Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

baed 'an saqatat alkhilafat alamwiat sanat aithnayn waeishrin wairbaeumiayat hayth khalae ahl qurtubat bani amyat aijmaein , hayth ainqasamat alaindls alaa eidatan duaylat waistaqala kulu amir bimintaqatih waelin ean haqih fiha fadakhalat alaindls bidhalik fi easr altawayif aw ma yusamaa bieasr alfirq , wafi tilk alfatrat ainkamash zala alsultat aleamat ean alwilayat al'iislamiat fi bilad alaindls waisbuh amar kulun minha biadiha lakina tafakuk alsultat anadhak lam yakun biraghbat ahil tilk alwilayat aw yatafiq mae masalihihim w amalihim waqad aikhtaruu hadha altafakuk lan altafkir qad dhahab bihim alaa abeud madaa asfih ealaa almadi wakhawfan min almustaqbal

The current research aims to identify the current state of the Central Library of the Baghdad University and to explore the challenges faced by its staff in managing the library, as well as the obstacles that hinder users from fully benefiting from its services. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical method and employed tools such as interviews and personal observation, in addition to developing two measurement scales—one for staff and the other for users—as instruments for data collection. Questionnaires were distributed to 100 staff members and 100 users. After analyzing the results, the researcher reached several findings, including: staff responses indicate a clear awareness of technical challenges such as the lack of digital content, insufficient funding, and the need to update equipment, with noticeable disparities in infrastructure levels among the library’s departments. Similarly, users’ responses highlighted that poor internet quality and weak network integration are among the most pressing challenges, accompanied by a moderate level of satisfaction regarding digital content and available equipment.
The study concluded with several recommendations, including:
Enhancing funding for the technical sector, through allocating stable and sufficient budgets for developing technical infrastructure, maintaining devices, and updating software in line with current technological advancements.
Upgrading technical equipment, by replacing outdated devices to ensure the delivery of efficient and seamless digital services to users.
Developing and training human resources, with an emphasis on hiring qualified technical staff and implementing regular training programs to update employees’ skills in the field of information technology.

alqadi aibn alhidha' 'abu eabd allah muhamad bin yahyaa , yahdif hadha albahth alaa bayan shakhsiat alqadi aibn alhidha' , watanawal altaerif bishakhsiatih wabiraz sifatih wasiratih aleilmiat walshuyukh aladhin akhudh aleilm walfiqh walqada' minhum waeanhum , wakadhalik man takharaj warawaa eanh alkutub walahadith walmasayil ealaa madhhab malik washumil albahth alhadith ean kutub wamualafat aibn alhidha' walnaasib alati tama taklif aibn alhidha' biha walrihlat aleilmiat alati qam biha alaa alqayrawan wamisr walhijaz wakayf adar hadhih almahami wamaras altadris waisbah lah madrasat khasat lah ealaa madhhab malik .

ان بناء مدينة القيروان لكي تكون قاعدة لانطلاق الجيوش العربية الاسلامية باتجاه المغرب والاندلس لتحل محل مدينة الفسطاط واختطاط المدينة اعطى دعماً مادياً ومعنوياً لحركات التحرير العربية الاسلامية في المغرب والاندلس.
وقد ضمت بين ظهرانيها كل من العرب الوافدين اضافة الى عرب المغرب كما ضمت اجناساً اخرى عاشوا في المدينة في ظل النظام السياسي الذي اوجده الاسلام، وان المجتمع الاسلامي في القيروان كان مجتمعاً اسلامياً متماسكا ، كما ان العلاقات الاجتماعية والروابط كانت مشابهة لما عليه في المدن الاسلامية الاخرى ، اذ اشتركت الشرائح الاجتماعية بواسطة الزواج .

