Economic Sciences

The world is witnessing an increasing debate about the possibility of exchanging roles between the Chinese yuan and the US dollar as a global reserve currency، as the study of the exchange of roles between the Chinese yuan and the US dollar is one of the important economic studies in our current time. For decades، the dollar has dominated the global financial system، as the research aims to analyze the Chinese economic relationship. Through it، we were able to learn about the features of trade between them and its repercussions، and to know the most important developments in the Chinese-American trade relationship and its economic repercussions on the two countries.
In order to reach the goal of the research، it dealt with the (descriptive and analytical) method، the descriptive method of narrating historical events and knowing the Chinese-American trade relationship، and the analytical method through the data and data available about both countries.
The research showed that if China wants to increase the proportion of dealing in the Chinese yuan in settling international payments، it will make great efforts in all areas، whether these areas concern international trade or areas related to direct and indirect foreign investment، and continue to maintain the high growth rates that were achieved during the twenty years. Last year، which prevents a currency war between the United States and China because of its negative effects on developing countries

The research aims to study tourism development and its impacts in Dhi Qar Governorate. A random sample of 200 households was selected, and we relied on a survey methodology that combines quantitative data from questionnaires and secondary data from national and international reports. The most significant results indicate:
There is a significant impact of tourism development on the dimensions of development in Dhi Qar Governorate.
The researcher recommends enhancing tourism development in the governorate due to its substantial role in comprehensive and sustainable development.

This study aims to understand the factors that contribute to people's happiness or life satisfaction in 14 countries of Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) from 2013 to 2022. The study considers the effects of various socioeconomic factors, such as human development index, inflation rate, unemployment rate, fragile state index, gender inequality index, and GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity, on the level of happiness. We used Panel Dynamics Ordinary Least Squares (PDOLS) for empirical analysis to examine the long run relationship between the socioeconomic factors and happiness index. The results show that human development index, unemployment rate, and GDP per capita income, positively impact happiness, while inflation rate, fragile state index, and gender inequality index has a negative impact. In addition, the (DOLS) method was used to estimate the long-term relationship of the happiness model for each of the countries selected in the study. It seems that the effects of the happiness model differ radically from one country to another, as there are no country model results that match the panel model results, so there is no country whose results lead the entire group, and there is a clear variation in the results of the models of all countries, as there are no countries whose results are completely identical. However, it can be said that there is some similarity in the results of the countries (Iran, Jordan, Egypt, Kuwait, Tunisia, Mauritania), and there is some relative similarity between the results of (Iraq and Turkey), (Saudia and Emirates) and (Lebanon and Bahrain). These findings suggest that the policymakers in MENA countries region should focus on creating a more holistic approach to improving the well-being and happiness of its citizens.

The study aimed to identify the role of organizational agility in crisis management in investment institutions in the water sector from the administrative leaders view point. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach. To collect field data, a questionnaire was used as a tool. The study population was represented by the administrative leaders in the investment institutions in the water sector. Since the size of population (243), the comprehensive census method was adopted. After analyzing the study data and testing its hypotheses, the study reached several results, the most prominent of which was the existence of a high degree of agreement in the study sample on the availability of organizational agility in its three dimensions. The study also showed that crisis management is practiced to a great extent in the investment institutions in the water sector. The study also concluded that organizational agility plays a role in crisis management in the investment institutions in the water sector. The study presented a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to update laws, decisions, regulations, and work mechanisms to match the surrounding changes.

The study aims to demonstrate the impact of unexpected standard returns on the company's value in light of financial solvency. The unexpected standard returns index was adopted and the closing price of the stock was adopted as a proxy for the company's value, in addition to adopting a set of ratios for financial indicators of financial solvency (short and long term). In order to achieve this, the study adopted a set of hypotheses, the most prominent of which can be summarized as follows:(Unexpected standard returns affect the company's value in light of financial solvency). The study targeted 10 banks for the period (2012-2022), representing 22.7% of the study population.A number of appropriate financial and statistical methods and tools were used, as the (EXCEL2010) program was used in the financial analysis, and the (SPSS-v) program was used in the statistical analysis, in addition to the Granger causality test.The study reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which are (the statistical results of the path analysis showed the existence of a direct impact relationship between unexpected standard returns and the company's value and the existence of an impact relationship The indirect relationship between standard returns and company value through financial solvency (short and long term)),The study came out with a set of recommendations, including (the study recommends that financial analysts and management not be overly optimistic in their expectations of future returns and to be careful in publishing these expectations because of their effects on the investment decisions that are taken).

