Al-Bahir Journal for Engineering and Pure Sciences

In this paper, we introduce the notion of a weakly pseudo primary 2-absorbing sub-module as a generalization of a 2-
absorbing sub-module and a pseudo 2-absorbing sub-module. Moreover, we give many basic properties, examples, and
characterizations of these notions

This article introduce a new idea in the field of topological space which is supra soft v open set and this concept is
another generalization of a soft open set as well as the concept of supra soft v closure is studied. Furthermore, the
notion of supra soft v interior is introduced and some properties of this concept were discussed. Finally, the concept of
supra soft v exterior is introduced and basic properties of this concept are investigated

The lungs play a vital role in supplying oxygen to every cell, filtering air to prevent harmful substances, and supporting
defense mechanisms. However, they remain susceptible to the risk of diseases such as infections, inflammation,
and cancer that affect the lungs. Meta-ensemble techniques are prominent methods used in machine learning to enhance
the accuracy of classifier learning systems in making predictions. This work proposes a robust predictive model using a
meta-ensemble method to identify high-risk individuals with lung cancer, thereby taking early action to prevent longterm
problems benchmarked upon the Kaggle Machine Learning practitioners' Lung Cancer Dataset. Three machine
learning ensemble modelsdRandom Forest, Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), and Gradient Boostingdwere used to
develop the meta-ensemble models proposed in this paper, whereby the three ensemble models were adopted as base
classifiers while one of them was adopted as the meta-classifier. In addition, two of the ensemble models were used as
base classifiers, while the third was used as a meta-classifier to evaluate lung cancer risk prediction. Different graphs
were evaluated to show that people with these features are liable to develop lung cancer. The proposed model has
immensely improved prediction performance. The meta-ensemble models were simulated using the Python simulation
environment, and the 5-fold cross-validation technique was used. The model validation was carried out using several
known performance evaluation methodologies. The results of the experiments showed that gradient boosting achieved a
maximum accuracy of 100%, an area under the curve (AUC), and a precision of 100%. The proposed model was compared
with novel machine learning methods and popular state-of-the-art (SOTA) deep learning techniques. It was confirmed
from the results that the model in this study had the best accuracy at lung cancer risk prediction. This study's results can
be utilized to enhance the performance of actual patient risk prediction systems in the future

It has been clearly demonstrated that it would be feasible to consider recycling paper in an academic institution. This
can be achieved through combining specific waste paper baskets, a pulping machine and power supplied by a renewable
energy source, with an already established local paper making company. The paper making company would be able to
gain a subsidy from the government which pays them to actually recycle paper, to counteract the cost of the pulped paper
which is 30% more expensive than raw wood pulp. The academic institution would save money on waste disposal and
decrease its carbon footprint by 600% with savings of up to around 5e6 tons of CO2 per year, instead of the 1e2 tones
carbon offset for just recycling the paper normally. This entire process could be adapted for recycling the vast quantities
of waste paper produced by students, an initiative which often fails due to the high cost of disposal. This could be
achieved through urged use of the same paper disposal methods already in use, with the paper being collected and
pulped once a week directly from the student paper waste bins. This research aims to study and limit the quantities of
paper consumed in academic institutions in Iraq, by identifying the steps of recycling, and the extent of its environmental
and economic impact, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the extent to which the Iraqi university community
accepts this idea, and then study these quantities and evaluate them economically and find out the possibility of
establishing a paper recycling plant based on these quantities. As well as the current research deals with the accumulation
of paper waste caused by the performance of exams. In the third semester of the research, the amount of paper
waste at Thi Qar University was calculated as a model for conducting a detailed research study of all departments and
colleges of the University. the amount of paper waste was (11,055 tons/year), as well as calculating the cost of paper
processing for the University amounted to (126252271 Iraqi dinars) and at the end of the third semester, the amount of
paper waste in Iraqi academic institutions for the academic year 2022e2023, approximately (367,60976 tons/year). The
cost of preparing exam books in Iraqi academic institutions for the academic year 2022e2023 amounted to approximately
(4202150971 Iraqi dinars). The devices used in the practical aspect and each device and its purpose in the paper waste
recycling process were explained. In addition, in the fourth chapter of the research, waste recycling was carried out in a
practical way, and the results were satisfactory. We proposed a project to establish a paper and cardboard waste recycling
plant in Nasiriyah, detailing its technical processes and stages in a mature way, the costs of establishing such projects in
detail, as well as the annual profit of the project. At the conclusion of the research, some important recommendations
were attached that help the paper waste recycling process and its success.

