Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities

This research deals with the topic of deception and tricks in the wars of the Prophet Muhammad (may God's prayers and peace be upon him and his family), which is considered within the framework of legitimate military strategies. In the beginning, the terms deception and tricks were defined linguistically and technically. Then we touched on the most prominent methods that Muslims resorted to in several wars and invasions of the Prophet Muhammad (may God's prayers and peace be upon him and his family). The first of these methods was the intelligence element to survey the enemy’s conditions, which is considered one of the important elements that cannot be dispensed with in all wars and throughout the ages. We also mentioned one of the methods of deception through which it is possible to reach the enemy and attack him faster and easier, which is the element of surprise. We also referred to the topic of equivocation after clarifying the meaning of this term, and then we mentioned some of the methods of misleading and deceiving the enemy. These methods demonstrate the importance of military cunning in achieving victory with the least possible losses. After that, we touched on the ruling on deception and lying in wars in the Islamic religion and the opinion of jurists on it. Finally, we recorded the most important results that we reached in this research

This research includes a brief introduction to the biography of the Damascene historian Al-Qarmani, his family life, his upbringing, and the era in which he lived. He was a contemporary of the Ottoman Empire and worked in one of its institutions. These influences were reflected in the scientific side of Al-Qarmani. We showed the most prominent scientific productions that he wrote. Among his most important works that reached us is his book (Akhbar Al-Duwal wa Athar Al-Awal), which contained various information such as historical, geographical, political, and social. Our research addresses the statement of Al-Qarmani’s method in documenting the history of the Umayyad state and its rulers. We showed the many and varied methods that he relied on in documenting the history of this state in terms of the biography of the Umayyad rulers and historical events. We also touched on the various resources that he relied on in documenting events and information about the history of that state. Through this, it was done.

The conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II, when the United States emerged as the world's largest economic and military power, and the Cold War began, turned into an existential conflict that affected all global situations. Since 1949, the Asian continent has been one of the centers of this conflict between two great powers to ensure their security, political and ideological interests in the region. Each of these two powers sought to gain influence in Asia, which led to the continent's involvement in the international conflict between them. American strategic planners developed a military strategy towards Asia to impose a blockade on the southern borders of the Soviet Union and protect American strategic interests in the areas of oil and gas resources and their transport routes across the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf, and the Red, Mediterranean and Black Seas. The US administration approved the US military strategy during the era of Presidents Harry Truman (1945-1953) and Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961) and threatened to use nuclear weapons against the Soviet Union as a last resort in the event of security crises to protect US strategic interests in Asia. The term nuclear deterrence appeared in the US military strategy during the Cold War.

The United States entered World War I in 1917 due to several factors, including German naval attacks on American ships, such as the Lusitania incident, growing American public pressure, and the Zimmerman Telegram, in which Germany proposed cooperation with Mexico against the United States—further fueling hostile sentiments. Robert Lansing, the U.S. Secretary of State, played a significant role in directing American policy toward the war and in bolstering support for the Allies.
The entry of the United States had a major impact in securing decisive victories and played a prominent role in shaping the peace treaties after the war.
Although Robert Lansing was initially one of the strongest advocates for neutrality, believing that the United States should remain protected from the aggressions of the warring parties, various changing circumstances eventually led him to support American involvement in the war—ultimately altering the course of the conflict as a whole.

The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) faced many assassination attempts in his life by polytheists and hypocrites, including the assassination of Aqaba. The study aims to shed light on the naming of the Companions of Aqaba in the year (9 AH - 630 AD). We discussed the naming of those accused in the assassination of Aqaba in the oldest Islamic sources and the narrations mentioned about them that clearly shed light on this assassination. We discussed those narrations and the names of the accused mentioned in them, and we showed the scholars’ statements about them. The study identified the category of hypocrites in the era of the Messenger (peace be upon him), and the categories that included the hypocrisy movement in Medina and outside it, whether they were tribes or religious groups. This study followed the critical approach in using sources, and paid attention to the accuracy of transmitting the narrations that included the subject of naming the Companions of Aqaba, while taking into account the historical sequence of the narrations.

The African continent, like the rest of the world's continents, has been home to many religious beliefs, as it witnesses religious and cultural diversity.
The people of sub-Saharan Africa believe in many religions, whether from nature, such as rivers and trees, as they carry spiritual energy that plays an important role in religious rituals or from animals, as well as ancestor worship, where the spirits of ancestors were sanctified, as well as those who made them with their own hands, such as idols. The reverence for rulers and kings spread among them, and among the rituals that were prevalent in European society was magic and sorcery, which had no connection to understanding the mystery, These religions demonstrate a deep respect for nature and consider it an integral part of individuals' cultural identity Practices vary from one society to another according to the customs and traditions of each tribe or region.

