AL-ADAB JOURNAL

The two novels of the study show the novelistic idealism that represents various scenes simultaneously; realistic, romantic, historical, and political scenes that have authentic topics via the symbolic places and characters that the novels used as popular and social aspects.
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame revolves around tragic events that are based on medieval historic happenings. The novel explores the social and humanitarian ideology in that period of time. In The Miserables, the events of the novel take place in a social frame during the nineteenth century where the story is related to the battle of Waterloo and the acts of riot that happened in June 1838. The characters of the novel witness social misery and are symbols of the victims among the outcasts of social life.
The humanitarian and monstrous sides in the two novels were revealed, under the influence of the two stages the characters are going though, in the form of slavery, oppression, social injustice, and poverty. Those two sides were also shown through the human and monstrous. All this suffering had led the characters to a tragic end as the victims of cruel social and human conditions in that era.

سبك¬شناسي ساختارگرا، يكي از انواع مكاتب سبك¬شناسي است كه به بررسي و تحليل متون ادبي برمبناي انواع ارتباطات ميان اجزاء كلام در يك متن، مي¬پردازد و اجزاء را نه به عنوان جزء خود بسندۀ اثر که در ارتباط كه با ساير اجزا و نيز كلّيت اثر، مورد مطالعه قرارمي¬دهد. با سبك¬شناسي ساختارگرا مي¬توان هر جزء از سطوح مختلف ادبي، فكري و زباني يك اثر را در رابطه با نقشي كه در كلّيت آن اثر بازي مي¬كند، مورد بررسي قرارداد. يكي از نظریه پردازان برجسته¬ي اين حوزه، جِشوا واتماف امريكايي است كه البته در ايران، چندان شناخته شده نيست. وي از معدود ساختارگراياني است كه عمق مطالعات خود را متوجّه كاركرد صنايع ادبي در متون ادبي انگليسي برمبناي ساختارگرايي كرده است. در اين مقاله، با چنين ديدگاهي به بررسي نحوه¬¬ي سجع¬پردازي و زوش تجنيس در مقامات حريري می پردازیم و مقايسه¬اي تطبيقي نيز با مقامات حميدي به عمل مي¬آيد ، تا از وجوه اشتراک وتفاوت های سبک شناسانه این دو اثر ، رمز گشایی شود

It is no secret to researchers that the Persian literature needs great efforts of research and verification in terms of early poetry and poets, including Imad Al-Shahrayari or Al-Ghaznawi.
In spite of the losses that early poetry and manuscripts experienced in the course of time, let alone poetic works that were not attributed to their original true writers, researchers, in general, managed to present distinguished works, including the works of the said poet.
With painstaking effort, we could get, besides other references, a manuscript of some of Al-Shahrayari's works. We could collect his poetry from various sources that helped us write a study on his poetic legacy.

Feminism as a realistic practice emerges with specific goals working amongst many issues to change social conditions. It is a theory that has a connection with reality and daily life, and it is thoughts and practices as well. Feminism is an activity that has preoccupied many women from different cultural backgrounds, not a mono dimensional norm and cause. Our reading of this novel and our use of this theory was only ground to discuss the phenomenon of honor crimes in the above mentioned novel, which attempts to represent the status of women within the unequal distribution of privilege and power through sexuality.
In this reading, we attempted to give an insight into the patriarchal system of violations, which is supported by cultural institutions. It is clear that this novel is a real picture of oppression against women. Its narratives describe the varying boundaries between shame and honor, modesty and perversion, as they remind us of a complex network of politics and power. Therefore, the study of this narration calls for the optimal means for the position of women and men in the discourse of customs, rites and institutions, calling upon us to study, more carefully the masculine system and the tragedies which brings to both sexes and to push these issues to the fore once again.

