Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities

In this research, we shed light on the argumentative contexts in the poetic texts of Abdul Rahim Al-Abbasi. After reading his poetry, we found that studies had not shed light on it. Therefore, we decided to study it argumentatively, based on an analytical perspective, shedding light on the argumentative structures the poet employed in his poetry to construct these argumentative images and contexts.
Our research is divided into three sections: the first is titled "Introduction to the Poet," the second is titled "The Concept of Argumentation," and we discuss the concept of argumentation in general. The third section is titled "Argumentative Texts in Al-Abbasi's Poetry: An Analytical Perspective," and we discuss the argumentative texts in his poetry from an analytical perspective. The conclusion includes the research findings, a list of footnotes, and a list of sources and references.

This study explores the concept of attribution in the Arabic language, focusing on the various methods used to form attributions. These methods are diverse and include forming attribution through deletion, reversal, and the restoration of omitted elements, among others. The study highlights areas of disagreement among grammarians, as understanding these differences can lead to a clearer approach for forming attributions. The researcher has chosen to focus specifically on attributing words in the "fa'il" form (both with an "a" and "u" sound in the first syllable), the "fa'ila" form (also with "a" and "u" variations), and words ending with the feminine "t" suffix. Additionally, the study addresses cases where the "-i" attribution suffix is omitted.
The researcher concluded that the rules for forming attributions generally favor the simplest and most commonly used patterns.

Each human has multiple tongues ; Each tongue is therefore able according to its rules to draw the artistic painting seeking beauty with a brush of letters, words and sentences with all the imaginations, ideas, and surprising abilities of these expressive tools to become a poet, it is the braid of form and content of the unison of creative style compounds that send glow in any written creation that moves the feelings of its writer from invisibility to creative clarity, it is the sound of the words of the creator on paper, which implements the soul feelings and imaginations to the outside, hence; poetry is a fluid material that takes the shape of its vessel , and (humans / tongues) with high expressive abilities in all their diversity and colors are the vessels that embrace this free material and give it its Arabic or foriegn form, and therefore the poetry a priori is not specific to a tongue excluding another , and every linguistic creativity draws literary superiority and agrees with our rules of poetry, although its language differs and dialects vary.

The current research aims to accurately determine the effectiveness of the modification and correction strategies and deeper digging in developing reading comprehension and creative expression among fifth-grade middle school students.
The current research community consists of fifth-grade middle school students in Baghdad Governorate, Third Rusafa Education Directorate, for the 2023-2024 academic year. Therefore, the researcher identified a research sample of (87) students, who were randomly selected by lottery into three groups. The number of students in the first experimental group, Section (A), was (29) students, who studied using the modification and correction strategy. The number of students in the second experimental group, Section (D), was (30) students, who studied using the deeper digging strategy. The number of students in the control group, Section (C), was (28). The results showed a clear difference in the superiority of the two experimental groups over the control group. The researcher reached a number of conclusions and presented a set of recommendations and proposals related to the current research.

Studies of Sufi prose are still scarce, compared to studies of poetry and prose in general. The intellectual, spiritual, cognitive, and literary components of the Sufi text, in addition to its symbolic mysteries, make it a text with limitless interpretive dimensions. The research dealt with the language of quotation as a literary term used by Sufis in their prose. It dealt with the arguments of the Qur’anic verses and the Prophet’s hadiths, an analytical rhetorical study, and concluded that Sufi prose relied heavily on quoting from the Qur’an and the hadiths, and that each writer had a special culture and linguistic school that he adopted and employed in guidance, preaching, and clarifying the topics of the Sufi experience. Their texts came in a single linguistic form and multiple meanings. The means of reasoning and persuasion in Sufi prose were numerous, and the arguments varied according to the recipient’s status and conditions, each according to his culture and intellectual and religious assumptions. All of this resulted in a diverse employment of persuasive arguments in the Sufi text. The aims sought by the Sufi prose writer were manifested in his wise or exhortatory text, and it had a set of purposes represented by argumentation, education, and morality. The interest of the Sufi prose writer differed in the type of argument that he employed in his prose text. Among the arguments that he paid great attention to was the argument of witness represented by religious witness (Qur’anic verses and the Noble Hadith).