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The paper deals with the nomadic origins of the Ottomans and the role of the tribal system in this, especially during the reign of Osman Ghazi and Orhan Ghazi, during whose the tribal systems that the Turks brought with them from Central Asia to western Anatolia without much change are evident. The paper is divided into four sections. The first is about the hypothesis of Gaza (Jihad) and the reality of the early Ottomans' conversion to Islam. The second deals with the effect of Mongol pressure on the Turkish nomadic tribes' rush from eastern to western Anatolia; the third studies the tribal roots of the early Ottomans. The fourth sheds light on transforming from a nomadic to a settled society. It concludes that the tribal-nomadic tendency was the most important feature of early Ottoman activity, as it does not depend on unity of origin, but on common political interests. Therefore, the early Ottoman conquests against the Byzantines were not motivated by religion, but rather by the need of the nomadic tribe to dissolve and integrate into the settled society. The early Ottomans were able to fight their Muslim neighbors and combine with the Byzantines because their organization was essentially tribal, allowing them to accommodate diverse individuals and groups.

The current research aims to identify the self-presentation styles of university students, as well as the differences in them according to the variables of gender and specialization. The current research sample included (448) male and female students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the scale of self-presentation styles of Lee et al. (1999) by designing a list of self-presentation styles (SPT), consisting of two categories: the first is defensive styles, which includes a category of five styles (excuse, justification, evasion, self-handicapping, regret), and the second is affirmative styles, which includes a category of seven styles (flattery, intimidation, pleading, boasting, embellishment, detonation, idealism). The researcher applied the scale to the research sample and after collecting the data and processing it statistically using a number of statistical methods, including exploratory factor analysis, Spearman\'s coefficient, and the Cronbach\'s alpha equation. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which are: 1- That Community members have self-presentation styles.
2- There are no statistically significant differences in self-presentation styles among university students according to the gender variable (male - female) and specialization (scientific - humanities).

Abstract:
The 4 May Movement of 1919 is one of the first and most important student revolutionary movements in modern Chinese history, as it embodied the awareness of students and teachers to change the course of the country for the better. This movement was exploited by those who believed in communist and revolutionary thought and participated in it...most of whom were students. This movement and its results were the incentive for the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party.

The study addresses the social factors (family problems, excessive freedom), cultural factors (media promoting drug use, imitation of celebrities), psychological factors (misuse of medication, improper upbringing), and economic factors (poverty, ease of access to drugs) that drive women to drug use. The identified harms include fetal deformities, stigma, moral deviation, family disintegration, and increased crimes. The challenges include a lack of preventive programs and weak regulatory systems.

Al-Hira, the capital of the Manadhira state and the meeting place of civilizations of the ancient world, is located south of the city of Kufa. On its land lived multiple religious sects with diverse cultures that blended intellectually with each other. It was distinguished by its comprehensiveness, flexibility, and openness to various cultural inheritances. In this research, we will focus on studying (the people of Al-Hira and their influence in spreading Christianity in the Arabian Peninsula), and they are the most cultured people of Al-Hira. They have a “noted” role in the development of medical sciences and language. They also mastered industry and took up professions. Construction craft They had a distinguished influence in trade and banking, in which they excelled. With the presence of the servants, Christianity maintained its great position in the Kingdom of Al-Hirah for centuries, and to them is due the credit for the transfer of Armenian and Nestorian cultural influences to the Arabian Peninsula before Islam.

This research examines Zionist activities in Iran, highlighting their historical roots and political, economic, and cultural dimensions. The study explains how the Zionist movement managed to infiltrate Iranian society by supporting Iranian Jews and establishing cultural and educational institutions that helped spread Zionist ideology.
Iranian-Israeli relations saw significant development during the Pahlavi era, as Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi strengthened cooperation with Israel in the fields of diplomacy, intelligence, and trade. Israel also played a key role in training Iranian intelligence agencies (SAVAK) and providing military and technical support.
Economically, Zionist influence expanded through Israeli companies operating in trade, construction, and agriculture within Iran, leading to a broadening of mutual interests between the two nations. Zionism also played a crucial role in shaping Iran’s cultural and media policies, supporting newspapers, schools, and intellectual institutions linked to Iranian Jews.
However, this influence declined significantly after the Islamic Revolution of 1979, when diplomatic ties between Iran and Israel were severed, and most Zionist activities in the country were dismantled. Nevertheless, this period left a lasting impact on the regional policies of both countries, with post-revolution Iran emerging as one of Israel’s strongest opponents in the region.
The research concludes that Zionist activities in Iran were not merely an economic or cultural influence but part of a broader strategy to enhance Israeli influence in the region, taking advantage of Iran’s internal political conditions until they were ultimately eradicated with the fall of the Shah and the rise of the Islamic Republic.

