Journal of Almaarif University College

This research, titled "Abu Hanifa and His Grammatical and Linguistic Reasoning in Jurisprudential Issues", consists of three sections in which I have thoroughly addressed Imam Abu Hanifa’s, may Allah have mercy on him, grammatical and linguistic reasoning in certain jurisprudential issues. The study comes in response to those who accused Abu Hanifa of lacking knowledge in the Arabic language-its grammar, rhetoric, and eloquence-casting doubt on his linguistic competence. This research refutes those claims and clearly proves the noble Imam’s mastery of all branches of the Arabic language, as well as his deep expertise in Islamic jurisprudence.

The problem of the study lies in the fact that the Samarian sect has beliefs that differ in some of them from the Jews in the Old Testament, including that they do not recognize the books except for the five books that Moses brought (Peace Be Upon Him). They also practice worship on Mount Gerizim and offer a lamb as a sacrifice on the Passover holiday. They do not recognize the Talmud that the majority of Jews believe in. Moreover, they have different positions towards the Hebrew Jews in matters of belief. The research used the inductive method of texts, and the analytical critical method that was inducted. The study aims to: clarify the lineage and origin of the Samarians, study the Samaritan books, study the origins of belief among the Samarians and the position of the Islamic belief towards them, and clarify the position of the Samarians towards Muslims and Jews. The study concludes that: The Samarians' belief in God is based on His oneness. The Samarians believe in only the five books that were revealed to Moses (Peace Be Upon Him). The Samarians believe in the prophecy of Moses, Aaron and Joshua (Peace Be Upon Them), and do not recognize the prophets recognized by Judaism. The Samarians have simple references to the Last Day. The Samarians believe in angels and the sanctity of Mount Gerizim. The Samarians believe in the Ten Commandments, and differ with the Jews on the tenth commandment, which is to sanctify Mount Gerizim. There are issues in the Samarian faith that conflict with the Islamic faith.

Praise be to God who sent down the Book, and may blessings and peace be upon our master, the Messenger of God, and upon his family and companions, those who follow him, and after: Since the meanings are renewed, it is the role of the fundamentalists to make the ruling clear, even if it is speculative, and suspicion has degrees, some of which are strong and weak, and the one who asks the question is absolved of his obligation by imitating a scholar; However, the people of the highest rank who want the highest levels of rule in order to clear their conscience and raise their resolve to seek the pleasure of their Lord abandon the weak from seeking guidance to the strong, and from here the adoption of precaution has emerged, as it is the choice of the more reliable of the two arbitrators, and the talk about precaution has been supplemented by what Imam Ibn Qudamah stated in his book Al-Mughni from Take precaution.

The research aims to examine the term "Al-Ḥamdala" (the phrase "Al-ḥamdu lillāh" meaning "Praise be to Allah") as found in the manuscript "The Gloss of Al-Amir on Al-Malawi's Explanation of Metaphors". It seeks to explore and analyze rhetorical metaphors in light of Al-Amir's application of them in his commentary on Al-Malawi's work. Additionally, it sheds light on the linguistic and literary aspects related to these metaphors by analyzing nominal and verbal sentences, illustrating how nominal forms signify constancy and verbal forms imply renewal. It also examines their role in introducing scholarly discourse, expressing cultural and religious identity, and articulating gratitude and praise to Allah in a distinct rhetorical style.

This research aims to show the impact of grammatical reversal on syntactic movements previous studies on the accuracy of the significance to be explained in the highest text of the statement, which is the Qur'an, in which I focused on the statement of the meaning of the reversed and the meaning attributed to him in the balance of the balance to indicate which is more accurate in revealing the meaning and describing it, which is the secret of reversal from one movement to another and from installation to installation, and we presented it to a number of opinions of grammarians and interpreters, so the research came rich in their semantic opinions and grammatical guidance.