Andalusia witnessed the migrations of Arab tribes who came to Andalusia as part of the Islamic conquest operations and then settled in those areas liberated by the Arab Muslims. Among these tribes that contributed to the intellectual life in Andalusia throughout its ages and history were The Banu Makhzum Arab tribe that entered Andalusia and contributed to the intellectual movement witnessed by Andalusia through its settlement and presence in Andalusian cities. This matter made us shed light in this research on the study of the intellectual impact of the tribes that came to Andalusia. The choice was for Banu Makhzum, the Arab tribe that entered Andalusia and participated in the operations of the Islamic conquest in the year 92 AH and settled in the cities of Morocco and Andalusia. Then it contributed to the intellectual movement in its various fields for many centuries and in different Andalusian cities. The most prominent figures of this tribe in various sciences were the Arabic sciences, and the Arabic sciences had the greatest share of study and immersion in Arabic and its literature compared to other sciences, which contributed to the prosperity of sciences and knowledge in Andalusia.

Through our knowledge and study of the political and administrative conditions in Iraq during the era of Mongol control and in the city of Erbil more precisely, we learned that after the Mongols imposed their control on Baghdad, their army forces set off very quickly to occupy the rest of the Iraqi cities.
Larbel played a major and visible role in preventing surrender and confronting the Mongols, but unfortunately the Ghazaks were able to control it for many reasons.
Erbil held great significance for the Mongols due to its fortified citadel and strategic location, which they used as a primary gateway for their armies when heading toward the Levant.
During Mongol rule, it was governed by local rulers from noble Kurdish families who strived to maintain the security and stability of their city as much as possible, enjoying a semi-autonomous administration.
Throughout the Mongol era, Erbil witnessed numerous political and military events as well as economic crises. However, it managed to overcome these challenges and retain its important status among Iraqi citie

Between 1979 and 1985, Pashtun parties emerged as major forces in resisting the Soviet occupation in Afghanistan. Among these parties was the Islamic Party led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, which adopted a hardline Islamic approach and received significant support from Pakistan, the United States, and Saudi Arabia. Additionally, Abdul Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf, the leader of the Islamic Union, was among the parties that received substantial backing from Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states due to his ideological orientations. Furthermore, Jalaluddin Haqqani played a pivotal role in the resistance and received support from Pakistan, becoming a symbol of the struggle.
These parties received military and financial support from external powers, as the United States and Saudi Arabia provided financial and military assistance, while Pakistan played a crucial role in providing safe havens for the resistance and funding operations through the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). This support was the decisive factor in enhancing the resistance's capacity against the Soviets and shifting the balance of power in favor of the Pashtun factions

This study sheds light on the development of the health sector in Basra Governorate from 1945 to 1958. The primary objective was to study the efforts made to improve health services, particularly in combating endemic diseases such as malaria and schistosomiasis, and expanding health infrastructure, such as hospitals and clinics. It also explored the role of international organizations in supporting this sector.
The study followed a historical analytical methodology, relying on archival sources, official health reports, and government statistics, as well as local newspapers that documented some of the health situation at the time. These sources were analyzed to track the progress of health development in the governorate and evaluate the achievements and obstacles it faced.
The results showed that Basra Governorate witnessed a significant improvement in the health sector during this period, represented by the expansion of health facilities and the implementation of health campaigns to combat diseases. However, these efforts faced significant challenges, most notably a shortage of medical personnel, weak financial and administrative capabilities, and a lack of health awareness among the population. In conclusion, the study concluded that the developments witnessed by the health sector in Basra Governorate were important but limited, and did not reach the level of comprehensive and sustainable improvement, due to the economic, administrative and social challenges that continued to affect the performance of this vital sector.

The research dealt with the political and social role of some women of the Islamic East in the Abbasid era and the Mongol era. The research included three sections.
The first section dealt with: Women of the Islamic East in the Abbasid era, such as (Sayyidat al-Buwayhid, Turkan Khatun, Zubaydah Khatun, Siti Razin, etc.).
The second section dealt with: Women of the Islamic East in the Mongol rule and the great influence they enjoyed in the Mongol state, such as (Tora Kina Khatun, Baghdad Khatun, Sati Bey, Daquz Khatun, etc.).
The third section: It dealt with concubines, most of whom entered through slavery or trade and through wars. Concubines worked in the service of homes, and the majority of dancers and singers were concubines. A concubine who was skilled in singing increased in status and was sold for a high price to enliven musical and wedding parties. Some concubines played a role in social life in the palaces of princes and sultans, where they became close to those in power and often had an influence on state policy and the details of governance, in addition to their role in singing, dancing and entertainment.

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Tamimah bint Yusuf ibn Tashfin, a princess of the Almoravid dynasty and a creative poet, is a bright female symbol in the history of the Almoravid state. She grew up in the midst of a powerful state, receiving a high-level education that enabled her to advance culturally and intellectually. She is one of the prominent feminist figures that historians need to pay attention to.

Women held a high position in Moroccan society during the Almoravid era, as they were more visible in public life and had greater influence and freedom. Almoravid women enjoyed a degree of freedom that led to a social phenomenon that was not common in Morocco before, which was their appearance in society and their participation in public life. Poetesses, writers, storytellers, and Quran memorizers emerged, the foremost among them being Umm Talha al-Lamtuniyya (Tamimah), the daughter of the greatest kings of Morocco, Yusuf ibn Tashfin.