This study represents an attempt to understand the Arab reality and confront the challenges facing Arab societies by elevating science and knowledge, and advancing the Arab Islamic reality to free it from the weaknesses and setbacks it is currently experiencing. This study focuses on Hassan Hanafi's vision of the concept of identity in the context of alienation, as Hanafi is considered one of the prominent thinkers who have addressed the concept of identity in depth, indicating that it represents "the self-awareness of the individual or group of its distinctive characteristics that differentiate it from others." This awareness is shaped through the individual's interaction with the cultural, social, and historical factors surrounding them. He sees identity not as a fixed given but as an open project formed through the struggle against forces of alienation, which manifest in cultural dependency and civilizational alienation. Hanafi presents the concept of "heritage and renewal" as a mechanism for restoring civilizational selfhood, emphasizing that overcoming alienation can only be achieved by re-reading heritage with a contemporary vision that connects the self with reality. For him, identity is not a repetition of the past, but a re-establishment of the self in light of the present

The research aims to reveal the obstacles to the application of artificial intelligence in the central library of the University of Baghdad. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was used due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The questionnaire form was relied upon to collect data and measure the obstacles to the application of artificial intelligence. The researcher verified its validity and reliability. After applying the tool to the research sample and processing it statistically, the study reached the following results:
1. The lack of financial resources allocated to the infrastructure necessary to finance the application of artificial intelligence technologies, in addition to maintenance costs, modernization costs, and the costs of financing artificial intelligence projects, all of which represented financial obstacles that limit the applications of artificial intelligence in the library, the study sample.
2. The analysis results confirmed the lack of specialized employees to apply artificial intelligence technologies, in addition to the weakness of programs and training courses in the field of modern technologies.
The most important recommendations of the study are the following:
1. Work to provide the financial and technical requirements that contribute effectively to the success of the application of artificial intelligence technologies in university libraries.
2. That the senior management in university institutions should be interested in providing material and moral support to workers in university libraries to encourage the adoption of these technologies.

Tattooing is a human phenomenon that peoples have known and practiced in various forms since ancient times. It is one of the ancient popular legacies that has spread among various human peoples throughout the ages. It is a drawing of different symbols on the body such as animals, plants, people you love, religious symbols, astronomical symbols, and other multiple symbols of this phenomenon. Each drawing has its significance in anthropological science. For some societies, it is an expression of a certain social, material, cultural, political, cosmetic, or decorative state. These drawings were done by acupuncture.

This research is considered as academic study about Imam Alhasan (PUH)(50 H/670 AD ) to explain his accurate insight and strong evidence in the face of all conspiracies made by Muawya, his enemies , betray of the army leaders andthe chiefs of the tribes where Muawya could bring them to his front through temptation by money and official positions .In spite of all these events was tough and courage in confront their plans .
This research is divided into three axes ,the first axis discusses the military dimension represented by the betray of the military leaders .The discusses second axis is the political dimension the betray of the army leaders.The third axis discuss the peace held and betray of Muawya.
The most important results of this research reached to is the features Imam Alhasan (PUH) characterized by such as the abilities in managing these crises that suit its sizes .Also it introduces to the people the reality of Muawya in more than one speech and could launch the s[ark of the revolution and the opposition for the Umayyad role that in contrast to the Holly Quran and the Prophetic Sunnah.

This study examines the rapid changes in global events, which have begun to take on new forms of conflict and competition over spheres of influence, particularly in the Middle East, given its significant geographic importance. This has weakened the role of the United Nations and its international institutions, and the language of force has replaced the language of law, to which everyone is supposed to adhere. With the advent of US President Donald Trump, the world is on the brink of collapse. He openly declares his intention to seize control of this or that country, threatening it with the military might of the United States, including missiles and warships, and asserting that he will change the map of the Middle East and the world.
The outcomes of the current conflict between the force of law and the law of force may undoubtedly lead to the dominance of the law of force, based on the political realities we see on the ground. This research study is divided into three main sections, each branching into two main parts, with a main introduction and a conclusion.