This study deals with the study of the common phenomenon of verbal and tandem, and their relation to (COLLOCATION) in the dictionary of modern Arabic language; to find out the most important characteristics of these phenomena, and knowledge of their problems, often interspersed between them and overlap, and this what the researcher finds in most of the attacks The lexicon meaning combines the original meaning of the word and the contextual meanings that may occur synonyms or proverbs, and have returned lexicon; because it has become a meaning of the word in the daily discourse

Expression, Affiliation, The label, The acquittal
Opted to write on this subject which is (interpretation of the term grammar) to be the answer to several questions:
irst: Why multi-word term for one? .
Second: When the Lord first term? .
Third, from the first to irrevocably to the origin of language?
Fourth: Statement link between use idiomatic meaning of linguistic usage 0, and then the right to express the views.
I have been following the historical approach in this research, began investigating the sayings of grammarians top of visual and Alkoviyon in their books assets but these imams to Do not interpret found grammatical terminology they mention (to Do not show bug renamed this terminology), so I say safely that the interpretation of most of the terminology came late, and had to start the fourth century at the hands of Abu Kassim glass (T 340 H), and conquest bin Abi-taking (T 392 H).
It was my job is based on two mutually reinforcing twofold:
Aitban first used it?.

In the name of Allah the merciful praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and blessings and peace be upon his Messenger of mercy Envoy worlds and unsullied good calories, and his companions Elgar nujaba. After: Sharif Razi, poet, genius of the Arab statement notification, privileged position among poets, being an artist and thinker and human being, and has dealt with many literary studies, and much about the poet and his results, but this study has never been to one, I tried searching I Swallowed stand when the dialog item in his hair after he tallied different colors of dialogue, therefore research subject choice b (dialogue in the poetry of Sharif Razi _ _ analysis) to determine when the dialog types contained in a hair analysis, and find out how presence technology dialog when the poet. The study came on boot and two sections, researcher at boot the concept of dialogue and the poet's life, the first topic addressed indirect dialogue, either the second discourse has included direct dialogue, and in the end the results of the research study

This study aims to better understand and comprehend the ends of Iraqi novels after 2003 and its obvious trend to be gloomy and tragic , there are clear evidences that the Iraqi novels written after 2003 are shrouded in black . it was sad and gloomy with a complicated routine pace that induces the deep pains of the soul .
The researcher identified many reasons , some of are explicit and hinted to the others. A formula was revealed to him that shows the reasons that made the Iraqi novelist to incline towards tragedy as a choice for the end of his novels.
It is necessary her to refer to the models that were studied and analyzed and where chosen according to precise logical and scientific basis. But they are not the only ones that deduced from reality after 2003 and made it a source of tragedies whereas the ends take from it its final identity and image.
According to a precise analytical method, this study revealed that the economical aspect and its effects is the reason for the things happened in Iraq as a country and Iraqis as a peaceful life loving people and the effect on the Iraqi novels trend to incline towards tragedy and sorrow and made it a certain result of the imaginary world that is abundant in the Iraqi novels after 2003.
We also tried to address and focus on the ends , because most of the available studies now keep clinging to the beginnings or merges the beginnings and the ends and the priority is for the beginnings , aiming to strengthen the role of the end in the Arab narrative in general and in the Iraqi novel in particular.

Malcolm X's ideas influenced the attitudes of American blacks, increased their self-confidence, lost their minds as second-class, and inferior to white, through his eloquent speeches and liberal ideas. Malcolm X developed many ideas and initiatives, God is haraam to perform the Hajj and his impact on what he saw from the coexistence and love and tolerance among Muslims of all colors and races, and the welcome and hospitality, and the adoption of the true religion of Islam, and travel to Lebanon and some African countries to spread the injustice of African Americans, as well as the return of Malcolm X to the United States of America And his attempt to spread true Islam among the blacks and establish his second new organization (the African American Union (OAAU)).

The Study of torture is one of the important historical studies in the Arab- Islamic society during the Abbasid period becous it is an important period of evants. Contradictions and negatives. Historical books have been distinguished by important sings and sings of torture its causes and motives during this historical obstacle.
The motives of torture that were practical against the accused were varied. Whether political. Religious or social. and the methods of torture were practiced on people according to the nature of the case in which they were torture.
The motives of torture varied from khalifa to another successor and from one to another the Abbasids practiced wana and avariety of torture in all that did not agree with their policyor to abandon obedience to their approach especially those who found the disappearance of their king according to the torture of the information collected.