Places are divided in terms of familiarity and hostility into two sections, which are the main types of places, namely: the familiar, which is the place whose presence is established in you, and it is the place where the person feels familiar, and these are the places that are desirable and have positive energy, are quiet and aside, and it is also the space in which the person lives in a localized manner, so it is suitable for the personality. The home is one of the most familiar places par excellence because it is the shelter of the person in which he keeps his memories and includes the most private details of his life. As for the hostile, it is the place that is not suitable for the personality and its atmosphere is uncomfortable, unlike the familiar place. The hostile place is the place of hatred and conflict, so the place has negative energy that repels the personality from it, and its polarities are also negative.

I chose the title of my research (Rhythm in the Poetry of the Poet Sheikh Jaber Al-Kazemi d. (1312 AH)). The poet composed poetry from an early age and chanted it as a young boy, which gave him great importance in his time. He was a glorious poet and writer, and his talents and talents were the first and last reason for the admiration he received in his time. I adopted the descriptive and analytical approach To study this phenomenon. The research study focused on the components of the rhythmic structure in Jaber Al-Kazemi’s poems, such as meter, rhyme, repetition, alliteration, nouns, and anaphora. This poet was not studied by researchers, which prompted me to choose him and then study and analyze him from the poetry collections that researchers examined.

There have been many studies on Umayyad poetry, its history, method, language, and image. These studies varied between being general, dealing with a dominant phenomenon, or studying specific to individual poets.
There is hardly a single study that has dealt with this poetry according to interdisciplinary studies, and this study is likely to be one of the very few, if not rare, studies in the study of Umayyad poetry according to the exchange of roles between the sciences.
This intervention deals with the study of image according to its interaction with one of the sciences, which is economics.
The intervention will be conducted according to the descriptive and analytical approach based on selected poetic models from the collections of Umayyad poets according to multiple axes.

Modern scholars have been keen to study aspects of the language in detail, as they have not left any aspect of it without having a long hand in it, whether sound, morphology, syntax, semantics, etc., deriving their material from what they received from ancient Arabic scholars. They began by writing general books, then moved on to delve into the study of various phenomena and writing about them. Among these linguistic phenomena that have received the attention of modern scholars is the convergence between grammatical theory and theology on the one hand, and pragmatic theory on the other hand, as many books and letters have been written about it
The Epistemological and Pragmatic Foundations of Grammatical Theory according to Sibawayh, by its author "Idris Maqbool", who relied on libraries of contemporary epistemological research in the, and the scientific and practical practice and review of that can be renewed, and the research recommends.

The method of calling is one of the methods used in the words of the Arabs often, as it is used in their speeches for the speaker's appetite for the speaker, and this method consists of basic units represented in the speaker, who calls for tools that indicate the call and address An adult in grammatical composition, and this care and attention lies because it constitutes a social media between people, and because communication is only done according to specific tools for communication and call; He spoke as he tries to communicate the linguistic message through a grammatical installation that he wants to draw the attention of the addressee. This research is based on the impact of the appeal method in directing the significance of the composition of the Serafi (d. 368 AH) in its explanation of the Sibawayh book, because the method of the call is one of the construction methods that represents a social media between members of society and to know the impact of the context in directing this method as well as knowing the serial thought And his vision of the impact of the context in directing the significance of grammatical composition.

