Al-Nahrain Journal of Science

The ion-pair formation method has been applied for the spectrophotometric determination of Ketotifen, in bulk sample and in dosage form. The method is accurate, simple and sensitive depending on the extraction of the formed ion-pair with bromothymol blue (BTB) as a chromogenic reagent in chloroform, use phthalate buffer of pH 3.5. The formedcomplex show absorbance maxima at 417 nm against reagent blank. The calibration graph is linear in the ranges of 0.3-25 μg.mL-1with detection limit of 0.213μg.mL-1.The results show the absence of interferences from the excipients on the determination of this drug. The proposed method have been applied successfully for the determination of Ketotifen in pharmaceutical preparations

In this work, pomegrante peel (PGP) was investigated as adsorbent for removal of nickel ions from aqueous solution. It was found that maximum adsorption occur at PH7. Their equilibrium data were fitted with the Freundich and Langmuir isotherms. The adsorption kinetics data were best fitted with the pseudo–second order

In this paper, Schiff bases (1-6)were prepared and synthesizedbycondensingaromaticaldehydes(benzaldehyde,salicylaldehyde,-methoxylbenzaldehyde,-hydroxybenzaldehyde,furfural and isatin) with 2-amino pyridine.Spectrophotometric (FTIR) and (UV.VIS) and elementalanalysis (CHN) techniques havebeen employed for the characterization of the additives.All the additives were used as photostabilizer for poly (vinylchloride).The rate of photodegradation and photostabilization of PVC films (40μm) were monitored with irradiation time by measuring the carbonyl (Ico) and polyene (Ipo) indices values (the concentration of additives kept constant at 0.3% wt/wt).The light of wave length 313nm is used for irradiation of polymer films at temperature around 40oC.The effect of additives concentration range from (0.1-0.5)wt% on the rate of photodegradation and photostabilization was also monitored for PVC films. The rates increase when additives concentration is increased.The effect of film thickness is also studied and resultsshow that increasing film thickness will decrease the rate of photodegradationin the following sequence:[2] > [5] > [4] > [6] > [3] > [1]> PVCAccording to the experimental results several mechanisms were suggested depending on the structure of the additive

Newly developed spectrophotometric method was used in the present research project for the determination of metformin hydrochloride drug (MTF.HCl), via the complexation of the drug with copper(II). The colored products was measured at 530 nm. The optimization of all chemical and physical parameters for MTF-OH--Cu(II) system are described. A linear range of 94.04 % for 0.0-100 mM was obtained with a Limit of Detection (L.O.D) 662 ng. The newly developed system was applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical preparation. A comparison was made using paired t-test shows that, the newly developed method can be used as an alternative analytical method for the analysis of metformin hydrochloride (MTF). All this project work was based on on-linedetermination via Continuous Flow Injection Analysis (C.F.I.A)

Thyroid function during pregnancy is important for both the mother and the developing fetus.Especially during the first trimester, when the fetus is completely dependent on the mother for thyroid hormone. Increase livermetabolism is seen, renal plasma flow increases during pregnancy. This Study includes measurement ofthe thyroid hormones T3,T4,TSH andlipid profile,in serum of fifty pregnant women between 16-50 yearsduring the three trimesters compared withserum of twentynon-pregnant women between 17-45 years. Results of pregnant women at first trimester showed that there was a significant difference at (P<0.001) in hormones T4, in the second trimester it was found that a highly significant difference at (P<0.001)in hormones T3,T4 and TSH at (P<0.05), and In the third trimester there was a highly significant difference at (P<0.001) in hormones T4 and T3 (P<0.05)all compared with the control group. The results of lipid profile showed that at the second trimester there wasasignificant difference at (P<0.05) in cholesterol and LDL, in the third trimester it was found a highly significant differences at (P<0.001) in cholesterol,triglyceride, LDL and VLDL compared with the control group. A strong positive correlation coefficient was found at the firsttrimister between T3 with a weak of gestation and HDL. and between TSHwith cholesterol, VLDL, triglyceride, LDL, CHO/HDL andLDL/HDL, at the second trimester a significant positive correlation coefficient was found between T3 withtriglyceride, VLDL and CHO/HDL. And there wasa negative correlation coefficient between TSH with triglyceride, VLDL and T3. At third trimester there was anegative correlation coefficient between T4 with triglyceride and VLDL. Results of non-pregnant group were found with a negativecorrelation coefficient between T3 with triglyceride, VLDL, LDL,and LDL/HDLand there was a positivecorrelation coefficient between TSH with HDL, and T3