The purpose of this study is to determine whether accountants are creative or innovative when they alter accounting figures (manipulate accounting figures). Are these modified figures the truth after eliminating biases in the preparation of accounting figures, or are they a distortion of the reality these figures should represent? We concluded that both qualities are available in accountants creativity and innovation when manipulating accounting figures. However, determining which is creativity and which is innovation depends on the objective of the manipulation. If the objective of the manipulation is to maximize the firm's value in the long term and send positive signals to the market after eliminating noise from earnings resulting from accounting measurement errors, then accountants are creative. If the objective of the accounting manipulation is to achieve opportunistic benefits for managers to achieve personal gains rather than the firm's gains then accountants are innovative.
in the Iraqi economy, with the aim of achieving sustainable economic development.

The research aims to assess the impact of various significant factors on the sustainability of debt in Iraq from 2003 to 2019. It employs economic variables such as foreign cash reserves, budget surpluses and deficits, oil revenues, and GDP as independent variables, with total public debt serving as the dependent variable. Utilizing the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and the Eviews12 program, the study estimates multiple linear regression parameters. The findings indicate a significant relationship between the dependent variables and the sustainability of public debt in Iraq during the study period. The research recommends improving public revenues through diversifying sources, reducing reliance on oil as the primary revenue source by developing sectors such as agriculture, industry, and tourism. It also suggests tax system reform, including broadening the tax base, enhancing tax collection efficiency, and minimizing tax evasion. Additionally, the study advocates for restructuring public spending, converting indiscriminate subsidies into targeted support for the neediest groups, and increasing the efficiency of investment projects to ensure their implementation aligns with national priorities. Furthermore, promoting economic growth by encouraging domestic and foreign investment through a supportive legal environment and infrastructure is recommended

The study aims to identify and examine the reality of occupational health and safety at the General Company for Electricity Distribution in the South to diagnose the gap between actual performance and the requirements for implementing the occupational health and safety management system in accordance with the ISO 45001:2018.
The problem of the study centered on the presence of weakness in the practices and procedures adopted by the company in the field of occupational health and safety and their weakness in keeping up with modern requirements in this field.
The study relied on a case study approach, a checklist was designed as the primary tool to identify, diagnose, and assess the gap based on the main requirements of the ISO 45001:2018.
The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which was the lack of direction from the company's senior management to take appropriate measures, allocate the necessary resources, and set a specific timeframe for adopting and implementing ISO 45001:2018 in the foreseeable future. Likewise, the study presented recommendations, most notably a commitment by senior management of the company to work toward adopting and implementing ISO 45001:2018 across its operations by allocating a specific budget, forming a committee to oversee implementation phases, and setting a clear timeline for achieving it.

The Iraqi economy is considered a rentier economy that relies mainly on oil for its exports, the prices of which are determined in the global market based on the law of supply and demand. This exposes economic growth in Iraq to instability.
This research aims to measure the impact of fluctuations in global oil prices on economic growth in Iraq for the period 2003-2022 in order to explain and analyze the relationship between them. The research started from the main problem of how oil price fluctuations affect economic growth in Iraq. To answer this question, inductive and deductive methods were used. Using economic and statistical analysis, the results of the analysis indicated the existence of a positive, direct relationship between the dependent variable (Gross Domestic Product) and the independent variable (oil prices) during the research period, as the impact of oil price fluctuations is reflected in economic growth rates, and this reflects the dependency of the Iraqi economy on oil revenues. The research concluded with: A set of conclusions and recommendations.

The study aims to shed light on macroeconomic factors and their impact on trading volume in the Iraq Stock Exchange, and to analyze and measure the relationship between the research variables. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach in the theoretical aspect and a statistical approach in the applied aspect. The study relied on secondary data documented in books and reports issued by the Central Bank of Iraq. Data was collected from the Iraq Stock Exchange for the period (2005-2022). The researcher concluded that the exchange rate variable negatively affects trading volume, as the relationship is inverse. This is consistent with the logic of economic theory, which asserts that an increase in the exchange rate leads to a decrease in trading volume. However, this does not align with the reality of the Iraqi economy. Therefore, the researcher recommended the adoption of an exchange rate policy appropriate to the country's economic reality.