The narrative text represents the message and discourse produced by the author under specific cultural, political, intellectual, and social conditions. The reader will receive it under cultural, political, intellectual, and social conditions that are concomitant with, or subsequent to, the conditions of the text and the author.
Meaning is formed in a narrative text before, during, and after writing.
Meaning has multiple forms, but meaning is not uncontrolled; context is its semantic regulator.
Those who think that the narrative or the narrated accomplishes a single meaning are mistaken, as are those who think that meaning is only accomplished after the narrative is complete, or that the narrative restricts meaning to the time of its production only.
Meaning in a narrative is formed before the narrative, within it, and after the narrative is completed. Meaning, in its primary form, is formed before narration. The story is bound by the narration, and the meaning is still embedded in the fabric of perceptions and beliefs. The narrator's perspective and focus on the narrative constitute the primary meaning of the narrative.
The second formation of meaning is what we can term, in principle, the immanent meaning of the narrative. This is a meaning that takes shape at the beginning of the narrative and throughout its progression, cumulatively. It is what builds automatically with the progression of the narrative structure, from the beginning of the narrative until its end.
The third formation of meaning is the meaning carried within the narrative, i.e., the implicit meaning in whose construction cultural systems have played a role.
The fourth formation of meaning is the meaning interpreted by the narrative. This meaning is largely subject to the recipient's ability to detect textual and cultural shifts, and their ability to deconstruct the text and read it differently. Through this paper, we attempt to investigate the formations of meaning in the modern narrative text through application to the story “A Look” by Youssef Idris.

Algerian heritage abounds with numerous folk arts, both oral and written. The proverb is among the most ancient of these arts, conveying a picture of Algerian society, with its customs, traditions, experiences, and expertise. The proverb was not only a chronicler of societal life, but it was and remains a linguistic corpus rich in linguistic phenomena, artistic subtleties, and expressive styles rich in rhetorical meanings, making it a destination for scholars who devote themselves to studying and analyzing it. Based on the above, this study, entitled "The Aesthetics of Algerian Popular Proverbs - The Book of Proverbs of Algeria and Morocco by Ibn Abi Shanab (d. 1920), as a Model," reveals the aesthetic potential of Algerian popular proverbs through the most famous books compiling these proverbs. This study, considered a vast corpus that has collected Algerian proverbs in their various linguistic variations, was taken from different regions (Algiers, Medea, Constantine, the High Plateaus and the South, and Oran). It explores this problematic question: What is the secret of the aesthetic quality of popular proverbs that has made them so popular? What are the most important rhetorical, rhetorical, and stylistic witticisms that abound in them? To answer this question, we will adopt the descriptive approach appropriate for such a study, which highlights the beauty of proverbs and the richness and antiquity of Algerian heritage, which is no less important than the richness and antiquity of classical Arabic literature. Keywords: aesthetics, proverb, popular, Dzairi, book of proverbs of Algeria and Morocco, by Ibn Abi Shanab.

While the subject of the Other has remained prominent in satire, evident throughout the ages, human literary life, and life in general, is not without its shortcomings and flaws. Therefore, this type of poetry attempts to criticize, clarify, and expose these flaws on a personal or familial level, or at the societal and state levels. The poet's weapon in this regard is his tongue and his sharp language, expressing his dissatisfaction with the poor conditions or expressing the psychological crises they experienced in their lives. We find that social, economic, and cultural developments in society have clearly cast their shadows on the subject of satire.

Since ancient times, writers and poets have focused on depicting the images of heroes, placing them in magnificent artistic forms of poetry and prose, immortalizing their values of heroism, noble and great actions, and preserving those military and moral lessons for future generations. Muslims are among the nations that immortalized the images of their heroes through poetry and prose.
Imam Ali (PBUH) is one of the strongest and bravest heroes in Islamic history, and one of the few whose image was immortalized by history during the dawn of Islam, where the first Islamic battles and historical events took place.
Poet Mustafa Jamal al-Din has painted a great image of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (PBUH) in his poem "On the Banks of Ghadir," using eighty verses, depicting him as a reference, as the ultimate model of military and heroic valor—an undefeated knight in any battle, and as a role model left behind by the Messenger of God (PBUH).
This research aims to study the image of Imam Ali (PBUH) in the poem "On the Banks of Ghadir" by poet Mustafa Jamal al-Din, using a descriptive-analytical approach to reach the desired conclusions from this study.
At the end of the research, I have provided a set of conclusions.