This study aimsto makeanalysistothe rock slop of Bekhair anticline which lies in the north part of Iraq in the Duhok Governorate byuseDigital Elevation Models (DEM) that taken from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)withGIS technique. The slopeimage has been createddepending on the DEM image and theangle from 35.1 to 81.7 degree given a color to avoid the confuse that may be occur in the image when all angle given a color, the angle from 45.1 to 81.7 concentrate in the middle part of the study area. Also the curvature image has been created. Curvaturevalues represent the morphology of the topography,from the value of this image the more positive value,the higher,the probability of landslide occurrence, also the more positive value occupy the middle part of the study area, so the middle part considered assteepslopeswith high value of curvature, thus it is more probable for sliding

This research include developing new heterocyclic derivatives of 1,8-naphthalimides bearing 1,3-oxazole, 1,3-thiazole and 1,3,4-triazole moieties as the following: Direct imidation of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride with ethylglycinate in dimethylsulfoxide as solvent under reflux at high temperature for sixteen hours to obtain the N-ester-1,8-naphthalimide(1). Then conversion of this ester into (urea, thiourea, semicarbazide, phenylsemicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide and phenylthiosemicarbazide) derivatives throughits reaction with (urea, thiourea, semicarbazide, phenylsemicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide and phenylthiosemicarbazide) respectively to give compounds (2,6,10,12,14 and16). Then cyclization of these compounds by using different reagents. The first cyclization of compounds (2 and 6) by using p-substituted phenacylbromide to give oxazole derivatives (3-5) and thiazole derivatives (7-9) respectively. Furthermore triazole derivatives were prepared through the second cyclization of compounds (10,12,14 and16) in alkaline media(4N. NaOH) to give compounds (11,13,15 and 17) respectively.The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was identified by their FTIR, and some of them by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectral data and some physical properties and some specific reactions.Also new compounds were screened in three concentration for their in vitroantimicrobial activity against both Gram (+ve) such as Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillusand Gram (-ve) Escherichia Coli, pseudomonas aeuroginosa bacteria and against Candida albicans fungal and they were found to exhibit good to moderate antimicrobial activities

In this research, a series of somenew compounds different heterocyclic new rings, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen containing in structures, substituted-N-carbazole, through the prepared -chloro-N-carbazolacetaimde (1) which was prepared by two methods. The first method by treated carbazole compound with sodium hydrite in DMF at 0C to give a suspension of the sodium salt of carbazole and subsequent reaction with chloroacetyl chloride. The second method reaction carbazole compound with chloroacetyl chloride and potassium hydroxide by fusion. Then reaction compound (1) by two different ways. The first way involved direct reaction with substituted-2-aminobenzothiazole under certain conditions to give new compounds (2-8) and reaction of 5-substituted-2-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole in the presence of potassium carbonate anhydrous to give new compounds (14-18) respectively. While the second way involved condensation compound (1) with hydrazine hydrate give the corresponding hydrazine derivative (19) which the conversion new Schiff base (20-23) were prepared through the reaction of hydrazine derivative (19) with aromatic aldehyde. Followed the cyclization of compounds (20-23) by used sodium azide in dry THF to give substituted tetrazoles (24-27) respectively. The prepared compounds identified by spectral methods [FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR] and measurement some of its physical properties and some specific reaction, furthermore we were studied the effects of the preparing compounds on some strains of three types of bacteria and one yeast

This research includes the synthesis of some new N-Aroyl-N\-Aryl thioureaderivatives namely:N-benzoyl-N\-(p-aminophenyl) thiourea (STU1), N-benzoyl-N\-(thiazole) thiourea (STU2), N-acetyl-N`-(dibenzyl) thiourea (STU3). The series substituted thiourea derivatives were prepared from reaction of acids with thionyl chloride then treating the resulted with potassium thiocyanate to affored the corresponding N-Aroylisothiocyanates which direct reaction with primary and secondary aryl amines, The purity of the synthesized compounds were checked by measuring the melting point and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and their structure, were identified by spectral methods [FTIR,1H-NMR and 13C-NMR].These compounds were investigated as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1M H2SO4solution using weight loss, potentiostatic polarization methods; the obtained results showed that the substituted thioureas retard both cathodic and anodic reactions in acid media,by virtue of adsorption on the carbon steel surface.This adsorption obeyed Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm. The inhibition efficiency of (STU1-3) is ranging between (60-95)%. By using different (STU3) derivative concentration and temperature, the carbon steel corrosion rate was decreased with increasing (STU3) concentration and the highest inhibition efficiency reach to 98.5% by using 5×10-4M (STU3) concentration at 338 K,the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing temperature in the range of (308-338)K