The aim of the research is to highlight the value of information technology in electronic management and its importance in the various decision-making process at the level of the institution, by clarifying the relationship between information technology and electronic management so that this relationship aims to produce information used to improve overall performance, and help institutions adapt to changing environmental conditions. Through the rationalization of the decision-making process, we seek through this research to present a socio-organizational conceptual vision, in order to reach an effective electronic management based on the conceptual implications of information technology and electronic management, with reference to the material and organizational aspect as basic tributaries to activate the information technology system, in addition to the human resource as a supporting element and the focus of the construction process, performing administrative functions effectively in light of information technology, in a way that contributes to improving and improving public service in institutions in line with the requirements of external environment changes. The research reached a number of results, the most important of which is characterized by information technology speed in achievement, effectiveness and high efficiency in performance, flexibility in adapting to the surrounding environment so the research tried to answer the question

The current research aims to identify the importance of the services Quality of insurance and the extent of their impact, in general, on the internal customer satisfaction, moreover, the National Insurance Company - Basrah Branch in particular. The research depended on the descriptive analytical approach to identify and address its variables represented by the services Quality of insurance (independent variable) and the internal customer satisfaction (the dependent variable), in addition to that, it has been relied on multiple and ready made standards in a way that suits the objectives of the research and the nature of the sample. For the purpose of achieving the objectives of the research, two main hypotheses were formulated on a sample of individuals working in the researched company, who numbered (95) employees of the origin of the community, which reached (115) employees. The researchers used the questionnaire form as a main tool to obtain the necessary data and information for the research. The researchers reached a number of conclusions, the most prominent of which was the confirmation of the existence of a relationship of association and influence between the services Quality of insurance and internal customer satisfaction in the company being studied.

This study aimed to understand the causal relationships between the variables representing economic globalization and Jordan's economic growth during the period (1980-2023). The goal was to analyze and assess the impact of globalization, represented by external debt and foreign direct investment (FDI), on stimulating economic growth using the Vector Autoregression (VAR) model. The study reached several key findings, most notably the existence of a reciprocal and significant relationship between external debt and economic growth, while FDI does not show a significant impact on either growth or external debt. Additionally, past periods of economic growth contribute to further growth and reduce debt, whereas FDI shows persistence in its self-impact, and external debt tends to remain at high levels, necessitating stronger fiscal policies to control debt.

The current research aims to identify the role of digital human resources management practices in achieving organizational creativity. More specifically, the research tests the correlations and influence between human resources management practices and their dimensions (digital employees, digital work, digital employee management) on organizational creativity. The importance of the research lies in knowing the importance of choosing and applying digital human resources management practices in the college under research and explaining its role in achieving organizational creativity. As a mechanism to achieve the objectives of this research, two main hypotheses were developed, using the descriptive analytical approach. Data were also collected through electronic survey lists on the Google form website, and distributed to a random sample consisting of (210) individuals from employees working in the College of Administration and Economics/University. Basra. The data was processed statistically using the statistical package SPSS V. 24 and Amos. The results of the research showed the existence of significant influence relationships for human resources management practices and organizational creativity at the aggregate level for the responding sample. There is a significant correlation between human resources management practices and organizational creativity at the overall level of the responding sample.

This research aims to analyze the challenges facing the implementation of Lean and Agile methodologies in engineering project management in the Iraqi context. It also aims to evaluate the effectiveness of tools and practices used to integrate the two methodologies (Lean-Agile Hybrid) to improve engineering project performance. The practical aspect of this research adopted a mixed methodology that combined quantitative and qualitative analysis, relying on field surveys, expert interviews, and analysis of government reports to diagnose the reality of adopting modern methodologies in Iraqi engineering projects. SPSS was used to compare performance indicators, along with in-depth qualitative analysis using thematic coding and process improvement tools such as value stream maps. The analysis focused on the challenges of the local environment and confirmed that the integration of Lean and Agile contributes to a significant improvement in performance. The research results showed that the Iraqi engineering project environment still relies heavily on traditional methodologies (75%), due to the entrenched corporate culture and weak organizational flexibility, especially in sectors such as construction and infrastructure. Projects that adopted Lean and Agile methodologies, particularly the hybrid model, demonstrated significant improvements in performance indicators, such as a 33% reduction in delivery time and a 50% decrease in rework rates, demonstrating the effectiveness of these methodologies in Iraqi work environments. The study recommended the design of specialized training programs in Lean and Agile methodologies, in partnership between universities and the private sector, to develop cadres capable of leading administrative transformation within Iraqi institutions. National guidelines should also be developed to clarify the mechanisms for integrating Lean and Agile in a manner appropriate to the Iraqi context, and to provide successful case studies to encourage other sectors to implement them

