrease in the concentration of calcium and magnesium when adding mycorrhiza to treatment F1, as it reached 3.89 mmol L-1 and 2.40 mmol L-1, respectively, and when treatment F2 reached 3.60 mmol L-1 and 2.22 mmol L-1, respectively, compared to treatment F0, which It recorded 4.42 mmol l-1 and 2.67 mmol l-1, respectively. Plant height, dry weight of shoots, and biological yield also increased significantly, reaching 182.30 cm, 7.31 tons ha-1, and 20.98 tons ha-1, respectively, for treatment F1 and reaching 184.19. cm, 7.65 tons ha-1, and 21.50 tons ha-1, respectively, in treatment F2 compared to treatment F0. Treatment F2 also outperformed treatment F1 in all previous characteristics. Also, by adding organic fertilizer, the concentration of calcium and magnesium in the treatment decreased significantly, reaching 3.78 mmol L-1 and 2.38 mmol L-1, respectively, in the M1 treatment, and reaching 2.98 mmol L-1 and 1.86 mmol L-1, respectively, in the M2 treatment, compared to Treatment M0, the dry weight of shoots, grain yield, biological yield, percentage of NPK in grains, and percentage of roots infected with mycorrhizae increased significantly, reaching 7.06 tons ha-1, 10.57 tons ha-1, 20.54 tons ha-1, 1.68% and 0.48%. And 2.40% and 32.22%, respectively, in treatment M1, which amounted to 7.86 tons ha-1, 10.92 tons ha-1, and 21.88 tons ha-1, and 1.81%, 0.57%, 2.64%, and 44.07%, respectively. In the M2 treatment compared to the M0 treatment, the Agri M40 M2 fertilizer was superior to the M1 poultry waste in all previous characteristics.

The field experiment was carried out during the agricultural season (2021-2022) at the College of Agriculture - University of Wasit. Wheat seeds, variety Ibaa 99, were planted using a completely randomized design (CRD), with the aim of testing different levels of salinity in irrigation water, alternating with fresh water, and their effect on the growth and production of wheat plants. The study showed the following results: The unburned soil gave the highest values in some of the studied characteristics: plant height, grain yield, spike length, biological yield, number of branches, number of ears, and content of elements of K, P, and N. They occurred in response to potassium fertilization, and the best level was the second level, K 2250 kg, as This concentration gave the highest values for the studied traits: plant height, grain yield, spike length, biological yield, number of branches, and number of ears. The effect of irrigation with salt water was clear in all the studied characteristics, as the first level gave 1.2 dSiemens. M-1 is the highest value for all studied traits. On the other hand, the second level, 4 dS.m-1, gave the lowest values.

Field experiment conducted at two summer season 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 on clay sandy soil in Al-Diwanyia. The experiment was design as Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications arranged for split-pilot design, and Least Significant differences 0.05 the main treatment contend two level of phosphor [Iam usedTriple Super phosphate because it raised Ph to alkaline of soil and provide good environment to Rhizobium than Single superphosphate which raised acidic of soil and provided good environment to fungi in future experiment ] ( 0 , 20 kg.ha-1 ) within their four levels of Mo Nanoparticles (MoNPs)( 0 , 10 , 20 , 30) mg.l-1. and irrigated every 3 days I took sample of soil before planting to analysis it and to learn physical and chemical properties table 1. Yellow clover Seeds sowing at rate 20 kg. ha-1(1 cm depth) at 1/4, after 7 months I took a samples to measure. The results showed all factors and interactions were significant effect and produce three medical active substances Dioxolane ,Ethylamine , Benzaldehyde and protein , carbohydrates ,Fats , total chlorophyll , forage yield and their max values respectively(2.72 , 2.35 , 3.08 , (17.89 , 5.69 , 0.99)% , 2.88 mg. 2g-1 , 1.71 T,ha-1) in interaction 20 kg.ha-1 and 30 mg.l-1 while the min values respectively ( 0.02 , 0.02 , 0.02 , (16.19 , 4.92 , 0.85)% , 2.38 mg.2g-1 and 1.12 T.ha-1) in the interaction of 0 kg.ha-1 and 0 mg. l-1 MoNPs t.

The study was conducted to detect the fungi present in the soil of nurseries and flower and ornamental plant selling places in Wasit province. Four main sites were selected from the center of the province (Al-Jihad district, Al-Rabie district, Al-Ja'fariya district, and Al-Anwar district) and random samples were taken from the soil of the nurseries. The results showed the isolation of many fungi belonging to six genera, which were identified to the genus and species level based on their taxonomic characteristics. These genera were (Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus flavus, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Pythium aphanidermatum). The results showed that the highest frequency and appearance rate for isolated fungi from nursery soils were for the fungus Rhizoctonia solani in the Al-Rabie neighborhood, with a frequency rate of 35.12% and an appearance rate of 50%. The lowest frequency and appearance rate for fungi was the fungus Alternaria alternata in the Al-Anwar neighborhood, with a frequency rate of 4.15% and an appearance rate of 5.25%. The results of the test of the pathogenicity of isolated fungi from nursery soils showed that fungi differ in their ability to cause disease, affecting the germination rate of radish seeds. The fungus Pythium aphanidermatum caused complete seed death with a percentage of 0% compared to the control treatment, which was 100%, while the fungus Aspergillius flavus achieved the lowest percentage in preserving the seeds, with a germination rate of 80%. Laboratory results showed that the treatment of the Fusarium oxysporum fungus recorded the highest reduction rate in the germination rate, which was 10% compared to the control treatment, which was 100%. The least pathogenic fungus was Aspergillus niger with a percentage of 70%.

The study aimed to prepare starch with nano dimensions chemically using concentrated hydrochloric
acid and study its morphological properties and use it as edible film and study its effect in extending
the shelf - life and delaying the appearance sings of ripping and senescence of sweet cherry during of
storage period of 12 days at a temperature ranging from 5-7 C , as some of its physicochemical
properties were studied (weight loss, percentage of total dissolved solids, concentration of
anthocyanin pigment, total acidity) during the storage. Three treatments (T1, T2, T3) were prepared
by adding different concentrations of nano-starch to the solution used in packaging cherries at a rate
of (0.5, 1, 1.5)% respectively in addition to the control sample T0 (without packaging). The results
showed the possibility of obtaining starch with nano-sized sizes ranging from (34.16 - 48.16) nm, as
well as the effectiveness of coating cherries with nano-starch in preserving their qualitative properties
and delaying the appearance of signs of ripening and aging during the storage period, as The control
treatment T0 obtained the lowest results with significant differences compared to the rest of the
treatments, as it recorded the highest weight loss percentage, which reached 4.11%. It also recorded a
significant increase in the concentration of anthocyanin pigment and the percentage of total dissolved
solids, which reached 47.30 mg/100 g and 18.04, respectively, while it recorded a significant
decrease in the total acidity value, which was 0.22 at the end of the storage period. The results also
indicate the superiority of the T3 treatment samples, as it obtained the best results compared to the
rest of the treatments during the storage period.