This study shed light on the morphological efforts of one of the notables of the twelfth century AH in a book concerned with explaining the hadiths of our noble Prophet Muhammad, and in this study there is a theoretical presentation of some of the morphological topics addressed by the commentator, then a mention of the morphological evidence that he referred to during his explanation of the noble Prophet’s hadith, and from God Almighty help and success

This study examines Dr. Taha Jabir Al-Alwani's methodology in dealing with the Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah, focusing on his intellectual foundations and his innovations in the field of Islamic legal sciences. The research explores his academic background and its influence on the formation of his critical perspective, which emphasized restoring the Qur’anic text as the primary source of rulings while rejecting the independence of the Prophetic Sunnah in legislation, considering it an exposition and practical application of revelation. The study also discusses Al-Alwani's approach to Qur’anic interpretation, which relied on the "structural unity" of the Qur’anic text and the necessity of interpreting the Qur’an through the Qur’an itself, moving away from traditional exegetical methods. It addresses his stance on Islamic legal theory (usul al-fiqh), where he sought to develop a deductive methodology that considers temporal and spatial contexts, introducing the concept of "integrating the two readings" (revelation and reality) to ensure that legal rulings remain harmonious with life's evolving circumstances. Additionally, the research highlights his critical views on traditional Islamic sciences, particularly in the field of hadith studies, where he called for a methodological review of textual criticism and a distinction between "the authority of the Sunnah" and "the authority of reports about the Sunnah." The study concludes with an assessment of the impact of Al-Alwani's project on contemporary Islamic thought and its responsiveness to issues of religious renewal and reform.

Deletion is one of the basic elements that contribute to shaping the meaning and textual structure of texts in the Arabic language, and it is not just a linguistic technique used without a purpose. This was clear in the poetry of Ibn Abi Al-Khisal Al-Ghafiqi, as we learned how the poet employed deletion to show the beauty of the texts and the depth of their meanings, in addition to its impact on the recipient who lets his imagination wander in the texts to add new meanings, each according to his culture and life experience. We should not forget the importance of deletion - which is one of the characteristics of the Arabic language and a secret of its courage - in enhancing the meaning and highlighting the linguistic ability of the poet and his innovations in the texts, in addition to the artistic style and the recipient's interaction with it. The importance of this research comes from the fact that deletion is one of the most prominent features of stylistic studies; it was imperative for me to devote it to a study that clarifies its position in them. As for the method followed in it, it is the linguistic method that is concerned with monitoring linguistic structures, attributive structures, and stylistic dominants, studying and analyzing them. It became clear to me from this research that deletion in Ibn Abi Al-Khasal is one of the prominent characteristics in his poetry, as it is consistent with the function of brevity and abbreviation that he adopted in his style to quickly convey the idea to the recipient, in addition to the interaction that he achieves with the recipient through reshaping the texts in which deletion appeared in its various types; which made the meaning more precise, and enhanced the significance; because meaning and significance are two types that are inseparable from achieving linguistic coherence

This study aims to explore occupational poetry, as this type of poetry in the Abbasid era is considered one of the most significant literary sources for understanding the Arabs' perception of professions and their practitioners. The Abbasid period witnessed extensive cultural development, with economic and commercial activities flourishing, leading to the emergence and diversification of many new professions, the representation of these professions in Abbasid poetry varied; some were depicted positively, while others were portrayed negatively. Through poetry, it can be inferred that the Arabs in the Abbasid era associated professions with social classes, such as trade and agriculture. Abbasid poetry reflected these class distinctions, contributing to the formation of social awareness during that period.

The research is concerned with studying the narratives of the linguist known as Ibn al-Tiyani (d. 436 AH), the author of the dictionary that sparked controversy among those interested in language and entitled (Al-Mu'ab fi al-Lughah). Since it was difficult to access this dictionary, we only found his name and the name of its author, our scholar (Ibn al-Tiyani). I decided to collect his narratives scattered in the mothers of language books, grammar, and dictionaries. I found that the book Tuhfat al-Majd al-Sarih fi Sharh Kitab al-Fasaih by al-Labli (d. 691 AH) included most of his narratives, as well as the dictionary Taj al-Arus by al-Zubaidi and other language books. There is no doubt that Ibn al-Tiyani's narratives were comprehensive in the topics of language, phonetics, morphology, grammar, and semantics, so I decided to study the words that fall within the topics of phonetics, dialect, and linguistics. According to what was collected from these narratives, they were divided into topics represented by linguistic phenomena in which a group of words participated and were considered a language. My method in the research was to mention the narrative of Ibn al-Tiyani, indicating its source, then study the word in language books and dictionaries, mentioning the opinions of linguists about it.