This research intends to study the difference between Islamic medicine and European medicine, the methods they adopted in the Middle Ages, the tools and scientific developments and the cultural and scientific environment that overshadowed them. This research also discusses the impact of Arabic translations of ancient texts on the European medical renaissance that helped overthrow the scientific revolution in the West. The medieval European medical renaissance was closely linked to the.
knowledge provided by Muslim physicians Muslims established hospitals that provided specialized treatment services and advanced medical education. In contrast, European hospitals were primitive and relied more on religious care than actual treatment. In the research, we learned that Islamic medicine was more advanced than European medicine during the Middle Ages, with Muslims excelling in scientific experiments, surgery, pharmacy, and hospitals, while Europeans remained behind until they were influenced by Islamic science in the Renaissance. This influence is still felt in the practices of modern medicine, underscoring the pivotal role played by Islamic civilization in the development of medicine in general

When Cleveland secured the Democratic Party’s nomination in 1892, the country was experiencing widespread public discontent with President Benjamin Harrison’s administration due to his protectionist economic policies and the growing dominance of big corporations. Cleveland ran for office based on his reputation as a reformer, emphasizing his commitment to financial stability and rejecting excessive silver coinage. This stance won him support from many voter blocs, despite divisions within the party over monetary policy. Nevertheless, he achieved a decisive victory in the November 8, 1892, election, becoming the only U.S. president in history to return to office after a previous electoral defeat.
Upon his return to the White House, the nation was in the midst of a severe economic crisis. The financial panic led to market collapses, rising unemployment, and a dangerous depletion of the gold reserves, primarily due to the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Cleveland began his presidency by carefully assembling his cabinet, relying on his reformist vision. He appointed prominent and experienced figures, focusing on competence and loyalty to his monetary policies, which enabled him to repeal the Sherman Act in 1893.

Between the policies of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muntasir Billah and his father al-Mutawakkil, my research addresses the position of the Alawites. The revolts of the Alawites were among the most significant issues that profoundly impacted Islamic history in general and the Abbasid Caliphate in particular. These revolts were considered a starting point for resisting oppression, tyranny, and Turkish interference. However, during the era of al-Mutawakkil, these revolts held no real influence, as he subjected the Alawites to severe persecution and displacement.
When al-Muntasir Billah came to power, he shifted the balance by establishing his authority and dominion through a policy of peace and leniency toward the descendants of Abu Talib. This approach greatly influenced the Abbasid Caliphate, as he opposed and corrected the wrongful practices of his father al-Mutawakkil, including the killing and bloodshed inflicted upon the Alawites.
My research necessitated dividing the topic into several sections. The first discusses the life of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muntasir Billah, including his birth and upbringing. The second examines his caliphate and the events that accompanied it. The third explores his death and the circumstances of his assassination at the hands of the Turks. Lastly, the fifth section analyzes the caliph's policy toward the Alawites.

In her book The History of Fatimid Egypt, the orientalist Simenova sheds light on the period of Fatimid rule in Egypt, considering it a pivotal phase in Islamic and Middle Eastern history. The author discusses the Shiite origins of the Fatimid state and its transition from North Africa to Egypt in 969 AD, when Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah founded the city of Cairo and made it the capital of the state. Simenova highlights the political and religious roles played by the Fatimids in consolidating their doctrine, in addition to their contributions to cultural, scientific, and economic fields. She also examines the internal and external challenges the state faced and their impact on Egyptian society. This study is an attempt to gain a deeper understanding of the Fatimids' place in Egypt’s history, beyond traditional narratives . The book reflects an orientalist analytical perspective aimed at understanding the nature of Fatimid rule and its various historical dimensions.

This research aims to shed light on the methodology of the British orientalist Bodli to study the prophetic biography in his book, the Messenger of Muhammad, and we will give here a typical general glimpse of the Bodli methodology, where he followed a special approach represented in adopting a prior idea, then it is based on the facts of events that support this idea, while excluding what is not in line with it, and therefore; He adheres to the news that enhances his opinion or that he can interpret according to his goals, regardless of his weakness, and trying to track and research the position of the orientalist Bodli on the era of the message, which formed the focus of the study. In his book, he raised a set of suspicions and strived to prove the validity of what has arisen according to what he saw.

The Palestinian cause occupied a significant space in the policies of many Arab political leaders, including Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh, for whom it held a distinguished place in his country’s foreign policy. It was also a recurring topic in his speeches and internal meetings, driven by the hope of finding a solution and resolution to the conflict while fulfilling his role as an Arab leader regarding the Palestinian issue.
Yemen, in particular, has been and continues to be one of the countries that could contribute to taking a position on the Palestinian cause, given its geographical location and its relations with influential countries. Additionally, it played a direct Arab role in the Palestinian issue during Arab summit meetings.
As a result of these factors, the research period is considered one of the most significant in addressing initiatives for resolving the Palestinian conflict. Moreover, Arab and international parties were involved in efforts to establish a formula for agreement between the conflicting sides. However, Zionist intransigence in reaching a settlement prevented an agreement and led to the failure of sustaining accords between the Palestinian and Zionist sides.

Furthermore, the sensitivity of the period, marked by significant events in the Arab region, along with the intervention of various parties in the conflict, could have contributed to finding a solution to the Palestinian issue.