The research aims to state the authenticity of unanimity ( Ijma’ ) and the agreement and disagreement of Islamic Kalam sects ( Mu’tazilites, Ash’arites and Imamates ) about this concept.
This study is an attempt to introduce a new view about unanimity, its authenticity and application. It consists of three main parts: the first introduces the definition of unanimity and the attitudes of Mu’tazilites towards it between a concurring and a dissenting. The second deals with the authenticity of unanimity in Ash’arites, that it is one of legislation sources and a decisive non-appealable argument for them. While the third part is about the attitude of Imamates towards unanimity that they disagree the authenticity of it.
The study employs the analytic and inductive methods, that it collects the various opinions of scientists of Kalam sects from their original sources and compares between them.

The Qarmatians were a Shia Ismaili sect that emerged in 899 as a result of the schism that followed the religious reforms of Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi, founder of the Fatimid dynasty. They became known as the Qarmatians. The Ismaili preacher, Abu Sa'id al-Janabi, succeeded in establishing an independent state in the eastern Arabian Peninsula. After Abu Sa'id's death, his successor, Sallah, assumed power. This movement lasted for nearly a century. It began in southern Persia and spread to Kufa, extending to al-Ahsa, Bahrain, Basra, and al-Yamamah. They controlled a wide swath of southern Arabia, Yemen, the central desert, Oman, and Khurasan. They entered Mecca and plundered it, occupied Damascus, reached Homs and al-Layyah, and reached Egypt. Their sultanate was overthrown, and their state collapsed. Their last strongholds in al-Ahsa and Bahrain fell.

Women’s work has become a social and economic necessity in recent years, and therefore the current research aims to clarify the importance of women’s work and its role in developing their personality, increasing their self-confidence, and also achieving economic independence. The research also aims to define concepts related to the research topic. Because of its importance in giving a broader understanding of the topic, identifying the most important theories that dealt with the research topic, and learning about the perspectives that dealt with the topic in detail, starting from the Islamic perspective and how Islam views women’s work and what are the most prominent rights it grants to women. Coming to the social perspective and how society views working women and the importance of the role of women in society in order to build an integrated society in terms of its social relations and economic progress, and finally women’s work from a psychological perspective. Women who work outside the home are more confident in themselves and more able to confront problems and take action. Crucial decisions، Also, working outside the home allows her to acquire skills and experiences that will help her in her professional life. Work has contributed to filling women’s free time as they learn new skills. It also provides women with a stable financial income through which they can financially support their husbands and provide for their family’s needs. Women’s participation in economic activity In any society, it is of great importance as it serves as a measure of the degree of progress and prosperity of society. Women's work contributed to their obtaining equality with men, even if it was only within work. Work serves as a weapon for women through which they can defend their rights despite the challenges and difficulties that may stand in their way. Women have suffered greatly from society's view of them and from the dominance of men who force them to survive. At home and taking care of raising children.
The research concluded that it is necessary to pay attention to the issue of women’s work, since their work does not only affect the woman herself, but also affects her children and her family relationships. Also, work is important for women, as it contributes to her obtaining psychological stability and contributes to increasing her self-confidence and obtaining financial income for herself and her family. It is necessary to focus on society’s view of working women as they contribute to the progress and development of society.

The progressive movement is the reform one that emerged in the United States in the late nineteenth century. It aimed to make many political and social changes that would help workers, the poor, and women to obtain their rights in the face of capitalist companies and institutions that monopolize all the money and wealth. The four major leaders of the movement: Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Robert M. La Follette, and Woodrow Wilson, in addition to many other activists, most of whom were women, contributed to making many changes and reform measures in various fields.