Agricultural property in Iraq during the reign of the monarchy had always been a big obstacle in the growth and development of agricultural activity in Iraq, despite the fact that the government had issued several laws including the law of the settlement of land right No. 50 of 1932 followed by the law No. 51 of 1932 and the law of the determinations of the farmers’ duties No. 28 of 1933 and the law of the settlement of land right No. 29 of 1938 and the Law of Selling the Emiri Lands No. 11 of 1940and the law of Development and investment of Pure Emiri lands No. 43 of 1951 and the law No. 36 of 1952.
This bunch of laws had never enhanced the farmers’ situation, on the contrary, feudalists and capitalists managed to register large areas of agricultural and Emiri lands as pure property. Thus, the majority of the land was owned by a very little a few class of people, the feudalists and the farmers, who represented the majority of the Iraqi society had been deprived from. Diyala was a good example of that and it is the subject of this study.

Education facilities have become increasingly one of the crucial services which must be provided for all people as it is the basic requirement of all sciences. Education is a crucial parameter of civilian, cultural and social progress level in society. It also has an enormous impact on advancing society . In Iraq, education suffers from poor conditions and performance in variable cities and towns. Al-Abasyia, located in the south of Iraq (in the Holy Najaf province), is one of these towns which suffers from the poor performance of education institutions. This situation has led us to study the quality and distribution of educational institutions in this town. This study investigated the strength and weaknesses of education performance. According to planning parameters, this research has revealed that there is a decrease in the number of educational institutions and an increase in the number of students at different levels of education.

The study aims at the cartographic representation of the density of the urban land use and population density in the districts of Mansur Municipality for the year 2016 by identifying how density is distributed and finding the reasons that led to this distribution. The study examined the general population density of the study area and urban density The general housing density and the relative distribution of the area constructed from the uses of the urban land as well as the Bernhard Guide to the concentration of housing units. The study reached a number of conclusions which revealed a difference in the general population density between J study area, has recorded the highest urban density in the neighborhood of Ramadan (433) people / ha, The highest density was in the district of Al-Mansour (66) Ghazaliya (96.5%). The degree of overcrowding in the distribution of residential units was different. In Ramadhan, the highest density was 61 housing units / hectare. Housing units / ha, all of which indicates the weakness of urban planning in the distribution of urban land uses in the districts of the study area.The study has developed some recommendations to solve problems and organize the distribution of density and attention to maps at the level of neighborhoods that contribute to the representation and interpretation of other phenomena.

The hypothesis is that this variation associated with spatial relation of these uses with the agricultural work force (independent variables). The quantitative and cartographic techniques were used to verify the validity of the study hypothesis, whether in field of data classification. Techniques that are appropriate for each one of them: This is a technique of equal lengths for the categories and logarithmic transformation, which represented the chroropoleth maps. It reveals the formulas of the spatial variation of the and use by cultivating each of the crop, on the basis of their size and direction, and also true to their absolute importance which represent the original value and the relative important the land use by cultivating each of the crops with importance for the different crop. The maps show the direction of their gradual size which appeared in the form of scope for some crops and sparse for others.

Address search age sulaymaniyah since its inception year(1784),it was approximately (227)years ,and by knowing the population and area of the city in the base year (2015)then calculate the population increase in the year (2030) goal reached(277388) people ,and calculate the future need of space in the target year(2773,88)ha ,in orderto meet the different needs of land have been determine the best direction for future expansion of search area using the method of matching maps(slope, altitude like (mountain, wavy area,valley),hill,distance from the road ,distance from the airport,liner composition)and determine the relative importance of each in the process of expansion and thus the search reached the best directions for expansion are the northwest and southeast.