The impact of social reality on shaping the features of Iraqi politics through the Mosul newspaper: parties and banquets 1918 - October 1920 A model:
Parties and banquets constitute the cornerstone of building and strengthening the social bonds of nations, but sometimes these parties go beyond the social nature and have political or cultural goals. Therefore, parties and banquets were exploited by the British administration to implement its agenda in Iraq. The period of time is the duration of Britain’s direct control over Iraq, and certainly the cornerstone of Britain’s policy towards Iraq and how to deal with it in the coming years was laid. The research was divided into three axes, in addition to the introduction and conclusion. The first axis talked about social parties with a political dimension, while the second axis studied social parties with a cultural dimension, and the last axis talked about social parties with a protocol dimension.
Anyone who follows these parties and banquets and the level of attendance by the people and the elite will become clear to him the extent of the acceptability of the British administration by Iraqi society, but in many of these articles the numbers and names of the invitees were not mentioned, and this is what makes us question the propositions of the acceptability of the British administration, and we cannot deny in any way the existence of acceptance of the British presence by some segments of society for one reason or another.

The reader is well aware of the rich record of Palestinians who have recorded the honor of resistance to the Israeli occupation, and it is engraved in the bright memory of many female human heroisms that history has immortalized. The Palestinian woman fighter has a heroic role in various fields and at all levels that is equal to or almost superior to the role of men in the resistance against the cowardly occupier. The honorable history of the Palestinian woman that highlights an important example of defense and loyalty to the homeland and sacrifice of the precious and dear, namely the fighter Dalal Mughrabi who paid with her life as a price for the sake of protecting children and preserving their identity and history. She was truly the first Palestinian female fighter to be assigned to a military operation inside Israel. In fact, she was a role model for her generation with her morals, her work, and the will she left behind. She gave her life in defense of the homeland.

Through this research, we try to shed light on important aspects of the history of sub-Saharan Africa, including the extent to which African architecture was influenced by the architecture of neighboring countries such as the Maghreb, Egypt, and the south of the Arabian Peninsula, and the extent to which the kings and rulers of the kingdoms and countries of sub-Saharan Africa contributed to the development of that architecture by bringing in skilled engineers and architects and providing them with the appropriate conditions of building materials and labor to complete the architectural work, to show the Sudanese architectural style, which is in fact not a purely Sudanese style, but rather a style that combines the Moroccan, Andalusian, and Egyptian styles with the simple Sudanese architectural form and is known as Sudanese architectural art. We also show the impact of the entry of Islam into the region through the changes that occurred in the cemeteries and shrines of the righteous saints during the period from the fifth century AH to the tenth century AH.

The Algerian Civil War, also known as the Black Spring, is an armed conflict that began in January 1992 after the cancellation of the results of the 1991 parliamentary elections, which were won by the Islamic Salvation Front. This conflict was between the Algerian government and armed Islamist groups, such as the Armed Islamic Group and the Islamic Front for Armed Jihad ¹.
The causes of the civil war in Algeria are due to several factors, including:
- Persecution and discrimination: Feelings of persecution and discrimination by the Algerian government against Islamists and their sympathizers.
- Loneliness and isolation: Feelings of loneliness and isolation by some individuals and groups who were dissatisfied with the government.
- Psychological disorders: Some individuals suffer from psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety.
From the Libyan position on the civil war in Algeria, it seems that Libya supported the armed Islamist groups in Algeria, especially at the beginning. However, after that, there was no clear information about Libya's armed support for the rebel groups ¹.
The consequences of the civil war in Algeria were devastating, with an estimated death toll of about 150,000 people, and many regions and cities were destroyed. The war also led to the collapse of the Algerian economy and the deterioration of the social and political conditions in the country.

The era of prophethood and the Rashidah Caliphate is an important foundational stage in Islamic history, in which a number of issues were determined, whether it is the arbitration of religion and politics in the management of the affairs of the Islamic state, the mechanism of spreading Islam, or the regulation of relations with non-Muslims, etc.
The importance of the research lies in analysing and discussing the issues and questions mentioned and others that have attracted and continue to attract the attention of researchers and students from different disciplines and scientific backgrounds (Islamic history, political jurisprudence, sharia sciences...)
The most important objectives of the research are to provide a balanced analytical reading of the subject of the study while not drifting behind a single perception or approach, so we recalled the religious and faith factors and did not neglect the material, social and political factors... In order to address the research issue, we adopted the analytical method as well as the historical method, and we did not neglect the political jurisprudence approach to this subject.

Writing about a personality such as Im>am Ali bin Abie Talibe (peace be uponn him) is anot an easy and easy taask due to the greatness of this personality, and many studies have triedThe academic and non-academic stand on the biography of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), but no matter what they did, they did not stop at a few of his fragrant biography. Peace be upon him and his family, and the Hadith of Ghadir is the core of this study, and the Farewell Pilgrimage is considered one of the most important historical events that stipulated the caliphate of the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him), in which he was assigned to carry the burdens of the message and lead the Islamic nation. Also, writing about his mandate (peace be upon him) was a documentation of his entitlement to it after the greatest Messenger Muhammad (may God bless him and his family and grant him peace).