The present work is a study of effects of partial shading on the performance of a PV module spatially on the maximum power point position. This paper clarifies the mechanism of partial PV shading on a number of PV module connected in series parallel and total cross tide. In series parallel connection the shading effects will be studied for deferent number of module. Also this search was mainly devoted to investigate the performance comparison between series parallel and total cross tide with bypass diode and without. A PSPICE simulation model that represents 36 cells PV module has been used to test this study and results are presented

In order to study assessment of the annual doses and cancer risk lifetime related in IRPL laboratory, the field measurements were performed on a systematic grid .Soil samples were collected and prepared for laboratory analyzed by using gamma spectrometry system (HPGe). RESRAD software version (6.5) was used to assess the annual doses and probability of excess cancer risk lifetime incurred by workers exposed to radioactive material. The results indicated that the Total Effected Dose Equivalent (TEDE) received from artificial radionuclides IP-139, IP-79, and IP-184 are (2.116, 0.394, 10.97) mSv/y respectively are exceed the regulatory dose limit adopt by NRC (NuclearRegulatory Commission) (0.25mSv/y) and(0.3mSv/y) of IAEA criteria, while TEDE from natural radionuclides sample (IP-15) is (0.03459mSv/y) less than the basic dose limit. The artificial radionuclides cells must be treated to keep IRPL, workers and surrounding environment within accepted limit

Measurements of fractal shaped antennas are not enough to understand their physical behavior and there are antenna characteristics that can not be obtained by present day measurement techniques. Therefore, in the present work, the Ansoft HFSS finite element electromagnetic computer package was used to model, simulate and analyze the Sierpinski pentagon monopole microstrip patch fractal antenna and its complementary. The simulation results for both antennas show good matching with their feeds in the frequency range (2 GHz–12 GHz) and indicate that they can operate in the UMTS (2000 MHz–2200 MHz), Bluetooth (2400 MHz–2480 MHz), WLAN (2.4 GHz) and HIPERLAN (5.2 GHz) bands. Also, the computed results show, in general,good agreement with measured data for the S-parameter and radiation patterns

The nuclear track detector parameters,such as nuclear track diameterD(μm ),number of trackNTandarea of trackATwere determined byusingMATLAB software technique forIR-115 detectorirradiatedby alpha particle from241Amsource under1.5,2.5and3.5 Mevatetching timeTBof90,120, 150 and 180 min. By using the image analysis ofMATLABsoftware for nuclear track,thefull width at half maximum FWHMand relative resolutionR%werecalculatedfor each energy ofalphaparticles.In this study, itwas shown thatincreasing the alphaenergy on theIR-115detectorleads to increased inetchingtimeTBand thedropping ofR%to minimum value,and then reach a stable value before dropping atvalues1.5, 2.5Mevandunstable at 3.5 Mev.Imaging analysis by MATLAB technique which used in thisstudy reflect good and accurate results for nuclear track detector parametersandwe recommend using this technique forthe determination ofthese parameters

Polyaniline (PANI) has been studied extensively as a conducting polymer because of its environmental stability. However, its applications are limited because of its poor mechanical properties.The goal of this study is to improve mechanical properties whilst still retaining electrical conductivityThe method was applied for preparing the conductive PANI composites by deposition of the PANI on the prepared composites (UPE/glass fiber) and (UPE/Kevlar fiber). The chemical oxidative method was adopted for polymerization of the aniline and simultaneously protonated of PANI with a hydrochloric acid at concentration (1M).The used oxidation agent is Hexahydrate Ferric Chloride (FeCl3.6H2O). The conductivity results indicated the prepared composites lie within semiconductors region and continuous increase unless after immersed it in the preparing solution after 8weeks.The mechanical properties (bending, hardness) were studied, and also estimated as a function of water and preparing solution absorptionwith submersion timeat room temperature for a period up to 8weeks. The obtained resultsshowed to be increase for both properties unless after continuously immersion despite to be responded to the immersion. These results no affected on the conductivity results

