Rafidain journal of science

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of the aqueous crude extract of Olea europaeaon serum glucose level and histopathological changes in islets of Langerhans in an induced-diabetic mellitus in rats. The hypoglycemic activity of Olive leaf extract was investigated in fasting health rats and alloxan–diabetic rats. Blood samples were collected from the tail of rats and serum glucose measured on the 1st, 15th, 30th days of the experiment. A significant reduction in blood glucose of diabetic animal’s (350.5±0.0348 e) mg/dl in case of administration of Olive leaves in comparison with diabetic control (373.4±0.0562 a) mg/dl. The present study clearly indicated a significant antidiabetic activity with the Olive leaves and supports the traditional usage for the control of diabetes (Nadar et al., 2003), Aqueous crude extract considered as hypoglycemic agent reduce oxidative stress, indirectly by lowering blood glucose and preventing hyperinsulinemia (Casalino et al., 2002). The study showed islets of Langerhans continuous infarctions and lymphocyte infiltration in alloxan–diabetic rats while the treatment group showed the islets irregularity in size, but they appeared normal with decreased granulation and some islets appeared very small, all of islets appeared normal as of the control animals.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease in which interleukin (IL)-10 gene plays an important role. There are, however, controversial reports that IL-10 promoter polymorphism may be an independent marker of susceptibility and severity of RA. The aim of the present study was to examine the IL-10 promoter polymorphism among RA patients.
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between IL-10 G-1082A promoter polymorphism of interleukin-10 gene in some Iraqi rheumatoid arthritis patients using ARMS-PCR technique.
We examined 70 RA patients (60 females and 10 males; aged: 20 – 74 years, mean: 51.7 years) were recruited from a private clinic in different region of Salahaddin governorate and 50 healthy individuals (40 females and 10 males; age: matching with patients) who were the staff of Tikrit University and hospital workers. The venous blood samples (5 ml) were collected from all the participants at the time of clinical examination, aliquoted in plain and EDTA vacutainers for the determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, presence of RFs. Genomic DNA was isolated from the whole-blood samples of all the patients and control subjects. The IL-10 -1082 G/A polymorphism genotyping Amplification Refractory Mutation System- Polymerase Chain Reaction (ARMS-PCR) method was used.
ESR rate and RF positivity Levels of CRP were found as high as ≥ 20, 86.3% among patients, while all the healthy individuals were negative for this test except for a few number.
The genotype GA for the −1082 G/A polymorphism of the IL-10 gene promoter was the most frequently observed genotype in both patients and controls, however, the distribution of the GG and AA genotype in patients and control was different. While genotype AA has a higher frequency than GG in patients (27.04vs.23.04), genotype GG was more frequently observed than AA in controls (46.08vs. 0.08).

The phase- transfer catalysis PTC technique was followed to achieve the reaction, using 50% NaOH aqueous solution as a base, benzene as a solvent, and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide TBAB as a catalyst, to afford the pyrimidinone compounds

In the first part of this work we have measured the electrical conductivity of 4-amino salicylic acid (4-ASA) solution in water, methanol and ethanol at different temperatures (293.16-313.16 K). The experimental results were analyzed using Lee-Wheaton equation (LW) for symmetrical electrolytes (1:1). The conductivity parameters were calculated: the equivalent conductivity at infinite dilution (Λo), the association constant (KA) and the mean distance values between ions (R) at the best standard deviation σs(Λ). It is found that by increasing the temperature, the values of Λo increased, in contrast of that the values of KA decreased in ethanol only, R are found to be between (2-29 )Ao which indicates the formation of solvent separated ion pairs in solution. By Vant Hoff equation we have calculated the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) of ion association in solution.
The second part of this work is the measurement of electrical conductivity of (4-ASA) in water with chlorides of each of nickel, cobalt and manganese at different temperatures (293.16-313.16 K) and calculation of conductivity parameters by Lee-Wheaton equation for unsymmetrical electrolytes (2:1), besides the thermodynamic parameters were also performed. The Walden-product (Λoη) was also determined and discussed.

A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometic method for the estimation of trace amounts of
salbutamol sulphate (SBS) in pharmaceutical preparations has been proposed .The method is based
on the coupling reaction of the intended compound with diazotized 5-amino-2-
chlorobenzotrifluoride in alkaline medium and in the presence of Triton X-100 to form a yelloworange
dye that shows maximum absorption at 467 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed over the range 5 – 300
μg / 10 ml (i.e.,0.5-30 ppm) with a molar absorptivity of 4.20 × 104 l.mol-1.cm-1 and Sandell’s
sensitivity index of 0.0139 μg.cm-2, a relative error of +1.08 to +3.46 % and a relative standard
deviation of ±0.76 to ±3.50 %, depending on the concentration. The method has been applied to
estimate salbutamol sulphate in syrup, tablet and ventolin.