The development of technology has brought about many changes in common educational concepts, impacting administrative systems, curriculum development, and training programs. Indeed, there have been calls to review current school models, as well as those that demand their necessity. This is due to the presence of rapid information media, satellite communication systems, virtual classrooms and laboratories, and other new technological concepts.
Therefore, educational technology is a new science, and it is not limited to the use and maintenance of educational devices. Rather, it is influenced by the theoretical changes facing the field and its applications. Therefore, the field of educational technology and modern teaching methods has evolved, and changes in the definition of the field have been traced since the 1920s, in parallel with the development of related theories. Thus far, it has been observed how the field has been influenced by the theoretical shift from the behavioral to the psychological school in psychology, and from the cognitive to the structural school.
This research has addressed the latest areas of education and the impact of technology on them, specifically modern teaching methods.

This refers to the desire to understand and interpret the text, and in this the element of intertextuality takes a fundamental position in the study, so it is considered an essential feature for achieving textuality, in addition to the previous features of consistency, harmony, and context, and one of the ways that reveals the connection of the text with other previous texts and keeping pace with it.
Intertextuality in Hijazi's poetry takes on a number of forms and mechanisms that appear at the level of form and at the level of content, demonstrated by the types of internal and external intertextuality, and the laws upon which it is based, such as rumination, absorption, and dialogue, and the types that constitute it; External, temporary and internal,

The study was conducted to determine the impact of activities, including industrial activity, represented by the Taji, Al-Rashid, and Doura power stations, agricultural activity of agricultural lands overlooking the Tigris River in Taji and Doura, and service activity, represented by the Bouaitha sewage station, on some properties of the river water. The research included an analysis of 10 standards, pH, turbidity, and electrical conductivity E.C. Chlorides CL, carbonates Co3, phosphorus Po4, hydrogen sulfide H2S, The biological oxygen requirement (BOD), the chemical oxygen requirement (COD), and radioactive materials. The results of the study showed that the pH took the basic side in industrial and service activities, while it took the acidic side in agricultural activity. The results of turbidity are outside the environmental determinants for both industrial and service activities But they are among the determinants of agricultural activity, while electrical conductivity was among the environmental determinants, and the percentages of carbonates and hydrogen sulfide recorded values exceeding the permissible limit in service activity, while chlorides, phosphorus, the biological and chemical requirement for oxygen, and materials with radioactivity were exceeding the permissible limit within the Iraqi and international standards

The study aimed to investigate the effect of teaching using a constructivist learning model on the achievement of tenth-grade students in the subject of geography. Two research questions emerged: (1) Are there statistically significant differences at the significance level (α = 0.05) in geography achievement among tenth-grade students attributed to the teaching method (constructivist learning model vs. traditional method)? (2) Are there statistically significant differences at the significance level (α = 0.05) in geography achievement attributed to gender (male/female)? The study was conducted on a sample of 96 students, divided equally into two groups: an experimental group (48 students: 24 males and 24 females) taught using the constructivist learning model, and a control group (48 students: 25 males and 23 females) taught using the traditional method. The researchers used the quasi-experimental method. The research tool was a post-achievement test consisting of 30 multiple-choice questions, with verified validity, reliability, and psychometric properties. Statistical analysis using SPSS showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the constructivist learning model. However, no statistically significant differences were found related to gender. Based on these results, a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions were presented

Reconstruction strategies in post-conflict cities rely on the concept of urban resilience, which goes beyond recovery to include anticipating, adapting to, and minimizing the impact of crises. This resilience strengthens social cohesion and urban stability, necessitating the updating of laws and regulations to keep pace with rapid changes. The study examined reconstruction alternatives in the city of Ramadi using the Delphi method. It concluded that the best option for Al-Bakr neighborhood was "resettlement," which scored 590 points, while for the June 1st neighborhood, the most suitable alternative was "establishing promenades and recreational areas," receiving a score of 500.