Nanostructures of gold electrodeposited on silicon (100) substrate with two electrode homemade cell were investigated. In this paper we reportour experimental results of gold-electroplating using a sulfite-based electrolyte instead of toxic gold-cyanide. The used electrolyte was safe and friendly environmental. Film thickness as a function of current density and deposition rate were calculated using gravity method. An empirical formula was satisfied the expected deposition thicknesses. Deposition rate of ≈ 5-40nm/ min was achieved. Au (111) structurefor gold nanofilm was characterized by XRD. Morphology of gold film deposited was investigated with AFM. Morphology of Au thin films on silicon shows nanosize particles after annealing process at 600°C

In this paper, the effect of positive corona discharge on the PH values of tap and distilled waters are studied in water liquid system. The photographs of the results show that the shape of water drop that formed in the end of capillary tube is extended into a cone as well as a blue glow appears at the end of capillary tube. The size of cone decreases with increases of applied voltage and becauseof the change distance between the liquid electrode and the surface of liquid, the cone diameter at the end of capillary tube oscillates with period approximately 1 Sec.In addition, the PH values of both tested waters are constant when the applied voltage is less than 5 KV, while when the exterinal applied voltage is equal to or greater than 5KV, the PH value of both watertypesare increases rapidly where the tap water shows increases rate larger than that for distilled water

In this work, the nanocrystalline porous silicon (PS) films is prepared by photoelectrochemical etching of n-type silicon wafer with different currents density (20, 35 and 50 mA/cm2) and etching time 15 min on the formation nano-sized pore array with a dimension of around few hundreds nanometric. The films were characterized by the measurement of FTIR spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy properties.Chemical fictionalization during the photoelectrochemical etching show on surface chemical composition of PS. The etching possesses inhomogeneous microstructures that contain a-Si clusters (Si3–Si–H) dispersed in amorphous silica matrix and (O-SiO, C-SiO). It is observed from the FTIR analyses that the Si dangling bonds of the as-prepared PS layer have large amount of Hydrogen to form weak (Si–H) bonds. The atomic force microscopy investigation shows the rough silicon surface; with increasing etching process (current density) porous structure nucleates which leads to an increase in the width (diameter) of surface pits. Consequently, the surface roughness also increases. The electrical properties of prepared PS; namely current density-voltage characteristics under dark, show that the passcurrent through the PS layer decreased by increasing the current density and etching time, due to increase the resistivity of PS layer. The PS layer shows a rectifying behaviour with different rectification ratio. C-V measurements demonstrate that the behaviour of the resulting junction is more like to Schottky junction. This study makes it clear that the charge carries depletion process occur in PS layer. Moreover, the charge carries decrease and width of depletion layer increase by increasing the currentdensity

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of magnetized water on the histological structure of heart, lung and spleen. For this purpose, twenty five albino rats were divided into five equal groups, the first group was considered as control group. The other groups were given magnetized water with intensity of 250, 750, 1000, 1500 gause every day for 30 days. Then the animals were sacrificedand the histological change on heart, lungand spleen was studied. Histopathology of heart in rats treated with magnetic water with intensity of 250, 750, 1000, 1500 gause showedno clear pathological lesion. Lung section of rats treated with 250 gause of magnetic water showed no pathological lesion, while lung section belongs to rats group given magnetic water with intensity of 750, 1000 gause showed hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue in the wall of bronchiole and thickening to the wall alveoli, in addition the lung section belongs to magnetic water with intensity of 1500 agues treated rats showed thickening in alveolar wall. Spleen tissue belongs to magnetic water with intensity of 250 gause treated rats showed hyperplasia of the white pulp, while spleen tissue belongs to magnetic water with intensity of 750 gause treated rats showed a marked hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue in the periarterial sheath. Also, spleen tissue belongs to magnetic water with intensity of 1000 gause treated rats showed amyloid like substance deposition around the white pulp.Necrotic area of lymphoid tissue was observed in the spleen tissue belongs to rat groups given magnetic water with intensity of 1500 gause

This research was designed to evaluate the role of Peganum harmalamethanol seed extract in amelioration the biochemical side effect of liver and kidney in mice administered MTX drug. The biochemical detections for both kidney functions (urea and creatinine) and liver enzymes (GOT, GPT and ALP) were investigated.This detection was carried on 30 mice through two stages. In stage Ι, two doses (75 and 100) mg/kg of P. harmala seed extract and a single dose of MTX 50 mg/kg were used. The tested materials were dosed as a single dose (0.1 ml) per a day for 6 days, and then mice were sacrificed on day 7 for subsequent assesments. In stage ІІ, interaction between MTX drug and two doses of extract were carried out. Mice were given MTX dose on day one, while the extract was given in day two till day 6, then mice were sacrificed on day 7 for laboratory evaluation. Results revealed that mice treated MTX showed a significant increase in liver enzymes and kidney function; in contrast, biochemical parameters demonstrated the amelioration effect of extract through decreasing theseparameters