The p-Hydroxybenzyldehyde is one of the aromatic compounds which contains two
important functional groups (OH, CHO). In this work, the p-hydroxybenzyldehyde has been
introduced into different reactions. The first one involves the synthesis of ether via Williamson
reaction, in which p-hydroxybenzyldehyd reacts with chloroacetic acid to afford compound (1),
then compound (1) in presence of sodium bicarbonate gives the anion (2). Which reacts with
propargyl bromide to give the acetylenic compound (3). The compound (3) in turn reacts with
secondary amine via Mannich reaction to give the acetylenic amines(4a-f). Finally, the compounds
(4a-f) undergo reaction with o-amino phenol to give benzoxazole derivatives (5a-f). The structure
of synthesized compounds had been elucidated by the available physical and spectral data.

The N-(4-methyl-2-pyridyl)anthranilic acid (I) was synthesized by Ullmann condensation.
The compound (I) was cyclized by polyphosphoric acid (PPA) to give 4-methyl-10Hbenzo[
b][1,8]naphthyridin-5-one (II). The compound (II) was treated with selenium dioxide (SeO2)
and thionyl chloride (SOCl2) to give the 4-formyl-10H-benzo[b][1,8]naphthyridin-5-one (III) and 4-
methyl-5-chloro-benzo[b][1,8]naphthyridine (IV) respectively.The compound (III) was reacted with
various substituted anilines and aliphatic amines to give the Schiff bases (Va-j). The compound (IV)
was reacted with hydrazine hydrate to yield the 5-hydrazino derivative (VI), which was reacted with
various aromatic aldehydes to yield the hydrazones (VIIa-j) and the Rf values reported.The reaction
progress was followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The synthesized compounds were
confirmed by spectral data (I.R, 1H-NMR, 13C-MNR). The possible fragmentation pattern of
GC/MS for the compounds (III), (Vc) and (VIIg) were reported.

The present research work takes the intensive studies on two types of electron lenses
(magnetic and electrostatic), in order to obtain the preferable design of a compound lens. The single
polepiece magnetic lens models of the same dimension and different structure insulations (iron and
air) have been designed and tested. It was found that the lens with iron insulation has been achieved
better optical performance. Another study has been carried out on a set of asymmetrical electrostatic
lenses having different geometries of the outer electrodes. It was found that the geometrical shape
of the outer electrode has a clear effect on the electron optical properties. The electrostatic retarding
lens was inserted inside the magnetic lens in front of the specimen due to improvement in the
objective focal properties especially at low beam voltages. Furthermore, a good resolving power has
been obtained from this type of the compound lens in comparison with that of the traditional pure
magnetic lens. The result of the compound lens of the preferable design was compared with those of
the published papers; it was found that both results are in good agreement with each other.

The evaluation of
o
V
V , Bulk modulus K, Lattice parameter a, First Grüneisen parameter γ,
Second Grüneisen parameter q, and Debye temperature θD for NaCl-B1 under high pressure has
been achieved in this work by using two equations of state (Dodson EOS and Thomsen EOS). The
results obtained by the two EOSs have been compared with each other and with other theoretical
and experimental data published in literature. The results obtained by using Dodson EOS show
more agreement with data given in literature than the results obtained by using Thomsen EOS.

Thin film of CdSe has been deposited on to the clean glass substrate by using CBD technique
at room temperature. The samples are irradiated by γ-ray with various doses (0.25,0.5,1.0,1.5) Gy.
These films are characterized by XRD, which indicated that as-deposited CdSe layers and irradiated
films at 0.25 and 0.5 Gy of γ- ray grow in cubic phase having preferred orientation along (111)
plane in c-direction. Further, the irradiated films at 1.0 and 1.5 Gy of γ- ray show polycrystalline in
nature with a mixture of cubic along with hexagonal structures. Optical absorption spectra of these
thin films have been recorded using spectrophotometer. The energy band gap has been determined
using these spectra. It is found that the energy band gap of CdSe film is 2.09 eV and it is increased
with the increase of γ- irradiation dose. The electrical conductivity measurements gave a decrease in
conductivity with the increase of γ- irradiation dose.