The aim of the research is to determine the type of surface and upper pressure system responsible for recording the cool, humid climate in which temperatures range from 17.4°C and below and relative humidity ranges from 61% to 100%. The research found that high frequency of cold, humid weather for the Mosul station was recorded during the observation at 06:00 GMT locally at nine in the morning and the lowest frequency during the observation was 12:00 locally at three in the evening, as for the Basra station, the highest frequency was recorded during the observation at 03:00 locally at six in the morning and the lowest frequency was recorded At 12:00 locally, 3:00 p.m., the highest frequency of the cold, humid climate of the Mosul station was recorded in January, and the lowest frequency was recorded in May. As for the Basra station, the highest frequency was recorded in January as well, and the lowest frequency recorded was in the month of March, as it accompanies the cold climate. Wet climatic phenomena such as rain, fog, mist, suspended and rising dust and thunderstorms. By analyzing the weather maps to determine the pressure system responsible for the cold, humid climate, we find that the sub-polar depression and the European high, and the accompanying grooves and dents at the level of 500 millibars, are responsible for the type of cold, humid climate.

This research aims to study the road network in Tuz Khurmatu District for the year 2024 using modern transport geography technologies. This is achieved by utilizing connectivity indicators to determine the degree of transport network connectivity and assess its efficiency. The study relies on nodes and links analysis using various indicators such as the number of links, the Beta index, the Eta index, and the Gamma index, in addition to the road density index.The research is based on both quantitative and analytical approaches. The road network evaluation was conducted using statistical equations and methods. Among the key findings, the total road network length in Tuz Khurmatu District was found to be 161.27 km, classified into three categories: primary roads (40.7 km), secondary roads (49 km), and tertiary roads (71.57 km). Regarding the connectivity degree of the road network in Tuz Khurmatu, the findings indicated: Beta Index: 0.95, signifying a strong connectivity level.Gamma Index: 0.35, indicating moderate connectivity.As for road density, the results showed: Area-based road density: 104.58 km²/km². Population-based road density: 9.44 km/km per capita.

theorizing is one of the topics that were discussed and the opinions and points of view of geographers differed in adopting theorizing in their research according to the different nature of their orientations. In order to master the research topic, it is necessary to realize and understand the philosophy and content of theorizing on the one hand and clarify the extent of its impact on the course of geographical research on the other hand. Given the various problems that faced human during the stages of his life, in addition to the increasing interest in the scientific method, especially since most geographers had tendencies to narrow the scientific gap between geography and other sciences and other reasons, this necessitated the possibility of having a scientific and logical basis on which geography is based to solve these problems. With the emergence of modern geography supported by the two German scientists (Karl Ritter and Alexander von Humboldt) Geography has become a science that has rules and research methods on which it is based, The general trend in geography changed as geography transferred from the field of knowledge to the field of science. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, there was a great development in the field of geography, and modern efforts and trends appeared that encourage geographical theorizing, especially after the emergence of modern geographical schools and the change in the course and essence of scientific research that conformed to the philosophy of contemporary geographical thought. Theorizing is one of the topics that were raised around it and the opinions and viewpoints of geographers differed according to the different nature of their paradoxes. The research aims to realize and understand the philosophy and content of theorizing in enriching functional thought on the one hand and clarify the extent of its impact in changing the course and essence of scientific research that obeyed the philosophy of contemporary economic thought, and to know the opinion of the two races in using theorizing in their research on the other hand, and in view of the interest in the scientific method, most of them were to narrow the differences, there are scientific and logical foundations on which geographical science is based.