To investigate the antagonistic properties of the fungal isolates (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp, Alternaria sp) obtained from inflamed patients eyes against pathogenic bacteria(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus sp)isolated from keratitic patient, agar well method was used, in which the antibacterial activity of fungal isolates was examined by testing the effect of their culture filtrates on growth of the bacterial pathogens.For this purpose (52) corneal scraping samples were taken from patients of microbial keratitis referred to Ibn Al-Haetham Eye Teaching Hospital in Baghdad. Results showed that 6 (21.42%) were positive for fungal occurrence after culturing on the related selective media, the fungal isolates were belonged to A. niger3 (10.71%), Penicilliumsp 2 (7.14%), Alternariasp 1 (3.57%).Results revealed that A.nigerpossessed the highest inhibitory effect against P.aeruginosa, S.aureus, S.epidermidis, Bacillussp with inhibition zones of (15, 25, 30, 32) mm in diameter, respectively, followed by Penicillium sp. Adversely, while no inhibitory effect was recorded by the filtrate of Alternariasp used. Among on bacteria Bacillussp was the most effective and sensitive isolate.The suspected antibacterial compound produced by A.niger was characterized and partially purified by using infrared (IR), UV absorbance and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Results show that the compound appeared as a single dark spot on the TLC plate under UV light that had Rfvalue of 0.45. From IR and UV analysis it was confirmed that the compound was aromatic-nitrogenous in nature. From such achievement, it can be said that the active antibacterial compound might be tensidol which is an alkaloid or a new derivative of alkaloid

Diabetes mellitustype IIconsiders as inflammatory disease,which itassociated with increasing level of sensitive inflammatory proteins,Adult patients with DM type II may progress a slowly failure of Beta-cells. Some patients show an autoimmune nature of the disease,our Present study aimed toevaluatethe relationshipbetweenautoantibodies which includes islet cell antibodies andinsulin autoantibodies along with some inflammatory sensitive proteinslike Ceruleplasminand Transferrinin type II diabetes mellitus of recent onset disease in an Iraqi population.A totalof50patients with type II diabetes mellitus were studied as well as 31control healthy individuals,the individuals in each group were divided into sub groups according to the presence of autoantibodies.The presentstudy testedthe presence of both autoantibodiesagainst islet cells in both patients and control groups, the results show the presence of at least one type of autoantibodies and the coexistence of two types of autoantibodies where observed in three patients, therefore, the individuals in each group were divided into sub groups according to the presence of autoantibodies. Serum Ceruloplasmin levelshowed significant increasingbetween negative patients group and negative control group,but this increasing is non-significant between positive patients group and positive control group.Positive control group showed significant increasing in serum Ceruloplasminlevel compared to negative controlgroupand thatincreasing made serum Ceruloplasmin levelin positive control group closely related to its level in positive patient group, while positive patient group showednon-significant increasing compare to negative patient group. Transferrin showednon-significant decreasing level in patient group compared with controlfor both groups of autoantibody.Present resultsmay refer to inflammatory aspects of diseasewhich associated with autoimmunity markers,moreover, the presence of autoantibodies increased the serum Ceruloplasmin level and decreased level of Transferrin even in healthy individuals.Present conclusion could help in the diagnosis and provide protection from developing disease

In vitroadhesion of bacteria to uroepithelial cells in the presence of cranberry methanol and water base extracts has been studied. Microorganisms takenfrom patientswith urinary infections were (48%)Escherichia coli,(26%)Klebsiella pneumoniae, (16%) Proteus mirabilis, and(10%) Staphylococcus aureus. The adhesion of bacteria to uroepithelial cells in the presence of cranberry methanol base extract with varying concentrations showed high inhibition atconcentrated extract(25 mg/ml) with S. aureus andE. coli being mostly affected and toalesser extent with P. mirabilisand K. pneumoniae. Inclusion of water in the extraction of cranberry, showed an inhibition effect ofthe concentrated extract (25 mg/ml) as being ca. 22% less effective than the methanol base extract. Results are discussed in terms of bacterial structure and the disruption of binding between the receptors ofuroepitheilal cells