The study is based on the analysis of the spatial changes in Lake Tharthar and for a limited number of years, a hydrological analysis and the determination of the seriousness of that change. As the largest lake in Iraq and the second largest artificial water surface in the world with an area of2710 km2, Which is of great importance to the country in order to protect Baghdad from the danger of flooding as well as its importance in irrigation and feeding the Tigris and Euphrates rivers during the Chihod period to meet the shortfall in their discharges.
The lake project was a growth pole for the development of levels Spatial development in The region and neighboring areas, and through the analysis of the space visuals of the surface area of the lake shows the existence of spatial change is the decline of increasing and negative and dangerous, The area of the lake's water level in 1976 reached 2348.6 km2, while in 2018 it reached 1626.7 km2. Thus, the area of the decline was (721.9) km2, or 30.7% The concern about the loss of this huge lake is important and efficient. The reason for this is Turkey's increasing ambitions to use water to develop its economy and use it as a political pressure for Iraq. This is also the case with Iran. Therefore, these countries have reduced the imports of the Tigris River and its tributaries to 50% Of its legal share and thus lower lake imports from the Tigris River, As well as the role of climate change, which led to the lack and fluctuation of rainfall year after year and the rise of temperature and significantly, which led to the lack of nutrition of the lake from the network of valleys flowing or the Tigris River and thus increasing drought years of the lake, in addition to the government's considerable neglect of the lake , As well as lack of experience and efficiency of the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources, all factors have reduced the surface area of the lake water and increasingly and continuously, which led to the loss of this huge project of great importance and therefore reflected negatively on the hydrological, economic, social and tourism Agricultural and urban areas of Iraq in general and the study area in particular.

The study aims at identifying the spatial disparities of the climatic potential of tourism development in Erbil governorate by identifying the main climatic characteristics related to tourism development in Erbil.
The problem of research is not to take advantage of the climatic potential of tourism development in the study area, as required and is important in the role played by climate in the development and development of tourism.

Tourism is no longer merely an entertainment activity for humans. It is only an outing. It has become an export industry that has played an important role in the field of economic development, especially that Iraq has the holiday of the basic elements of tourism attraction which must be exploited optimally and remove all obstacles facing tourism development. The study included three topics including the theoretical framework. The second topic included the climatic elements affecting the tourism sector. The third topic dealt with the most important tourist areas. The study area as well as the use of Oliver coefficient to measure the relationship between climate and comfort elements for humans to seal research with the most important conclusions and recommendations and a list of sources

The popular proverbs are a major focus of anthropologists' interest because they reflect the values and trends of the peoples in which they appeared, as well as the feelings, customs and traditions of these peoples. This research on social thought in the Kurdish popular proverbs was aimed at identifying the most important topics Kurdish proverbs? And to what extent is the unity of content ؟between these parables and what some philosophers said
The research found that the Kurdish ideals are reductive in terms of expression, intensive in meaning and rich in social content related to the everyday life of the individual. Through hundreds of examples, they touched upon important topics in social life such as homeland, family, marriage, power, social differentiation and moral virtues such as courage, Simplicity in life
It is clear that these proverbs are an expression of the social and natural environment in which the Kurdish society lived. The influence of the natural environment is clear on the character of the Kurdish person. The environment is what drives it to adventures and devotion. It is always described as a brave fighter, These qualities are all the result of his troubled life full of surprises.
The Kurdish proverbs show the idea of good . cooperation, and the encouragement of the individual with the community ..It is the spirit of social thought which was brought by the ancient philosophers and sociologists.

The sexual deviation phenomenon among the primary schools students is one of the dangerous phenomenon which is threatening students' future socially and psychologically and educationally .Thus the researcher aim is to study The leading factors to this deviation and after seeing the previous literatures and studies the researcher set a group of factors which include a number of items .After checking the steadfastness of characteristics of resolution scale .It applied on a sample include 20% of the total research community by(343) schools manage of primary school from the General Directorate Of Education Baghdad Al-Rusafa /3 . It is about (68) schools management by(30)questionnaires for boys schools &(26) for girls schools &(12) for mixed schools .To achieve the aim of the research the researcher adopted some statistical methods like center weighted ,centric weight and Pearson coefficient of correlation. So the researcher came to a set of results the most prominent one is the sexual deviation at primary schools .As a result of the social ,economic ,educational, religious ,cultural and security issues .In the light of the research the researcher presented number of recommendation to some directorate of the ministry.