This study aims to evaluate the users' experience in libraries by comparing the actual services provided with their expectations. To achieve this, a descriptive-analytical method was used, which relies on comparing the actual reality with the expectations. The study sample included 15 users from the patrons of the General Secretariat of the Central Library at Al-Mustansiriya University and its branches. Their opinions were first collected about the actual reality, and then their opinions were re-surveyed after experiencing the expectations. A statistical test was applied to check for significant differences between the actual and expected service values. The results showed that the value of W1, after taking the absolute value, was 23, which is less than the critical value of 25, indicating no significant difference between the reality and expectations. In contrast, the value of W2 was 81, which is greater than the critical value of 25, indicating a statistically significant difference. Based on these results, it can be concluded that there is a significant statistical difference between the users' evaluation of the reality and their expectations regarding the services provided in the library, reflecting a gap that requires improvement in the users' experience.

Iraq is strikingly rich in religious shrines, as it is home to many religions, and each religion has its own temples and monuments that it is proud of, in addition to the shrines of Muslims, as Iraq occupies a prestigious position among Islamic countries, as it includes within its borders the well-being of the pure imams, the family of the Prophet, peace be upon them, the companions and the righteous (peace be upon them all). In light of this, visitors flock to Iraq annually to celebrate religious occasions and visit the religious shrines spread throughout it, as it is noticeable that the number of tourists coming for the purpose of religious tourism has witnessed a significant increase during the past few years, and the reason for this is that religious tourism in its activity and growth does not need advertising efforts or media to spread the spirit of desire, persuasion and psychological reassurance that the tourist feels when he comes to the holy places, as religious tourism is concerned with satisfying the spiritual needs of people, this eternal feeling since ancient times when people of different religions practiced visiting holy places until the present time, which made this tourism an important economic, social and cultural source that has developed from During which cities.

Possible, the weakness of critical thinking among individuals makes them accept all ideas and opinions without thinking, and thus submit to anyone who wants to exploit them, and this may negatively affect many psychological traits, especially open-mindedness. To achieve the objectives of the research, the application was applied to 350 male and female students from Al-Mustansiriya University in order to answer the scale of critical thinking and open-mindedness. The results indicated the presence of critical thinking among the sample and no differences in the demographic variables according to critical thinking, in addition to their possession of open-mindedness and the absence of differences in the demographic variables. In addition to the presence of a significant positive correlation between the two variables. On this basis, a number of recommendations and proposals were made.

The study aims to define the concepts of “Constructive” and “synthetic” in scientific research (theses and dissertations), establish their criteria, and identify specific indicators for each criterion and the extent to which graduate theses comply with them. It seeks to measure the levels of formation and composition in academic research based on these criteria and dimensions, while identifying factors contributing to gaps in formation and composition within scientific research. The study also proposes a set of guidelines for improving the structure of academic research by adopting a sample of doctoral dissertations from 2024 in the field of Information and Knowledge Technologies. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing direct examination and a checklist for data collection. Microsoft Excel was used for data analysis. The research produced a set of rigorously developed Constructive criteria representing the Fundamentals of scientific research to be followed, along with their indicators. Additionally, the research produced a set of rigorously developed summative synthetic and their indicators, with each set comprising 12 Constructive and 64 indicators, respectively While the summative synthetic reached 15 synthetic with 54 indicators The tenth Constructive in the Fundamentals of scientific research represents the highest response in the research sample's theses, which is related to documenting sources The average percentage score for responses was 0.97, while the highest-scoring summative synthetic, with full (100%) achievement, was the presence of It also met the standard for documenting sources in the Constructive Fundamentals And the realization of the communication system between bibliographic signals in the synthetic aspect is a complete response to both of them .The study concluded with a set of recommendations.