One hundred and fifty samples werecollected from urine and blood,with a male to female ratio 1.45:1, culture positivity seen in the urinary tract infection was the most frequent (77%), followed by blood infection (18%). A total of 86 (57.33%) bacterial isolates were obtained. The study focusedon 9 clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens(15.2%), differentiated into Prodigiosin producer (11.6%) and non-Prodigiosin producer (3.6%). Almost all isolates (6/9) showed visible growth at 37°C.All S.marcescensstrains of different sources were hemolytic, whereasthe formation of a pellicle was noticed among 7isolates (77.77%) from 9 isolates. The biofilm formation performed was assessed through the crystal violet assay noticed that out of the 9 S. marcescensisolates 5 (55.5%) were non-adherent, 4 (44.4%) were weakly adherent, No isolate showed strongly adherent.The tube method for assay biofilm formation showed good correlation with the Tissue culture plate(TCP)method assay for biofilm forming isolates and total 2 (22.2%) isolate were picked up as strong and 5 (55.5%) were moderat biofilm producers.The tube test correlates well with the TCP test for biofilm producing isolates but it was difficult to discriminate between weak and biofilm negative isolates due to the variability in observed results by different observers.All 9 isolates were sensitive to the IPM and AZM(100%). The biofilm MICs were found to be much higher than the planktonic MICs. The medium with antibiotic used not inhibited the prodigiosin production at the MIC for planktonic cells. Therefore prodigiosin production in media with antibiotics used not marker of the growth and activity of bacterial cells. Biofilms are considerably less susceptible to antibiotics than their planktonic counterparts;biofilm production may vary largely among different strains of the same species isolated from different sites

The phytoalexin accumulation in the leaves and whole plants of two cultivators of Alfalfa plants, resistant and susceptible to the fungus Verticillium albo-atrumisolates (V1) Virulent and (V2) AVirulent and many species were investigated, the results showed that different isolates and species of Verticilliumfungus induce the resistant and susceptible cultivar of Alfalfa to produce different amount of phytoalexin. But the two cultivars produce similar amount of phytoalexin in response to either pathogenic isolates (V1) or the non pathogenic isolates (V2)

In this paper, we will study and introduce the higher-order weak variable order methods for approximation the solution of functionals diffusion of Itô kind. Under appropriate regularity conditions, it is shown that variable order method allows a considerable increase in the weak order of convergence of a discrete time one step approximation method. Numerical method experiments indicate the efficiency of variable order based on higher-order weak scheme for stochastic ordinary differential equations with additive noise

n this paper, a powerful algorithm of the homotopy analysis method were developed and used to find theapproximate solution of integro-differential equations of fractional order. Which consist of fractional orderofdifferentiation and fractional order ofintegration.The fractional derivative is described in the Caputo sense and the fractional integration is described in the Riemann-Liouvillesense. In addition some examples are used to illustrate the accuracy andvalidity of this approach

In this paper we used the concept of a pure submodule relative to submodule T in two concepts, pure relative to submodule T Baer injective modules and module with pure relative to submodule T intersection property. Some properties and some characterization of this notions are established

In this paper we shall present an approximate solution for fuzzy fractional boundary value problems (FFBVP's)based on the Fractional Differential Transform Method (FDTM) which is proposed to solve linear and nonlinear FFBVP,s. The fuzziness will appear in the boundary conditions, to be fuzzy numbers. The solution of our model equations are calculated in the form of convergent series with easily computable components. Some examples are solved as an illustrations, the numerical results shows that the followed approach is easy to implement and accurate when applied to FFBVP,s

Middlewares are enabling technologies for the development, deployment, execution and interaction of applications. These software layers are standing between the operating systems and applications. They have evolved from simple beginnings hiding network details from applications into sophisticated systems that handle much important functionality for distributed applications providing support for distribution, heterogeneity and mobility.This paper concerns with the development of a Message_Oreinted Middleware (MOM) for a distributed database system. Middleware is a distributed software layer, or ‘platform’ which abstracts over the complexity and heterogeneity of the underlying distributed environment with its multitude of network technologies, machine architectures, operating systems and programming languages. The role of this middleware is to ease the task of designing, programming and managing distributed database applications by providing a simple, consistent and integrated distributed programming environment. It provides integrity and security to these databases