MS medium supplemented with 1mg/l BA and 0.3 mg/l IBA. After 4 weeks of exposure results showed the significant superiority of 125 mg / l colchicine treatment for stem cutting survival percentage transplant survival percentage after aclimitization and diploid plants percentage characteristics, also the results of polyploidy showed that the highest percentage of tetraploid plant (18%) was recorded for both treatments 125 and 250 mg/l colchicine, when 50.66% of plants treated with 500 mg/l colchicine has a mixed polyploidy and it was significantly different from the rest treatments. but the interaction effect of colchicine concentrations and exposure periods showed that the highest survival percentage was recorded for the treatments of non exposure and exposure to 125 mg/l colchicines for 2 days. After 16 weeks of aclimitization and field growing the results showed the significant superiority for both treatments of exposure with 125 and 250 mg/l colchicine for stem length, stem diameter, leaves number, vegetative system dry weight, stomata length, stomata width and total chlorophyll contents characteristics, this in comparison with 500 mg/l colchicine treatments, and this is in combined with finally the interaction effects of colchicine for the treatment of 250 mg/l colchicine for 2 days.

Two species of black widow spiders were recorded for the first time in Mosul city during the summer of 2012 and 2013. The spiders were the red back widow spider (Latrodectus hasselti ) and a southern black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans). The first one is Australian while the second is American. These spiders weren't present in the Iraqi environment before the American occupation to Iraq but they may be introduced accidentally to Iraq with commodities, equipments and containers that occupation forces brought with them to Iraq.
These spiders are poisonous and dangerous to humans due to their neurotoxic poison which failure many physiological activities in the body and sometimes causing death if the currency processes took place quickly and giving the patient the specific antivenoms of these spiders.

The experiment was conducted in the wire house in the Department of Biology, College of
Education, Mosul University according to the complete randomized design (C.R.D) to establish the
synergetic effect of PBO in overcoming the negative effect caused by drought on the wheat (Ebba-
95), by socking the seeds in three concentrations of PBO (0, 20, 40) microliter before culturing, and
exposing the plant to two periods of drought after culturing to reveal its impact on the growth of the
plant and some physiological aspects and chemical content of that plant. The result showed that
drought period had a negative effect on the plant height, leaf area, dry weight of shoot, and root,
deficient of water content and total chlorophyll. The second drought period caused decrease in theconcentrations of P. K. Ca. Mg by (28.1, 31.7, 22.2 and 20.5%) respectively, compared with the
control treatment (without drought). Yet, there was a significant increase in the plant content of
proline, sodium concentration with drought. Socking the seeds in PBO led to a stimulation in about
qualition, as well as the interaction with drought reduces the negative effect of drought and
increases the concentration of the above elements by (45.9, 18.8, 51.7, 39.2 %) respectively, at
concentration 40 microliter compared with control. on the other hand, the accumulation of the
nutrient elements in the three parts of plant (root, shoot, grain) has the highest concentration of (P,
Ca, Mg) appeared in grains compared with root and shoot

This research was performed to isolate and purify the Plant Antimicrobial peptides (Cyclotides type) from Rubiaceae family (Gardenia florida and Coffea arabica), and study their antimicrobial activity against some multidrug pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E.coli: 0157: H7), and compare it with theantibiotics effect.
The results of isolating and purifying these Cyclotides showed that it could be obtained from the studied plants. The RP-HPLC technique results showed that there were (9) absorption peaks incyclotide crud extract isolated from Gardenia florida flowers, (8) absorption peaks from Coffea arabica. These absorbing peaks of cyclotides varied in retention time, height and area percentages.
The results of the antimicrobial activity of the isolated cyclotides against studied pathogenic bacteria showed that all these peptides were effective with different ratios, and there was no resistance against them. Cyclotides isolated from Coffea arabica flowers were the best. Both types of gram-positive bacteria were the most effected, especially against cyclotides isolated from Coffea arabica, with (33) mm and (31)mm, inhibition zone for E. faecalis and S. aureus respectively.