This study, titled "Family Care for the Elderly: A Field Study in Baghdad," aims to identify the most significant problems faced by the elderly, particularly in terms of family care and, more specifically, social care, as well as the stance of Iraqi legislation on the elderly. To achieve this, the study is divided into two main sections.
The first section comprises four chapters:
• The first chapter presents the general framework of the study after the introduction.
• The second chapter discusses the problems faced by the elderly and aspects of family care.
• The third chapter examines contemporary legislation regarding the elderly.
• The fourth chapter focuses on aspects of family care for the elderly.
The second section includes the field study, which was conducted on a sample of 60 elderly men and women from various districts of Baghdad, covering both Karkh (Mansour, Al-Otaifiyah, Al-Shoala) and Rusafa (Eastern Karrada, Palestine Street, Sadr City). A questionnaire was used for data collection.
Key Findings:
1. 50% of respondents stated that they live in impoverished areas.
2. 80% of the elderly reported that their spouse is deceased.
3. The majority (55%) indicated that their families provided them with moderate care.
4. 50% of the sample described their psychological state as feeling that their social role had ended.
5. 55% of respondents stated that they are aware of the rights of the elderly in Iraqi legislation.
6. 65% of respondents expressed that they do not consider nursing homes a suitable place for elderly living.
Recommendations:
1. Providing comprehensive care for the elderly in their natural environment and within their families, with nursing homes being a last resort if family circumstances prevent them from staying at home.
2. Enhancing international cooperation in elderly care by learning from modern experiences, participating in relevant international conferences, and keeping track of global legislation on elderly care.

t:
Cybersecurity in the context of the escalating terrorist attacks targeting institutions and individuals, emerges as a crucial shield for protecting the social fabric. Terrorism increasingly relies on advanced technologies to promote violence and carry out cyberattacks. Additionally, terrorist breaches lead to the spread of chaos and fear. Therefore, it is essential to enhance cybersecurity capabilities to address these challenges and ensure the stability of the social and economic structures. Based on this, the aim of this research is to assess the level of awareness of the Iraqi society regarding cybersecurity threats through social media platforms or networks to safeguard against associated terrorist risks. A survey study was conducted using a questionnaire distributed to 400 participants from Baghdad, both from the Karkh and Rusafa sides, aged 18 and above, including both males and females, through a cluster random sampling method.
The results revealed partial awareness among 45.8% of the sample regarding cyber threats, with the dissemination of misleading information being the most prominent threat at 34.8%. It was also found that the media is the primary source for learning cybersecurity techniques, accounting for 36.2%. Furthermore, the results indicated that the effectiveness of cybersecurity awareness was "moderately effective," with a response rate of 37%.

The Moriscos are the remnants of the Andalusians after the handover of the Kingdom of Granada, and the research talks about how to propose to a Morisco woman, the formula in which the engagement takes place, the conditions that must be met for the validity of the marriage, the admonition of applicants for marriage, the celebration of marriage among the Moriscos, and the customs of serving certain types of food in these celebrations.
The subject of the Moriscos in modern Arab studies has not received the necessary attention it deserves among Arab academic circles, nor is it a subject of appropriate evocation by Arab creators. As a tragic historical moment that still maintains its strong presence, despite the passage of more than four hundred years since its occurrence, the expulsion of Andalusian Muslims from their homeland after its conquest by their ancestors was characterized by tragic moments, especially after the victories And the conquests presented by conquerors such as the leaders Tariq bin Ziyad and Musa bin Nusayr, so that Andalusia was handed over to the King of Spain and his wife after the handover treaty and the accompanying procedures to prepare Muslims and give them the name Morsicans.

 

The primary issue of this research lies in identifying the communicative functions of the content published on the official Facebook account of the Iraqi Ministry of Environment. It also aims to explore the main topics of this content to clarify the communication strategy used by the ministry in publishing posts on the platform. Furthermore, the study investigates the key interactive elements employed to deliver its communicative content. This research is classified as a descriptive study, where the researcher applied a descriptive-analytical approach, using content analysis as the tool for the study. The analysis was based on the "What was said?" method to determine the main and subcategories for analyzing the content topics, and "How was it said?" to examine the interactive elements attached to the content on the platform.
The researcher selected the study population by examining the posts published on the official Facebook account of the Iraqi Ministry of Environment, by conducting a comprehensive inventory of the posts published between (1/10/2024 and 31/12/2024), which amounted to (399) posts. The study concluded that three main communicative functions were achieved through the content published on the official Facebook account of the Ministry of Environment: (1) the informative function, which provides the latest news, updates, and ongoing developments related to environmental issues; (2) the educational function, aimed at promoting environmental awareness; and (3) the supervisory function, which sets standards and regulations while monitoring compliance with these guidelines. These findings reflect the multi-dimensional communication strategy adopted by the Ministry.