The recognition of the existence of mandatory international rules under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 is a recognition of the existence of a hierarchy among international legal rules, those rules that have remained for a long time characterized by a horizontal hierarchy even in the presence of Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which has produced numerous problems regarding the conflict between multiple sources and a single source, and the impact of those rules on the unity of the legal system has been such that they have created rules that are superior to others. Mandatory rules also have the same effect on Security Council resolutions, as those resolutions may not violate a mandatory rule, otherwise they will be invalidated.

Aim: The study aims to analyses the main and sub-textual thresholds in the Iraqi rural novels, with a focus on the title and cover thresholds, and their impact in directing the connotations of the narrative text and anticipating its ideological content. The study also seeks to reveal how the ideological conflict is embodied within the novels, and its impact on the narrative structure, characters and events.
Methodology: The analysis is based on a semiotic approach that addresses textual thresholds as interpretive keys that contribute to guiding the reader towards a deeper understanding of the text, as well as employing the ideological critical approach to examine representations of class and political conflict in the Iraqi rural novel.

This study aimed to explore the role of universities in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) from the perspective of faculty members. It also examined the differences in their views based on various demographic variables, including gender, age, marital status, educational qualifications, specialization, academic rank, and teaching experience. The study employed a descriptive comparative approach, using a specifically designed questionnaire distributed to a sample of faculty members at the University of Zakho. The sample consisted of 161 male and female faculty members. The data were analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that the university’s role in achieving the SDGs varied depending on the specific goal, as perceived by the participants. The goal of “peace, justice, and strong institutions” ranked highest in alignment with the university’s mission, while the goal of “eliminating poverty” ranked lowest. Moreover, the results indicated statistically significant differences in participants’ views regarding the university’s role in achieving the SDGs based on variables such as age, specialization, and years of teaching experience. However, no significant differences were found concerning gender, marital status, academic qualifications, or academic rank. Based on these findings, several recommendations were proposed to enhance the university’s contribution to sustainable development in alignment with the SDGs set by the United Nations under the 2015–2030 agenda.

The purpose of this study is to explore the mental image of artificial intelligence as a new global trend among students, which may be unclear or distorted due to a lack of understanding and knowledge about this technology. This research is a descriptive study based on the survey method, applied to a sample of (269) male and female students from all departments of the College of Arts at the University of Anbar. The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique, and the researcher relied on a questionnaire to collect data from the sample. The key findings of the study indicate that the most commonly used artificial intelligence application among students is (ChatGPT). It was also found that students exhibit a clear interest in the mental image of artificial intelligence across its three dimensions (cognitive, affective, and behavioral), highlighting their understanding of its importance in enhancing education, strengthening confidence in technological advancements, and facilitating access to various services. Students emphasized the positive aspects of artificial intelligence, particularly in terms of reducing effort and simplifying complex tasks. Conversely, they also expressed concerns regarding its negative aspects, particularly in relation to privacy breaches and security risks. Ultimately, the study revealed a positive correlation between the mental image dimensions (cognitive, affective, and behavioral) and the positive aspects of artificial intelligence meaning that the clearer the mental image of artificial intelligence, the more evident its positive aspects become.

This research seeks to explore the manifestations of utopia and dystopia in early Islamic poetry. These two contradictory visions of the world are manifested between religious utopia, on the one hand, and a critique of reality, which represents various aspects of corruption and deviation from moral and religious values, on the other. This is all done through a modern critical reading based on analytical, interpretive and cultural approaches. This reading is based on the premise that early Islamic poetry was not merely an extension of religious discourse, but it was also a field for critique and interaction with the major social change witnessed by the emerging Islamic society. The research concludes that this poetry was a conflict zone between utopia (the virtuous city) and dystopia (the corrupted one). This reflects an advanced poetic awareness of historical change and confirms the role of Islamic literature in expressing the tension between what is ideal and what is real.

The aim of the research was to understand how technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, and automation can impact the accuracy and effectiveness of management accounting systems. The research was conducted on the study population consisting of the General Company for Electrical Industries, where a questionnaire was distributed to 100 employees in the accounts department. Out of the distributed questionnaires, 91 were retrieved and analyzed, while 9 were excluded due to insufficiency. The research concluded that the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution open new horizons for creativity and innovation in management accounting systems, helping organizations quickly adapt to environmental changes and achieve competitive advantages. The effective integration between the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and management accounting systems contributes to the sustainable growth of organizations by improving operational efficiency and providing proactive insights for strategic decision-making. The research recommended that it is important to encourage creativity and innovation through the use of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies in management accounting systems, helping organizations adapt to rapid environmental changes and achieve sustainable competitive advantages. Additionally, the General Company for Electrical and Electronic Industries should enhance the effective integration between the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and management accounting systems to achieve sustainable growth by improving operational efficiency and providing proactive insights for well-considered strategic decision-making.