The effect of the one-time principle strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade literary female students in the subject of history and their inclination towards the subject The research aimed to investigate the effect of the "One-Time Principle" strategy on the academic achievement of fifth-grade literary stream female students in history and their inclination toward the subject. The researcher proposed two hypotheses, and to test them, conducted an experiment that lasted for an entire academic semester. Before starting, the researcher prepared all necessary requirements for the experiment.
A random sample of (62) female students was selected and distributed into two groups, with (31) students in each. Group (A) was designated as the experimental group, which was taught using the One-Time Principle strategy, while Group (B) served as the control group, receiving instruction through traditional methods.
The researcher ensured equivalence between the two groups in the following variables:
• Chronological age of the students (measured in months)
• History subject grades from the previous academic year
• Parental educational attainment
The researcher found the two groups to be equivalent in these variables.
An achievement test was developed by the researcher, consisting of 39 multiple-choice questions, as well as an inclination scale in its final form consisting of 33 items. The Likert three-point scale was used to measure student inclination because it is deemed the most suitable for this age group. The Likert method involves placing well-defined items with three response options:
• Strongly Agree
• Somewhat Agree
• Disagree
The research yielded the following results:
The One-Time Principle strategy proved effective in improving academic achievement and increasing student inclination toward the subject of history.
At the end of the study, the researcher presented a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

The research aims to study the shrine of the two Askari Imams (Ali al-Hadi and Hassan al-Askari), peace be upon them, from the death of Imam Ali al-Hadi in the year 254 AH / until the emergence of the Jalairiya state in the year (750 AH). From this standpoint, the research is divided into several axes: The first axis included the biography of Imam Ali al-Hadi and his son Hassan al-Askari (peace be upon them) in terms of birth and upbringing. The second axis included a brief geographical description of the city of Samarra in terms of location, establishment, naming, status, and the foundation of the military city in which the two imams resided. While the third axis was talking about the biography of Imam Hassan al-Askari, his birth and upbringing, and addressing the most important stages of his life and the titles he was called by. The fourth axis was talking about the establishment of the shrines of the two Imams and the definition of the shrine in language and terminology and how the shrine’s form began. The reconstructions and additions followed, including those that were under the guidance of the Abbasid caliphs. Some of them were independent through the princes who founded the independent emirates until the era of the Jalairi state, at which the research stops.

The idea of development is integrated with the idea of rights on the basis that its axis is the human being who has the right to participate in making development and the right to enjoy its results. Development is part of human rights, which means international recognition that every individual and every people has the right to enjoy a certain amount of goods and services produced. The development process is controlled at the level of three dimensions: the human being, the place or geographical scope, and time. Sustainable development, with its multiple dimensions - political, economic, and social.
Social and environmental development is the ideal choice for ensuring the implementation of human rights, achieving prosperity for all peoples, sustaining life on Earth, and guaranteeing the rights of future generations. The Islamic approach encompasses the development of human thought, morals, and values, in all aspects of life. It encourages human development and building, and the development of the Earth, in accordance with clear and comprehensive legal regulations. Within the framework of the Islamic vision, development in Islam is characterized by its comprehensiveness, with the presence of. The Holy Quran and the Sunnah are references to regulate and guide development. Development in Islam does not discriminate based on gender or ethnicity. Keywords: (development, sustainable development, human rights)..

God Almighty has elevated morality in His Sharia, encouraging and encouraging it. He has made it the heaviest thing on the scales when the scales are set for the Day of Justice. He has also made it a complement to faith, and those who practice it will be among the people closest to His noble Messenger on the Day of Resurrection.
Since morality has such high ranks, the Sharia came to build it in souls and implant it in hearts in a way that had never been done before. It did not command it in isolation, but rather linked it to belief and worship, and arranged reward and punishment for it in this world and the hereafter. It outlined the correct method for how to achieve it in the reality of life and clarified the method for avoiding what would be a cause of its decline.
Since man must necessarily meet with others, he must learn the morals that will make it easier for him to deal with his fellow human beings so that he can be in harmony with them.
Although Sharia law emphasizes morality, we find many Muslims neglecting this important aspect. The following pages attempt to inculcate these morals in people's souls. My research, titled "Islamic Ethics in the Chapter of Jurisprudential Transactions," was presented at the College of Education conference at Al-Mustansiriya University.

This study aims to explain the role of reciters of the Holy Qur’an from the time of the Companions of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and the Followers, and those who came after them in teaching and reciting the Qur’an in writing, reading, memorizing, and memorizing. And their struggle and fighting the battles in order to establish the pillars of religion and defend it.
The problem of the research is centered on the reluctance of many people of the Qur’an to teach it to young women and their preoccupation with it in earning a living from it and sustenance from it by reciting it at funerals and condolences, and not acting according to its rulings What is the nature of the role played by the reciters of the Qur’an, the Companions, the Successors, and those who came after them in the arenas of jihad, such that their positions deserved to be taught to the mujahideen? As for - 355 -the research methodology, the researcher employed an objective study to trace the lives of the mujahid reciters and the period in which they emerged. Additionally, the study highlights the conditions of these reciters who strove in the path of Allah, so that the contemporary generation may benefit from their predecessors, the bearers of the Holy Quran.
The results of the research showed that the reality of the lives of the Companions, may God be pleased with them, and the followers and sincere reciters of the Holy Qur’an, proves that their love for jihad exceeded the love of fathers, children, spouses, and the clan. This includes imitating the people of goodness, virtue, and righteousness in everything related to the loftiness and virtues of matters, such as power, truth, and justice. The first role model for Muslims, the one with the most perfect character and the greatest approach, is our Messenger Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, his honorable companions and their followers, and the Mujahideen preachers from the people of the Qur’an.