The research included a study of oxidants and antioxidants levels with aging such as: smoking, physical exercise and fasting during Ramadan on elderly by measuring (14) oxidants and antioxidants parameters which included: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), gluconolactonase (senescence marker protein-30) (SMP-30), ceruloplasmin (Cp), albumin, glutathione (GSH), calcium, iron, uric acid, total bilirubin, malondialdehyde (MDA) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). The study was carried out on (324) male (age 18 – 95 year) living in Nineveh Governorate
The results showed a significant decrease with aging for vitamin C, vitamin E, SMP-30, glutathione(GSH), total bilirubin and calcium, while there was a significant increase of Cp, MDA and peroxynitrite. The effect of aging (65 year and over) was divided into three groups which showed that the level of oxidative stress was increased with aging, especially in the last group.
The results revealed a significant decrease in the level of: vitamin C, vitamin E, SMP-30, GSH and total bilirubin for smokers with aging compared to non-smokers, while a significant increase of GST, albumin, iron, MDA and peroxynitrite.
Results also showed an increase in oxidants with a decrease in antioxidant compounds with an improvement in the human body by increasing SMP-30, the results revealed a significant decrease for sport training elderly people when compared with non-sport training in vitamin E, GSH and iron, and a significant increase of : GST, SMP-30, Cp and ONOO-.
Moreover, the results showed a significant decrease for aging after fasting in Ramadan for the parameters: GST, Iron, MDA and peroxynitrite and a significant increase for: vitamin C, vitamin E, SOD, SMP-30, Cp, GSH, total bilirubin and calcium, which indicated an improvement in human body for aging with fasting of Ramadan.

This research includes preparing samples of composite materials by using casting sand and hand
mixing to disperse particles oxides such as (Al2O3) and (ZnO and (NiO) in the substrate of bases alloy
(Al-Mn). We also use a narrow collimated mono-energetic beam of gamma-rays emitted from the
decay of 137Cs (0.662 keV) and a gamma spectrometer UCS-20 connected with a NaI(Tl) detector to
determine the homogeneity of the materials (Al-Mn), (Al-Mn)+Al2O3,(Al-Mn)+ZnO,(Al-Mn)+NiO.
The homogeneity test was determined from the percentage variations between the transmitted energy,
the intensity of gamma-rays, and the linear attenuation coefficient at seven positions for each sample
and the percentage of the standard deviation. The linear attenuation coefficients for the above samples
were determined, the highest average values obtained 0.251 mm-1 for (Al-Mn)+ZnO and the lowest
average values obtained 0.151 mm-1 for (Al-Mn)+NiO. It can be seen from the present results that the
materials (Al-Mn), (Al-Mn)+Al2O3, (Al-Mn)+ZnO have a good homogeneity as compared with(Al-Mn)+NiO. The linear attenuation coefficient of (Al-Mn)+ZnO sample was higher than its values in
some materials used as gamma-radiation protection shields.

In this research, the photons of gamma rays emitted from radioactive sources (133 Ba, 137Cs,60Co) at energies (81, 356, 662, 1173, 1332) keV respectively have been used to examine the linear and the mass attenuation coefficient of different construction materials using gamma spectrometer UCS-20 which is connected with sodium Iodide activated thallium detector (NaI(Tl)) to express the decrease in the intensity of these photons when they pass through the targeted material by scintillation detector reading. According to the results obtained, it becomes possible to measure the two types of attenuation coefficients, the linear and the mass, as these coefficients are of great importance in studying the impact of these rays on the material and the accounts of the radiation dose in order to achieve the level of security against exposure to radiation and to prevent the dangers resulting from that exposure by designing suitable shields. The chemical composition of the material under discussion has also been studied using the technique of X-rays fluorescence (XRF) by (XRF) device and the results were put in the program (XCOM) to compare the values of attenuation coefficients. Results have shown that (Granite) is one of the best building materials to be used in shielding against gamma rays, whereas the (Thermostone) showed lessability to attenuation because of its too low density and the little concentration of elements of high atomic number of this Material.

The current study aims to determine the background radiation level in Mosul University
Campus using multiple technologies, portable detector type Inspector EXP+ containing Geiger-
Mueller tube, NaI(Tl) and CR-39 detectors. The portable detector was used to measure the dose rate
(Dexp.) at 1 m height from the ground. The radioactivity concentrations of 40K, 222Rn, 226Ra, 232Th,
the dose rate (Dcal.) at 1 m height from the ground, radium equivalent activity (Raeq), gamma index
(Iγ), alpha index (Iα), external hazard index (Hex), internal hazard index (Hin) and radon exhalation
rate (E) were calculated. An empirical equation between the field and the laboratory measurements
of the dose rate in air (Dcal., Dexp.) and other equations between (Iγ, Dcal.), (Iγ, Raeq), (Iγ, Hex) and
(Raeq, Hex) were found.