This study addresses the issue of government spending and exports, a prominent topic of interest to researchers. It seeks to analyze and measure the impact of government spending on exports in Iraq. The study focuses on reviewing the reality and structure of government spending and exports, in addition to examining the associated financial and commercial impacts. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to clarify the theoretical aspect of both government spending and exports. It also uses an inductive approach by applying modern econometric models based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology. Annual data covering the period from (2004 -2022) was used to analyze the relationship between government spending and exports using the Eviews.9 program. The results showed a direct relationship between government spending as an independent variable and Iraqi exports as a dependent variable. It was found that an increase in government spending by (1) billion dinars leads to an increase in Iraqi exports by (930) million dinars, which is in line with established economic theories.

This study aims to examine the impact of certain banking concentration variables on banking stability in the Iraqi banking sector. The research is based on the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between banking concentration indicators and banking stability in the Iraqi banking sector during the study period. Both inductive and deductive methodologies were employed, involving data collection and analysis, along with quantitative econometric techniques to determine the effect of banking concentration on banking stability in Iraq. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was applied using EViews 12 to test the hypothesis. The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: There is a long-term inverse relationship between assets (X1) and the capital adequacy ratio (Y1). There is a direct relationship between the capital adequacy ratio (Y1) and the deposits index (X2). There is a long-term inverse relationship between capital adequacy (Y1) and credit (X3). The study concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: Iraqi banks should develop appropriate marketing mechanisms for their services to increase their assets and provide better services, which will positively reflect on the banking sector. Small-sized commercial banks with limited assets should voluntarily adopt a bank merger approach to address challenges, especially in the current competitive environment, in order to expand their capital base and improve capital adequacy.

The composition of the population is an important part of the study of population, as it contributes to understanding the changes that occur in the field of demography and the social, professional, and educational changes in any society, especially neighborhoods extending outside the basic design, including Iraqi cities. Accordingly, the research dealt with the population in terms of its composition and proportion by dividing them into different categories in areas and neighborhoods extending outside the basic design. To knowing the statistical relationships through statistical analysis, the research aims to study the composition of the population (age, gender, educational, professional, and social) in the extended neighborhoods of the city of Fallujah. The research dealt with the descriptive approach and the analytical approach, as well as the questionnaire form, which numbered (593) forms that were selected using a simple random sample. The research found many things, including the age structure of the population. We find that all neighborhoods in the study area are comprised of young people, reaching (65.8%). The occupational composition is unclear and is dominated by the student group and the other group represented by housewives, children, the disabled, and the elderly, The results of the research are developing transportation lines and trying to connect the neighborhood with parts of the city through transportation lines and cheap buses, especially for residents with limited income, educating residents about sending their children to schools, and asking officials to create services within the neighborhoods of the study area that are compatible with the number of residents. The bottom line is that the research ended by focusing on the relationship between population structures to improve urban life, with the goal of primarily human beings.

Since ancient times, human has been influenced at all stages of his life by the essence of nature and its aesthetics, where he takes taste and sense of beauty from the aesthetics of nature and its manifestations. Due to the beauty of nature and its charming effect, this has made a radical change in the psyche. It is in this spirit that we can say that nature and all its spectacular manifestations have become a source of inspiration and representation for writers, literature, and artists in general. This influenced their literary outcomes. There is no doubt that folklore literature is considered to be a resourceful reservoir of oral literature on the part of the tale in all its aspects, such as customs and traditions of society. Folklore has a strong relationship with the aspects of life and nations, and there has been a direct influence of nature and its beauty on the same literature in general and the poet in particular. Hairanok is considered one of the most important monuments of literature in Kurdish folklore and it has been embodied in the feelings, emotional state, and love between the boy and the girl. These Hairanok-style texts prompted the reader to feel the beauty and charm of nature. Nature was a major source of reflection of those feelings and sensations in Hairanok. From this point of view, we wanted to study the phenomenon of literary and cultural Hairanok in a scientific study, sufficient prophecy, physical and aesthetic elements, and phenomena. This study was marked with titled “The way of employing Elements and Natural Phenomena to embody and reaching the meaningful Lesson in (Hairanok)”. The descriptive approach has been utilized to conduct this research by identifying this phenomenon.