The research showed that social identity arises as a result of the process of social interaction, and its function is to achieve social balance by organizing the activities of individuals within groups and organizing the activities of groups, in relation to other groups.
The importance of the research lies in the fact that each identity has its own characteristics and components, the most important characteristics of the Islamic identity: it is an identity distinct from other identities, and this distinction is what gives each group or nation the components of its survival and preserves its culture and privacy.
The research addressed the fact that the Islamic identity encompasses the entire life of a Muslim, and all aspects of his personality, as it is complete in subject, defined in features, and clear in features. It determines for its bearer, with all precision and clarity, his function, goal, and purpose in this life.
The media works to spread the culture of coexistence and belonging to the homeland, and works to link society socially and culturally with each other, as it aims to persuade by broadcasting information, news, and facts and encourages the practice of freedom of expression.
The research confirmed that dialogue encourages the promotion of the spirit of tolerance and coexistence with others and moving away from the culture of violence and exclusion. Dialogue helps build a compassionate and balanced society and learn about the culture of others. Dialogue consolidates the values of tolerance among nations and peoples and rejects ethnic division and racial discrimination.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon the Master of Messengers, his pure and immaculate family, and his virtuous and blessed Companions...
It is no secret to anyone the importance of money to the human soul, as it is the means to obtain a free and dignified life. That is why the title of my research was (Objective Studies of the Verses of Financial Transactions) in order to link the concept of money, its importance, and the ways of earning it with divine care. First, I explained the concept of money in language and terminology and mentioned verses The Quran explained the importance of money and its characteristics, and then I collected the verses on financial transactions and studied them objectively, in which I explained the objectives of zakat, charity, spending on relatives, and financial expiations in light of the objectives of Islamic law. Through my research, I explained Islam’s concern for money and the necessity of preserving it. And not to be extravagant and to prohibit taking it through illegal means such as theft, fraud and usury, and that faith in God and trust in Him are among the greatest reasons for facilitating livelihood and obtaining lawful money, and that money is an aid to obeying God if its owner takes into consideration observing God and it is a means to obtain reward and recompense, and whenever If a person earns lawful money and spends it in legitimate ways, its effects will be good and its fruits will be ripe. Finally, money is a means for the righteous servant, not an end. Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds.

The concept of human development is one of the modern concepts that have been commonly used recently in scientific institutions, which all focus and revolve around the concept of monitoring the life of the human element and its stages of development being the main element carried out by human gatherings in civilized societies.
Although this term is new to Islamic sources in its modern sense, its meaning and connotations are not new to the principles of Islamic law and its evidence from the Qur'an and the pure Sunnah of the Prophet. The Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah were the first to refer to divine providence for the human element since the beginning of creation and care for its creation to urge the Holy Qur'an to receive knowledge associated with faith .
The term human development has been associated with Islamic connotations, to which the researcher is exposed for clarification and presentation through the division of research according to the following demands: :
The first requirement: the definition of research, which includes the introduction and definition of human development and a statement of its objectives, methods and means.
The second requirement: human development in Islam.
The third requirement: human development in education.
Fourth requirement: conclusions, recommendations and proposalc.

The current study aims to know the extent to which English language teachers in secondary school possess the communication and verbal communication skills of the Flanders decimal tool. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical study approach. The study sample amounted to (90) male and female teachers. The researcher adopted the Flanders tool for verbal communication and classroom communication skills. The researcher extracted its validity and reliability, and the reliability rate was Cooper\'s equation (5). After collecting the data, the results of the study showed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program that English language teachers in secondary school had more control over the teaching activities inside the classroom, by following the direct method based on the lecture method in presenting and teaching information to students, as well as the superiority of classroom teaching for English language teachers in secondary school on students\' responsive behavior. In light of the results of the study, the researcher concluded that the language is interested in English in secondary school in the cognitive aspect and neglecting other emotional and skill aspects because teaching English does not achieve emotional and skill goals, and this reflects the absence of fundamental differences in verbal communication and classroom communication skills, and from the conclusions, the researcher recommended reconsidering the programs for preparing English language teachers in secondary school in colleges of education, and the researcher suggested conducting a study similar to the current study on English language teachers in primary stages.

The current study aims at investigating the forms and functions of the Arabic perfect tense. It is hypothesised that Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) has different forms and functions in its usage by native speakers through daily speech and in their written performance. Some other dialects such as Iraqi Arabic as well as Egyptian Arabic quotations are also included in this study. To prove this hypothesis, several quotations from different genres such as (Newspapers, Magazines, Media, and authentic books of Arabic) are taken as data and analysed using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study deals with different forms of Arabic perfect tense syntactically and morphologically. Regarding the function of MSA perfect tense, the aspectual differences such as habituality and narrative functions are dealt with. The conjugations of MSA verbs show a variety of forms and convey several meanings. The study concludes with some recommendations and suggestions for further study.