The aim of the research was to identify the Relationship between Positive Perfectionism and Proactive Personality Among Educational Counselors.
The researcher used the descriptive method and the sample of the study reached (200) educational counselors. The researcher used two Scales: Terry-Short et al., 1995 Positive Perfectionism scale and Bateman & Crant, 1993 Proactive Personality scale. The validity of both instruments was verified validtiy (face, and construction, Translation) and consistency of the instruments using internal consistency Cronbach's alpha. ,The research found Positive Perfectionism and Proactive Personality Among Educational Counselors and there is significant correlation between Positive Perfectionism and Proactive Personality Among Educational Counselors.

This research aims at knowing the effect of the strategy of generating learning in correcting the wrong concepts of Arabic grammar and developing the indicative thinking for fourth grade female students\literary branch.
In order to achieve the purpose of study, the following zero hypotheses:
-There is no statistical significant differences at the level of 0.5 in correcting the grammar the wrong concepts of Arabic grammar between students of the experimental group the wrong concepts of Arabic grammar between the students of the strategy of generating learning and students of the control group who study in the traditional method.
-There is no statistical significant differences at the level of 0.5 in developing the indicating thinking between students of the experimental group the wrong concepts of Arabic grammar between the students of the strategy of generating learning and students of the control group who study in the traditional method.
The depended on partial adjustment for the pretest and posttest.The chooses purposefully Al-Huda Secondary School for girls in Hay Jameela affiliated to Rusafa directorate of Education in 60 students of the fourth grade\ literary branch into two groups. The researcher matched the groups in terms of (parent's education, Arabic scores for the previous years, parent's acquisition, choosing the concepts of Arabic fallacies, indicating thinking pretest)
The adopted test for acquisition made up of 127 objectives and teaching plans for each topic of the experiment validity. The test varied from pairing to choosing between multiple choices. The validity, the difficulty coefficient discriminatory. For the indicative thinking, were verified also. One of the test adopted for the purpose is 49 items the type of multiple choice the validity.
By the use of t-test for two independent sample and Chi-square. The following results were : The excel of the experimental group who studied according to the generating learning strategy over the students of the control group who studied according the traditional method in correcting the concepts of Arabic.amd developing indicative thinking

The calendar occupies a great place in the educational system in all its dimensions and aspects due to its importance in achieving the amount of achievement of the desired educational goals, which is expected to be reflected positively on the student and the educational process, either.
Therefore, the main objective of the educational process in the countries of the developed and developing world is to develop students' thinking skills and to invest in them so that they are able to deal positively with the changes of the age. Therefore, success in this field has become the basis of progress and advancement in different countries. To teach students the thinking skills of different types and levels, especially creative thinking. Here, thinking is a source of providing students with a set of strategies through which they can interact and interact with the environment of the community to which they belong better .

The study aimed to identify the relationship between Confirmation bias and Positive Mood Among Educational Counselors, The researcher used the descriptive approach and the sample of the study reached (150) Educational Counselors
The researcher used the Confirmation bias scale(Rassin,2008 ) and the Positive Mood scale (Watson et al., 1988) for Positive Mood. The Validity(translation, Face Validity, and construction) was verified using consistency, and the Psychometric features of the two scales . The results of the study were: There were statistically significant differences in the confirmation bias in the educational Counselors, as well as the presence of statistical differences in the positive mood of the educational Counselors. The results of the study also revealed no correlation between the confirmation of bias and its to the positive mood of educational Counselors