Masara' Hassan Al-Rawi is one of the most prominent figures in education in Iraq, as he provided the Iraqi and Arab library with a rich intellectual and educational heritage, especially with regard to adult education and literacy. In addition to his contributions to the writing of curricula for intermediate studies. On the other hand, Masara' Al-Rawi held several positions in the Iraqi state, as he became Minister of Culture and Guidance in 1963, and he also headed one of the scientific institutions in Iraq, such as Al-Mustansiriya University, which was founded in 1963, as he was appointed its president in 1968 until 1973, and was then chosen as Assistant Director General of the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization from 1973 until 1977, in addition to many positions, which made him occupy a membership in the Iraqi Scientific Academy with merit and competence

The current research aimed to clarify the nature of the correlation between digital pressure and academic procrastination among a sample of students at Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Arts, numbering (414) male and female students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the digital pressure scale translated into Arabic by (2023) Krägeloh et al, consisting of (24) paragraphs. The researcher also adopted the academic procrastination scale by (2022) Soares et al, which was prepared for university students, and translated it
into Arabic, consisting of (25) paragraphs. The validity of the translation of the scale was verified. The psychometric properties of the two scales were also verified, and their stability coefficient using Cronbach\'s alpha for the digital pressure scale reached (0.91), and the academic procrastination scale (0.86). The research results concluded that the level of digital pressure among university students is low, and there is a statistically significant difference in the level of digital pressure according to the gender variable in favor of males, and that university students have academic procrastination, and there is a significant difference Statistically, academic procrastination according to the gender variable was in favor of males as well, and the relationship between the two variables was significant and positive.

Most African countries have witnessed several military coups, after they had stopped for a certain period of time, and it seems that what prompted their return again is that most political systems remain in relationship with the colonial powers that use these systems as a tool to achieve their goals in the region, by seizing the capabilities of these countries, and their mineral and oil wealth. The weakness of political systems, their inability to achieve development and the increase in poverty and unemployment rates, as well as the weakness of political governments in achieving the security equation, whether at the level of achieving public security or at the level of confronting extremist groups, led to a decline in the performance level of most African political systems, which increased the chances of bringing about change through military force, and the success of coup plotters in controlling the capabilities of these countries, and this is what happened in the state of Niger, the subject of the study.

Globalization, particularly through social media, has imposed a renewed interest in Iraq's cultural heritage, exemplified by the Baghdadi councils (majalis), as they represent a component of Iraq's cultural representation of the past and present. Additionally, they express the purposes of human existence and the continuous aspirations toward community development and the elevation of culture, serving as a link between national cultural production and the public life experienced by the citizens.

Captivity was a deeply rooted phenomenon in pre-Islamic Arab societies. The treatment of captives, particularly women, was governed by tribal customs and traditional practices based on the logic of power and dominance. Women were often enslaved, sold in slave markets, and treated in brutal ways, as no laws regulated their treatment. However, with the advent of Islam, new legislation and guidelines were introduced to regulate this phenomenon in accordance with the principles of mercy and justice, aiming to preserve human dignity.
This study addresses the topic of female captivity during the Prophetic era—a sensitive and significant subject that has often been misunderstood by some narrators and has sparked controversy among Western scholars (Orientalists). The study aims to provide a critical reading of the historical narratives found in books of biography and history, analyzing them within their legal and historical context. It also examines the views of Orientalists and offers responses to their claims.

This study aims to highlight the vital role played by the Kingdom of Bahrain in strengthening and developing the security system in the Arabian Gulf region, in light of increasing regional and international challenges. The study reviews the political, military, and economic dimensions through which Bahrain has contributed to supporting regional stability, such as its hosting of the Combined Maritime Command (CMF), its hosting of a number of military bases, and its active participation in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The study also examines Bahrain's role in security cooperation with major powers, particularly the United States and the United Kingdom, and its contribution to international efforts to combat terrorism and arms smuggling. The study concludes that Bahrain, despite its limited size and capabilities, has succeeded in becoming a key partner in the regional security equation, making it an important player in shaping a secure and stable future for the Arabian Gulf.
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