Offensive language is frequently encountered in daily life, especially in casual communication, as it is often seen as a more effective way to express emotions and various situations. This study explores the use of vulgar language in the lyrics of Iraqi nightclub songs, applying Wardhaugh’s (2006) theory of offensive language to analyze the collected data. The research examines the functions of vulgar words in folk singers’ songs ‘Lovers Evening’. The data was sourced from TikTok song lyrics, with the singers\' statements serving as the primary material. The findings identify four key functions of vulgar language, with the most common being to attract attention, convey crudeness, and ridicule authority. The paper also offers insights and recommendations for future research on the use of vulgar language.

This paper examines the significant influence of ancient Greek philosophers on the development of language, emphasizing their contributions to the examination of language concerning formal logic and human thought processes. It contends that the investigations conducted by these philosophers established the foundation for continuing dialogues regarding language, epistemology, and the cognitive frameworks that support human interaction. The paper also situates ancient Greek intellectual endeavors within wider cultural interactions and the anthropological proof of the early development of language, claiming a coevolutionary bond between human beings and the advancement of language.

One of the most important scope of sustainable development is nature. A well-being human depends on nature. Without a prosperous environment, there is no chance for attaining tangible progress. reaching sustainable development. That is why one has the responsibility to alert the sense of taking care of nature. Writers in general and authors of literature in specific and through their literary works often highlight the environmental themes encouraging readers to evaluate and protect nature.
That is why it is important to adjust curricula to suit educating for sustainable development (ESD) to create this sense of awareness in students. It is our life and we are all responsible for it. Therefore, concentrating on the role of the educators, leaders and individuals as decision makers is really effective in this respect. The relationship between environment and literature is actually a contemporary filed of criticism referred to as ‘ecocriticism’; reflecting society’s concern for environmental issues.

ELT theories are really important for helping our world grow and stay healthy. Many countries are working hard to make sure everyone gets a good educating environment and has the right of learning tools. It\'s important for learners to learn how to think carefully, understand different subjects, and feel proud of sustainably developing their country.
Teaching theories also play a significant role in improving health, cultural, and social services provided by the educators. Problems in education are considered a major obstacle in achieving sustainable development goals. Therefore, the journey of pedagogic education toward sustainable development is one of the most important pillars of strategic planning in contemporary times.
This paper clarifies the concept of sustainable development, its dimensions, directions in educational, social, and cultural aspects, teaching principles it relies on, the efforts made to achieve these dimensions in methodology, the role of ELT theories in improving sustainable development, how to benefit from them, and the challenges that hinder the utilization of sustainable development in education. The researcher uses descriptive-analytical study to draw the positive relation between people and environment .Thus, Man must use the environment\'s resources properly to ensure a safe life, otherwise it will be a source of threat to humanity.

This paper delves into the use of caricatures as a powerful tool for social critique in Iraq, shedding light on their role in addressing pressing issues such as corruption, inefficiency, and systemic neglect. Caricatures, widely featured in Iraqi newspapers and on social media platforms, creatively blend satire, humor, and irony to express public dissatisfaction and expose societal flaws. By analyzing 10 selected caricatures through the lens of Grice\'s theory of conversational implicature, this study uncovers the intricate ways these visual narratives critique Iraq\'s socio-political landscape. Through their combination of minimal language and impactful visuals, caricatures serve as an essential medium for amplifying public concerns, challenging authority, and calling for meaningful reform.

Writing is complex cognitive task that demands the writer to manage multiple elements simultaneously. Understanding how metacognitive regulation (planning, monitoring, and evaluating) influence writing performance is highly relevant for both educators and students. Proficiency in writing can significantly enhance students\' prospects for success. As an essential component of language, strong writing skills are crucial for students to attain their academic and career objectives. High-order executive skills involve the capacity to plan, monitor, control, and adapt one\'s cognitive processes while performing learning tasks. This present study designs to explore the relationship between PME as high-order executive skills and writing performance among Iraqi university students learning English as a foreign language (EFL). A random sample of 260 students from Iraqi universities, colleges of education, and English departments was chosen throughout the academic year (2024-2025). Data is collected using two instruments: a questionnaire to examine PME and a writing test is conducted to assess their performance in written English. To examine the relation between PME as High-order executive skills and writing performance a correlational analysis is used. Data findings indicate that Iraqi EFL university students have a high PME level as High-order executive skills. Additionally, the level of PME was positively correlated with writing performance, which shows that students are aware of how important it is to monitor their own comprehension and language production, to plan the task in a purposeful way, and to assess their performance as if they wish to improve their skills. It shows that students use metacognitive processes to improve their learning.