The researcher focused on the general objective, as the research aims to know about the role of the Holy Quran in the psychological construction of the Muslim. In order to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher dealt with the Holy Quran and the Hadith books adopted. The research method adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The Qur'an was revealed to change people's ideas, attitudes and behavior. And guide them to what is good and good, and provide them with new ideas about the nature of man and his mission in life and values and new ethics and ideals of life.
The Koran has been a great success in influencing the personalities of people, and in changing a great change has had far-reaching consequences in laying the foundations of a new system of human life and the personal system of human relations both within the family or in the community and established on the basis of the right and justice and charity and surrounded by a fence of righteousness And love and comfort, and that we find the Koran emphasizes the building of the individual and the family and described the building blocks entrenching each other and described the Messenger of God Muhammad (peace be upon him) as the body of mercy. Therefore the Qur'an has had a clear impact among all religious vocations in all eras of history in great changes in the influence of Muslim personalities and in Islamic society.
This success was in a short period of time, and his goal was to create an integrated, balanced, secure and integrated human personality whose powerful capacity, which had resulted from this change, shook the world and changed the course of history.
The research came out with many results, including:
1.Faith makes the believer the owner of a balanced personality which is the character called for by the Holy Quran.
2.The research determines something important that victory with faith, does not mean this not to take reasons but to trust God with faith.
3.The failure to do jihad is not acceptable to God because of the psychological effect he wants in the souls of the backward ones first and in the hearts of the leaders.

The current research aimed to measure the academic delay in the middle school students. The current research sample consisted of (100) students from the preparatory stage. The researchers constructed the academic delay scale and presented it to a group of experts and arbitrators and extracted the psychometric characteristics. The results of the current research show that the students in the preparatory stage have academic delays, and there are statistically significant differences in the level of academic delay according to the specialization variable ( Scientific and literary) and in favor of literary specialization, and in view of the current results, the researchers presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

Hermeneutics is mainly an explanatory pathway. It converts our understanding into a formulating or simulation of the formulated as explained by M. Heidegger. The Heideggerian definition explains that hermeneutics is an attempt to understand our existence and, what is attached to as important, to define substantive concepts fully. Speeches carry their meanings as a substantive action exposing the continuous praxis nature to every understanding attempt. This definition requires a single pathway to diversify to the level of fragmentation, taking hermeneutics away from being a well-defined system in goals and processes. How did understanding form a pathway in meaning: Horizontally, vertically, and annularly? Horizontally: in the meaning of tradition. Vertically: in effective present formulation of singular and singular-formation. Annularly: in comparative substitutive intervened accreditation between the present and the past, I and us. The question above is what we are trying to search for in this study, amongst the answers of the two personalities we are considering. Yet, this is not a single pathway due to the horizontal and vertical factors that make it into a different image from the inside to the outside of the pathways.
This study does not deal with the genealogy of Hermeneutics and its founding fathers and their opinions, but it discusses pivotal points to ensure the switch forward the understanding pathways.

Amartya Sen criticizes the theories that try to draw an integrated world of justice, and believes that justice is a lifting of injustice. The realization of injustices that can be raised leads us to think about justice and injustice. The diagnosis of injustice is often a starting point for justice. And the lack of medical care What we need is to engage in objective thinking in the most equitable choices for all, that means that the real role of justice is achieved in practice by a general objective comparison through which we get the plans, laws and policies possible to achieve justice for all, and the goal of his idea of justice is how we can To move from solutions to issues affecting the full nature of justice to the diagnosis of issues of justice and injustice .