Traffic congestion at densely populated intersections and large numbers of vehicles negatively affect people's lives.
Due to this, governments try to regulate the flow of traffic in an attempt to reduce traffic congestion. A static control
system may prevent emergency vehicles because of traffic jams. Traffic light systems (TLs) have acquired increasing
attention in avoiding road jams and traffic detection. They are ubiquitous because of their easy installation, faster information
transformation, less maintenance, less compact, and cheaper than other networks' options. The proposed TLs
use IR sensors to measure vehicle density and in each instruction, there is a microcontroller that manages the traffic
signal. The research aims to minimize the waiting time and maximize the serviced number of vehicles at traffic lights at a
jammed multi-road intersection. To prove our solution, the proposed system improved the elements needed for
modelling microcontrollers and the sensors in the simulation environment. Finally, experiments were executed using
codes for the two models; the normal traffic light and the smart traffic light, and comparing the two systems. The results
obtained show that the proposed system can improve other used solutions to reduce vehicle trip duration and the cost of
expensive systems

The purpose of this project is to implement an Activity Scheduling System in a university setting, specifically focusing
on the Federal University, Lafia. The system will utilise higher priority algorithms and critical time to optimise
scheduling. The system\'s objective is to mechanise the process of scheduling activities, minimise conflicts in scheduling,
and enhance the efficiency of the activity scheduling system. The suggested system utilizes priority-based algorithms to
schedule activities based on the hierarchical order of university officials, including the Vice-Chancellor, Registrar,
Bursar, Librarian, Directors, Deans, and Department Heads. The study methodology entails doing a comprehensive
literature review on Activity scheduling, priority-based algorithms, and existing Activity scheduling systems. The study
encompasses the depiction of the current Activity scheduling model, the merits and drawbacks of the model, and the
formulation of an enhanced model. The enhanced model was developed utilizing PHP as the programming language for
the user interface and MySQL for the design and administration of the system\'s backend. The system\'s hardware and
software requirements were explicitly defined, and the process of programme development and system testing was
executed. The system\'s evaluation metrics encompass the time required for activity scheduling, the quantity of scheduling
conflicts, and the overall level of user satisfaction. The proposed Activity scheduling system aims to enhance the
efficiency of the Activity scheduling process in the institution, minimise scheduling conflicts, and offer users a superior
scheduling experience.

This study seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest progress in the antioxidant properties of nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising tool in several domains of science and industry, including
their application as antioxidant agents. The main knowledge gaps seem to be in correctly identifying the make-up of the
naturally occurring phytochemicals that give these nano-antioxidants their extraordinary pharmacology and drug-like
properties. In many instances, that characterization is done using spectroscopy instrumentation such as fourier-transform
Infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). From literature appraisals,
it was discovered that a lot of authors didn\'t properly characterize the phytochemicalsdflavonoids, phenolics,
or other phytochemicals in the plant extracts in the case of green synthesis, which bond with the metallic components.
Due to the lack of proper isolation of phytochemicals in the plants, it is also uncertain if the increased activities
registered for the nanoantioxidants are the result of one or numerous phytochemicals creating unique nano-moieties.
Most often, plant extracts of the same species vary significantly in their chemical composition, and therefore making it
challenging to replicate the research findings. In conclusion, there is an inadequate understanding of the long-term
consequences of nanoparticles on human health, and some studies have raised concerns about their safety versus potential
toxicity. Therefore, further studies on the toxicity of nanoantioxidants are necessary