The phonetic transcription of the pronunciation of words and letters is a skill that enables the student to provide the phonetic representation of any letter based on its pronunciation, as all languages share certain sounds that they have in common. In this study, the researchers study the phonetic transcription of the Arabic diacritics by 25 EFL students in relation to English vowels. The research is carried out at the University of Anbar - College of Education for Humanities to see how well EFL students interpret and transcribe Arabic diacritics using IPA symbols. It tries to find out the most common phonetic transcription errors made by Iraqi EFL students when transcribing Arabic diacritics using English IPA symbols, and what factors contribute to these errors. The collection and analysis of the transcribed materials of 20 students are aimed at finding any errors or challenges that may happen to the phonetic representations of Arabic diacritics. It is evident that the errors in the Arabic diacritics transcription can contribute to a clearer understanding for learners of how the vowels may sound. The issue is that EFL learners are likely to make errors in representing Arabic diacritics accurately. It is found that students often confuse the same vowel or misrepresent the diacritics. For instance, some students are found to represent Kasrah as /i/, /i:/, or /e/; and fathah as /a/, /ʌ/, or /a:/. The correct choice lies in the student pronouncing the word correctly. Students commit these errors due to a lack of knowledge of Arabic diacritical marks and IPA representations. They also make mistakes or errors following their mother tongue patterns, such as adding their language-specific sounds to English or word pronunciation. This makes them transcribe the word incorrectly. Moreover, students have problems with the transcription of sounds /p, ʤ, and j/. Therefore, more practice would make their transcription easier, and proper instructions from teachers would help them format their skills in pronunciation and transcription.

This study sheds light on code-switching, which is explicated as the transition from one language to another with the aim of enhancing communication and conveying the message effectively. In fact, studies focusing specifically on code-switching by Iraqi EFL teachers in Iraqi universities are scarce, as the field has received scant scholarly attention. The current study examines the code-switching practices utilized by Iraqi teachers in their English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom. It aims to contribute to the understanding of code-switching among educators. The primary focus of this study is to understand why Iraqi teachers use code-switching as well as how and when it is used to enhance the English language teaching and learning process. A qualitative research method was adopted, employing two instruments: observation and semi-structured interviews. Three EFL teachers from Al-Nisour University College in Iraq participated in this study to explore their perceptions of why and how they employ code-switching. The findings revealed that code-switching significantly affected the students' English language skills. The study also demonstrated how code-switching facilitated the teaching process and highlighted instances when teachers chose to use it. Furthermore, the findings indicated that teachers employed code-switching for several key reasons: students' low proficiency in English, some teachers’ limited English competence, some intricacies of language skills, class management, sharing the same first language, and heterogeneous classes. However, learners’ low English ability, some teachers limited English competence, and heterogeneous classes were the most dominant factors causing code-switching practices. Although the implementation of code-switching is deemed a beneficial teaching strategy, it does not provide the optimal conditions for English language development.

This research paper investigates foreign language (FL) interference at the level of lexical retrieval within Second Language (L2) speech, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state that occurs when FL vocabulary is incorporated into L2 utterances. Sociocultural connections with the FL are likely to incur deeper psychological engagement, particularly in informal contexts, resulting in the unconscious integration of FL lexicon into L2 speech acts. A descriptive analytical method is adopted to prove the study's hypotheses by reviewing previous studies to investigate the sociocultural factors that influence the emergence of FL in L2 utterances characterized by TOT states. Adopting Lantolf’s study, which incorporates Sociocultural Theory (SCT) into cognitive linguistics, the paper frames Lantolf’s SCT within the context of FL rather than traditionally the Second Language (L2). The findings indicate that while the first language (L1) remains relatively stable, L2 is susceptible to FL interference due to sociocultural factors rather than purely linguistic ones. It is not the aim of this study to explore the causes of TOTs or the nature of their occurrence from a scientific perspective, as this would require conducting experimental and/or neuroimaging studies. Instead, the TOT phenomenon is utilized here to provide insights into lexical access and retrieval in L2, influenced by FL sociocultural connections.