Prayer and peace be upon Muhammad and his hom good his companions . Is intolerance and left and openness figh study comparison of the subjects jurisprudence task , especially in the present day because it leads to the standardization included the nation lslamic to open up renounce intolerance all its forms therefore , the researcher to write a name it intolerance openness figh study budget
The sections find it guarantees search on a summary of introduction preliminary and then conclusion , list of sources and references and to the then divided demands of several held the was this first of intolerance section in the three demands of the first meaning of intolerance two in the language types of intolerance and third evidence on the rejection of intolerance
In the section ll the era of openness fiqh was this section in the three demands of the first in the meaning of openness in ll era of the language openness fiqh and third issues applied to the openness fiqh
At the end find the most prominent findings to sources and then list referecences with abstract English topic
and peace and blessings be upon our master Muhammad and his diving good and the owners good guys almentajabin

In order to achieve this goal, a tool must be available for measuring it Accordingly, we prepared a questionnaire consisting of twenty five paragraphs divided into five areas: , Lesson planning skills, lesson implementation skills, human relations skills, classroom management, and calendaring skills), and the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaires (honesty, persistence) were confirmed.
The validity of the vertebrae (95%) was done using the square (Kay). It is the best way to verify virtual honesty.
As for the stability property, The researchrer verified the stability of the scale by using the midterm split method by applying it to a sample of (10) teachers and parameters. They were randomized using the Pearson correlation coefficient, where the stability coefficient was 85% Is considered a good coefficient of stability, and other research procedures is a step of choice (research approach) the researchrer followed the descriptive approach in the conduct of his research as the most appropriate approach to the nature of the current research, The other step is how to determine (the research society and its sample) where the total research community of teachers of social subjects in the primary stage of the academic year (2017/2018) in the Directorate of Education Dhi Qar / Department of Education Rifai (65) teachers and teachers, while The number of members of the basic research sample was randomly selected (10) teachers and teachers, One of the statistical methods used by the researcher to analyze the results of his research and procedures is (weighted mean, percent weight, t-test for one sampile, T-test for two independent samples, Kay box and Pearson correlation coefficient). After analyzing the research results, In the light of the research results, the researcher came up with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Shape diversity in contemporary European ceramics is considered as a major obstacle to specifying the nature of this variety, and its inconsistence in the European potter, and then in the European potters in general. Thus , this continuous diversity is looked upon as a real problem that could not be reached because its edges are multiple and because they are not fixed at one end (artist) as well as the spread and development of technology in ceramics and their direct impact on the structure of formal organization. The researcher tried in this current study (shape in contemporary ceramics in Europe) to find characteristics as to determine the nature of this diversity in the form and find the common denominators between ceramic works and their transformations. This study consists of four basic chapters. The first chapter deals with the research methodology, the problem of research, its importance, the need, its objectives and its limits, while the second chapter deals with its theoretical framework and indicators,
It includes the following researches :
First: - The first research: -
Shape in contemporary ceramic art.
Second: - The second subject: -
a. Technology in Contemporary European Ceramics.
As well as the terms mentioned in the research, while the third chapter deals with research procedures and analysis of samples, which number (3)
The fourth chapter is specialized in recommendations, conclusions, proposals, sources and research results, the most important of which are as follows:
1. The diversity of the shape in contemporary European ceramics according to geometric patterns such as the spherical shape, through which the icon of the traditional porcelain is made.
2. Modernize new formal organizations.
3. According to new and innovative formulations.
4. The shape ( the figure) included the artist's realization of the significance of his contents and ideas despite the abstraction of the ceramic piece.

After revising his old theory of authentic happiness dealing with happiness, well-being, and life satisfaction, Professor Martin Seligman, the founder of positive psychology and the president of the American Psychological Association, realized that individualistic interpretation of the theory of authentic happiness and referring it to one cause is a gross mistake. Accordingly, he introduced his new theory of well-being, the understanding of which requires a multi-dimensional theory, not a one-dimensional theory, and whose purpose is to enhance well-being and flourishing. Mikhail Naima is one of the best literary and honorable figures of the new era. The present study is aimed at examining Mikhail Naima’s personality throughout his story Mudhakkirāt al-ʾArqaš reflecting his personality. In this story, Mikhail Naima places emphasis on the necessity of self-knowledge, truthfulness, meaning, flexibility, and other virtues. However, his hero, Arqaš, chooses silence, inclines towards solitude and grief, and is steeped in bitter memories of the past. Therefore, emotions and positive relationships are among the missing chains in his attitude and personality.