The results identified three hydro chemical facies based on the dominant elements: the first facies (Mg²⁺ - SO₄²⁻) included ten wells, representing 53%; the second facies (Ca²⁺ - SO₄²⁻) accounted for 37%; and the third facies (Ca²⁺ - Cl⁻) made up 10%. The analysis showed that 37% of the samples were influenced by a combination of evaporation, rock dissolution, and precipitation, while the rest were primarily governed by evaporation. Non-carbonate sediments exceeded 50%, and the samples fell within the (2–B) range, indicating low contamination levels, with continuous ion exchange through chemical interactions with soil and rocks. None of the well waters were suitable for drinking, while only 32% were permissible for irrigation. All wells were suitable for livestock consumption according to FAO standards, except for Well W2, and 53% of the well waters were acceptable for construction purposes.

The research aims to analyze the spatial and population concentration of the city of Al-Gharraf for the years (1997) and 2024, in order to reveal the population centers and their different patterns, and to clarify the relationship between the number of residents and the area in which they are located, in order to create an advanced urban environment The research relied on several approaches, including (the descriptive, inductive, historical approach and the use of quantitative analysis, in addition to employing the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology in the cartographic representation of the spatial distribution patterns of the phenomenon. The research reached a number of results, including the lack of compatibility of planning standards with indicators of residential areas in the city of Al-Gharraf, in light of the spatial, population, density and housing character, especially since the residential areas in the city of Al-Gharraf were subjected to successive administrative changes and urban transformations over the census years from (1997) to estimates for the year (2024) compared to its population, area, administrative units and rates of change. The city was liberated from its traditional spatial framework and transformed from centralization to decentralization after the improvement of social and economic conditions and the distribution of service centers within the city’s inhabited area, which resulted in the emergence of this movement in the spatial focal points and the population center of gravity. Therefore, the research decided to find a division of the city of Al-Gharraf that is compatible with the set of determinants, population size and actual area by adopting the neighborhood Residential as a unit of measurement for the proposed administrative divisions in the city.

Studying the impact of geomorphological processes on the land road network is one of the important studies in the field of applied geomorphology, as this research addressed one of the main problems in Muthanna Governorate, which is the impact of geomorphological processes on transportation roads, represented by weathering processes (physical, chemical, and biological) and erosion processes (water and wind) , from which the road network suffers to a very large extent. Especially since most of the lands of Al-Muthanna Governorate are located within the desert plateau, as geomorphological processes of various kinds play a prominent role in influencing the land road network in the governorate, which leads to the continuous deterioration of these roads and the rise in their maintenance costs. The study reached results, including that not taking geomorphological aspects into account in building transportation roads had a major impact on the poor quality of most transportation roads. The variation in climate seasons has a very influential role on the road networkThe study recommended taking into account the geomorphological and geological aspects and components in constructing land roads, including (the nature and type of rocks and soil, groundwater movement, encroachment of sand dunes, wind erosion, and dust storms). Adopting modern engineering methods and building materials resistant to environmental factors in building and extending transportation roads in the governorate.

The research deals with the classification of land forms in Kirkuk governorate into geomorphological units according to their origin, in preparation for their evaluation, and thus determining the optimal use that matches the characteristics of the shape of the earth’s surface and its natural environment for its full investment, taking into account the sustainability of this use, by providing an initial database that helps workers in this field.
Through this study distinguishes three types of geomorphological units in the study area included those secondary divisions of units. First, unit of Structural-Denudation Origin included (1. Hogback & Cuesta), secondly Unit of Denudation Origin included (1. Bad land, 2. Glaci), Third, Unit of Depositional Origin included (1. River Terraces, 2. Flood plains, 3. Depression Deposit)

Artificial intelligence is one of the most advanced innovations that have changed the trends of members of society and countries in the path of technology and economy in the past years, and is still ongoing until now, with its positive and negative effects. He entered all fields: health, education, security, media, industrial, commercial and life. It changed the direction of government institutions towards digital transformation and then smart transformation, and changed the directions of institutions in selecting and qualifying employees. With the tremendous advancement of artificial intelligence technologies, we have powerful tools that can make a paradigm shift in how education is delivered and received and towards a brighter and more sustainable society. We can achieve customized education that suits the needs of each student and is able to provide innovative educational content that meets the requirements of the modern era. With all this huge potential of artificial intelligence, there are a number of challenges and risks, so it is necessary to deal with issues with privacy, security and data security in order to be able to use this technology effectively.