A Raisin in the Sun (1959) by Lorraine Hansberry, delves into the profound struggles and agonies faced by women, capturing the essence of their dreams deferred and aspirations suppressed. The characters, particularly Ruth and Mama, navigate societal expectations and systemic barriers, grappling with the weight of discrimination and limited opportunities. As the play unfolds, it explores the multifaceted dimensions of the female experience, portraying the resilience and determination of these women amid the oppressive circumstances, ultimately shedding light on the enduring spirit in the face of adversity. ‘I was born black and female,’ Lorraine Hansberry once said. These two identities dominated her life and writings. Rejecting the limits placed on her race and gender, Hansberry employed her writings to investigate what it meant to be a black woman in post-war America. Throughout history, black women suffer various forms of marginalization, discrimination, and oppression. The same is true of their position in literature. Because of the white monopoly of literary writing and production, black women were underrepresented in the dominant white literary canon. Hence the need to have a distinctive voice of their own. The play deals with a number of womanist issues like black man-black woman relationship, gender roles, images of black woman in the 1950s American society, black matriarchy and abortion. It centers around three black women as they grapple with the difficult circumstances they are facing in a largely white racist society.

This research explores the deep relationship between the Arabic language and the civilizational identity of the Islamic nation, highlighting the pivotal role that Arabic plays in shaping cultural and intellectual identity in light of the Quran. The study also focuses on the challenges facing the Arabic language due to cultural dependency, while presenting a vision for cultural liberation from this dependency.
Research Problem:
How can the Arabic language maintain its central role in shaping civilizational identity amid contemporary cultural and civilizational challenges? And what are the possible ways to strengthen the independence of Islamic cultural identity from intellectual dependency?
Research Objectives
1. Highlighting the importance of the Arabic language as a vessel for the civilizational identity of the Islamic nation.
2. Clarifying the central role of the Quran in strengthening Islamic civilizational identity.
3. Analyzing the Quran’s influence in enhancing the status of the Arabic language.
4. Examining the challenges facing the Arabic language in the context of globalization and cultural dependency.
5. Proposing ways to overcome dependency and strengthen the role of the Arabic language in shaping identity.
Research Methodology
This research adopts a descriptive, analytical, and deductive approach, where researchers describe the current state of the Arabic language, analyze Quranic texts related to its significance, and examine the historical roles the language has played in the Islamic nation. The study also explores the contemporary reality of the Arabic language in light of civilizational challenges, then deduces pathways for overcoming dependency and presents a vision for cultural emancipation.
Research Findings
• The Arabic language is our fortress for safeguarding our identity and cultural authenticity. It serves as the vessel of the Islamic nation's civilizational identity.
• From a Quranic perspective, civilizational identity is not merely a geographical or linguistic affiliation; rather, it is a comprehensive concept that encompasses faith, values, and shared history that unite the Islamic nation.
• One of the key ways to overcome dependency and strengthen the role of Arabic in shaping identity is to support the creation of digital content in the Arabic language on the internet.
Recommendations
• Establishing unified linguistic projects and collaborative initiatives among Arab countries to consolidate efforts in developing the Arabic language and strengthening its status.
• Developing strategies to enhance the status of the Arabic language, including:
o Improving educational curricula to encourage Arabic language learning.
o Supporting scientific research in Arabic.
o Promoting the use of Arabic in media and public culture.

The suffering of the Lord is one of the tests in this world to eliminate the hope of truth from lying, and the people of faith from hypocrisy, and the patient know that their punishment is the pleasure of Allah and success in the hereafter, so it may come in the form of wrath from Allah Almighty, such as the people of the Sabbath, the cheeks, and Pharaoh...etc. In the story of the Prophet Joseph, peace be upon him, Egypt's great status came after patience and patience, wisdom and the will of Allah, as the prophets are the best of people and the most honored by Allah, and yet they are the most afflicted. As our Messenger Muhammad (PBUH) said, the worst of people are their best, then their best are their best.
My opinion during our discussion is that God Almighty bestowed upon our master and prophet Yunus, peace be upon him, the status of religion, the strength of faith, and the truth of the truth. According to the necessity of that, the focus is on what follows from the Sunnah of invalidation, and the sum of its effects and purposes in its religious goals, which are purifying the soul and cleansing it from sins, and building a firm belief to return to it with duties and obligations, lacking rights and duties, and lacking patience in the face of calamity.

Sufism is considered one of the most important fields of religious knowledge, especially in Islamic thought. It focuses on spiritual and emotional aspects, while also emphasizing the practical, educational, and ethical dimensions of human life. For this reason, Sufism is often referred to as the science of hearts, the science of conduct, and the medicine of souls. Certainly, these characteristics do not make Sufism a substitute for other religious sciences, such as jurisprudence, Sharia, and theology. Rather, it complements them by embodying the noble meanings called for by the pure Islamic religion, such as brotherhood, love, piety, forgiveness, sincerity, and striving for goodness. These values are instilled in the hearts of the faithful and nurtured over time, eventually becoming an integral part of their existential and psychological makeup.
Sufism seeks to elevate the human being from lower levels of existence to higher ranks, transcending many of their negative qualities, desires, and tendencies. It aims to bring the individual as close as possible, or at least resembling, the perfect form of servitude, achieving the station of servitude in the presence of absolute monotheism. It is worth noting that the term “Sufism” is shared by most world religions, whether monotheistic or non-monotheistic. A common factor among all these forms of Sufism is the firm belief in perfection.