Improve fiscal policy, cash, and its own essential pillars for achieving the challenge, destined for volatility, and the limit specifance imposed by the cost and within its diverse tools to achieve the optimum weakness of the countries of the developed and developed world Both .
All of these politicians have been clarified during the first and second and second organizations, and in the third aspect of Iraq before and after 2003 .

Studies and research continued using gray systems models to predict various phenomena. In recent years, these models have been distinguished by the accuracy of their predictions, and the GM (1,1) model can be used to predict and analyze the phenomenon studied in the long term.
This research addressed the gray prediction model GM(1,1) to forecast the quantity of tomato crop in Basra Governorate. The aim of the research was to reduce the uncertainty related to the quantities produced from the crop for the year 2024, and subsequently to enable forecasting for the coming years. In order to achieve the research objective, the results were discussed in the practical aspect of the study, where the MATLAB 2020 program was used to analyze the data.
The data from the practical side, after the researcher visited the Directorate of Agriculture / Plant Production Department / Basra Governorate to provide data for the period from (1995-2023), revealed that one of the most important findings of the research is that the predicted production quantities of tomato for the year 2024 reached (259,360) tons.

The study aims to: Identify the impact of organizational culture on international human resource management in multinational companies in oil licensing companies in Basra Governorate.
In this study, the analytical approach was used because the study is applied in more than one company, and a special questionnaire form was developed to ensure that there is an impact and correlation relationship between the main variables of the study and its sub-dimensions. Therefore, the researcher distributed an electronic questionnaire form via e-mail to a sample of managers and officials in Oil licensing companies, which reached (200) respondents out of 422 managers and officials, which were analyzed and the most important findings of this study were clarified.
The most important conclusions: The results of the analysis showed a statistically significant correlation and influence between organizational culture and international human resources management.
The most important recommendations: It is possible to benefit from the results of the current study by work to remedy and reduce cognitive biases in relation to (organizational culture) because international companies have managers, officials and employees from different countries and they have different values, customs, traditions, customs and beliefs, which requires solving problems, making decisions and negotiating between individuals within the companies concerned, through communication with each other Through digital platforms that help negotiation and discussions, and their acquisition of new cultures by communicating with each other.

This study examines the mediating role of organizational culture in the relationship between quality management and employee satisfaction in universities. While quality management (QM) practices are widely implemented to enhance institutional performance, their direct impact on employee satisfaction remains a subject of debate. Organizational culture, defined by shared values, norms, and behaviors, plays a critical role in shaping employees’ perceptions of QM initiatives. Using a structured research framework, this study explores how different cultural settings influence the effectiveness of QM in fostering employee engagement and job satisfaction. By integrating the Denison Organizational Culture Model and Quality Management (QM) principles, the study assesses how involvement, adaptability, consistency, and mission within an institution moderate the effects of QM on employees. The findings highlight that organizational culture acts as a significant mediator, enhancing the positive impact of QM on employee satisfaction. The study offers theoretical and practical implications for university administrators seeking to develop quality-driven strategies that prioritize both institutional effectiveness and employee well-being.

Establishments are exposed to many weaknesses that limit their ability to achieve throughput, so measuring production efficiency has a major role in determining the constraints facing the facility, especially concerning production processes and working to address them to improve its overall performance. The research problem is represented in the following question:-
Do the constraint that occurs in the production process cause a decrease in the efficiency and effectiveness of production in the facility?
The research aims to show the effect of the theory of constraints in measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of production for the facility, in addition to clarifying some of the constraints that cause low efficiency and effectiveness.
To achieve the above objectives, the research was applied in the South Refineries Company / Basra Refinery. The research concluded that the constraints that cause a halt in the production process must be addressed, in addition to continuously measuring production efficiency using throughput indicators to discover the constraints that cause weakness in the performance of the facility