Temperatures plays especially the daily and seasonal ones, play an important role in changing the spatial pattern of the aquatic ecosystems of dams, and large dams contribute to changing their water temperatures by releasing cold or warm non-seasonal water, which leads to reducing the daily fluctuations of temperatures, and it is known The scales that can measure water temperatures are few and rare, and remote sensing data has provided a new approach to monitoring thermal pollution downstream of rivers or dams.
This study used a modern geographic information system program (Arc GIS.v.10.8) based on Landsat satellite visual data (Land Sat.8.ETM+) and for several observations, where the thermal pollution caused by the Mosul and Haditha dams and its environmental effects was monitored and evaluated. On water, biological diversity and plant life, reducing the dissolved oxygen content in water and conducting chemical reactions, after these pollutants were detected in converting the digital values of satellite images into spectral radioactive values by the thermal sensors within the thermal range (11) of the moon Industrial Landsat (8).

Addressing this vital topic is part of the efforts to reduce consumption firstly and the damage that may be inflicted on the inhabitants themselves secondly, as water represents life and is basically centered in the lives of people in all its joints.
The problem of the research lies in the fact that the people of Iraq, including the residents of the capital, are not used to the culture of rationalizing the consumption of water after the flow of water from the neighboring countries to the country is going normally without delay, and there is no clear problem regarding water.
According to the results of the midday field survey, the amount of water produced in the year 2024 in the city of Baghdad will reach 3 million and 250 thousand cubic meters per day, while the average per capita consumption of household water ranges between (180-285) liters/day in the research area, but the average consumption per residential unit ranges between (1940-2020) liters/day, and the per capita share of safe drinking water is 364 liters/day. It is completely equal to the Iraqi individual's share of clean water, which is 360 liters/day.

This study aims to investigate the characteristics of gully erosion in the Wadi Al-Dhulmi basin, located west of Karbala. The study analyzes the natural factors contributing to gully formation, including geological formations with varying resistance to erosion and slope gradients affecting water flow velocity. Additionally, the impact of rainfall on gully erosion severity is examined. The Bergsma 1982 equation is applied to determine the degrees of gully erosion. The results reveal four levels of gully erosion in the study area: non-erosion, mild, moderate, and high erosion

The service industry represents the backbone of growth and development across various economic sectors. As regional transportation is a key component of this industry—closely linked to individuals' daily mobility—population density increases and evolving social needs have led to a greater diversity in transportation demands. These demands vary according to residential development needs, spatial suitability, the mode of transport used, spatial distribution, and capacity. Their development and planning must therefore align with the needs of both individuals and society.This research aims to identify the theoretical foundations of queuing theory and apply them practically to the transport garages in Diyala Governorate, evaluating their capacity to accommodate the growing number of vehicles to provide services and optimize space utilization. The study concludes that the geographical location of Diyala Governorate plays a significant role in shaping the patterns and types of road transportation systems, represented by main roads with a total length of 460.7 km within the research area, out of a total area of 17,682 km²—constituting approximately 4.06% of Iraq’s total area. The anticipated development of these garages depends on technical and service-related improvements, the provision of transportation facilities, and the enhancement of activities related to the movement of passengers and goods. These conclusions are supported by statistical confidence of up to 95%, based on calculations of daily and annual trips for both passengers and vehicles.

This research is concerned with studying the relationship between climate and tourism in Maysan Governorate, in terms of the impact of climate elements represented by temperature, humidity, wind and rain as factors of tourist attraction and the climatic tourism components of the study area and the temporal variations of the extent of climatic comfort in order to identify the most comfortable times, whether on the monthly or seasonal level. Climate and tourism currently constitute a basic element of the economy The research dealt with the study of the effective temperature index (ET). It became clear from the research that the study area is suitable for tourism during the spring, specifically the month of March. It is felt or sensed by humans and results from the interaction of the effects of various atmospheric elements, the most important of which are (temperature, air humidity, and wind speed) The research dealt with the general effective temperature index, which was applied based on the average temperature and relative humidity to extract the effective temperature in the study area. The research also dealt with the temperature-humidity index index, as it is considered one of the basic measures used to measure human comfort. When the result of this index reaches (29), the discomfort is very great.

Educational services, including primary education, are one of the main pillars of the educational system in Iraq, because of their great importance in human life and the development of urban communities. As education is considered one of the basic elements that contribute to the prosperity and development of the country in various aspects of life, it represents a basic need for the individual’s rights to read and write, in addition to being a tool for discovering and developing the mental and intellectual abilities of many students.
The research focused on analyzing the spatial distribution of private primary educational services in the first Karkh neighborhoods, as it dealt with the distribution of private primary schools and students enrolled in private primary schools, as well as the spatial distribution of teaching staff and classrooms, while evaluating the efficiency of these services in accordance with the planning standards approved in Iraq.
In conclusion, the research reached a set of important recommendations, the most prominent of which is the necessity of redistributing private primary education institutions in residential neighborhoods in a manner commensurate with the size of the population and age groups therein, in accordance with approved planning standards. He also stressed the importance of the Ministry of Education’s support for these schools in order to reduce tuition costs, which contributes to reducing pressure on government schools and improving the efficiency of the educational process in general.

Population growth and urban expansion in Al Ghadeer Municipality pose a major challenge to its infrastructure and public services. Rapid population growth has exacerbated many problems, with demand for public services increasing at a rate that exceeds the capacity of current facilities. The education sector suffers from a severe shortage in the number of schools, which has led to the adoption of a double and triple shift system in some areas, which negatively affects the quality of education and the level of student absorption. Also, health facilities and hospitals face great pressure due to the lack of health buildings, medical personnel, and equipment, in addition to the insufficient number of health facilities to keep pace with the rapid population growth, which places a great burden on the health system. If this urban growth continues without adopting well-thought-out strategic plans, service challenges are expected to worsen, which will negatively affect the quality of life of residents and hinder the achievement of sustainable development in the region. Therefore, it has become necessary to implement effective urban planning and increase investments in infrastructure, with a focus on developing the educational, health, entertainment and other sectors to meet the growing needs of the population and ensure a sustainable future.

Green areas are the lungs of the city and a very important element for any city for the purpose of achieving the element of comfort, relaxation, recreation and reducing air pollution. They are the only area for providing entertainment and recreation in the urban environment. Green areas have recreational, touristic, environmental, climatic and social functions and occupy an important spatial space within the basic plan of cities.
There is a close relationship between vegetation cover and the purity of the urban environment. The more the area of this cover increases, the purer the urban environment becomes and thus free of pollution and the related organic and psychological diseases for city dwellers. Rather, the importance of this cover increased after the number of city dwellers increased and what it led to in terms of pressure on public services in the city and the negative repercussions that resulted from it, which led to the disturbance of life in it, especially the increase in the ownership of vehicles by families, which are considered one of the greatest sources of pollution in cities.
Baghdad and Annaba cities suffer from poor distribution of green spaces and open spaces, as they do not match the increase in population or the standard of living that has provided the opportunity for large numbers of residents to own vehicles that facilitate the process of transportation and encourage enjoyment, especially with the presence of some areas characterized by high population density. Also, the increasing and unplanned urban expansion has caused damage to the green spaces in the city and has lost its aesthetic element and caused an imbalance in the local environmental balance of Baghdad, which has affected its local climate. As for Annaba, it is one of the Algerian cities that suffers from a significant shortage in the size of green spaces across its urban fabric compared to the number of residents, so that the urban landscape of the city has become characterized by the dominance of cement blocks and a clear delay in the completion of green spaces in areas of modern urban expansion. Also, the existing green spaces are exposed to neglect and deterioration and no longer perform their assigned role.