Rafidain journal of science

Seventy five catheter urine specimens obtained from sixty four patients and admitted to
Urology and other departments in Ramadi Teaching Hospital were studied. qualitative and
quantitative detection for biofilm production for all isolates were achieved. Antimicrobial
susceptibility test for planktonic cells of study isolates was performed by broth dilution method and
the MICs were detected. Further, In Vitro model for formation of pseudomonal biofilm on catheter
segments by biofilm producer-isolates of the same bacteria was achieved. BICs and MBECs were
detected for all sessile study isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa against ciprofloxacin, amikacin
and cefotaxime.
Out of 75 catheter urine specimens, 61 (81.4%) were positive for culture including:
Escherichia coli 17 (27.9%) followed by Klebsiella spp. 13 (21.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12
(19.7%), and in spectrophotometric method, the results showed that all of 12 isolates of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 7 isolates of Proteus mirabilis, 17 isolates of Escherichia coli and 13
isolates of Klebsiella, 12 (100%), 7 (100%), 12 (70.6%) and 12 (92.3%) isolates produced biofilm
in the glucose supplemented media. In biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility, the sessile study isolates
of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were required 10-50 X MICs from ciprofloxacin and amikacin to
inhibit bacterial biofilm and 50-100 X MICs to eradicate it from the surfaces of catheter in contrast
to cefotaxime of which BICs were from 50-100 X MICs and MBECs from 100-1000 X MICs.
The study concluded that Escherichia coli was the most common uropathogen followed by
Klebsiella spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. Also, all study isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and Proteus mirabilis produced biofilm qualitatively and quantatively. Further, with regard to
ciprofloxacin and amikacin, the study isolates were also required 10-50 X MICs to inhibit bacterial
biofilm and 50-100 X MICs to remove pseudomonal adhesion from the catheters while those for
cefotaxime were 50-100 X MICs and 100-1000 MICs for inhibition and eradication of bacterial
biofilm respectively.

Two stations have been selected during the course of Tigris River within Mosul city;
the first one is before entering the city, while the other located downstream the city. Results
clearly exhibit a significant difference in water quality between the two locations.
Aquatic plants and macro-algae populations along about 17 Km of the rivers course
were identified. Six aquatic plant species have been identified Potamogeton pusillus,
Potamogeton nodosus, Ceratophyllum demersus, Phragmites australis, Phragmites sp. and
Typha sp.
Potamogeton pusillus a species was the predominant species during the study period,
on the other hand macro-algae included Hydrodiction riticulatum, Cladophora glomerata,
Chara vulgaris, Chara sp. and Nitella sp., the species Chara vulgaris and Cladophora
glomerata from green algae phylum were the predominant species of the five algal
identified species during the study period.
Clear trespass on the river banks was recorded, sand and gravel queries negatively
affecting the river by forming shallow ponds and swamps which are perfect for aquatic
plants and algae communities to prosper and flourish leads to dramatic detrimental impact
on river health.

This study aimed to use callus cultures of Acacia trees as indicator for the validity of
employing these trees in the phytoremediation programs that were used to manage the
pollution with uranium in soil. Various concentrations of uranium (0.0, 50,100, 200, 500
and 1000mg.l-1) in the form of uranyl nitrate were added to MS medium that used for the
initiation and growth of Acacia callus in the presence of 0.5 mg/l of each NAA and BA.
For comparison, two species of Acacia were used in this study, A. albida and A. nilotica.
Fresh and dry weight of callus was determined along three growth periods (30, 60 and 90
days). levels of uranium in callus cells were determined using TXRF analysis. The Results
showed that fresh and dry weight of callus increased with the increase of uranium
concentrations except that grown on MS with 1000 mg.l-1 of uranium in which inhibition in
both fresh and dry weight of callus after three months of growth was recorded .Analysis of
the cellular content of uranium using TXRF revealed that the maximum level obtained when
callus grown on MS with 500mg.l-1 .

Three previously isolated Azotobacter spp. were obtained from a previous study and
their identification and sensitivity were confirmed to seven different antibiotics. They
showed resistance against chloramphenicol (C15) and nalidixic acid (NA30) but all were
sensitive to ampicillin (AM50), tetracycline (TE15), cefalexin (CL30), rifamycin (RA10)
and streptomycin (S50). Plasmid DNA electrophoresis revealed that isolates contain a single
band of DNA with a m.wt. of 14kb. The isolates were mutagenized by nitrous acid at a
concentration of 0.05M for 10 min which gave mutations at a percentage of (12-21%), (8-
18%) and (2-8%) towards (C15), (NA30) and (S50) respectively, (6-20%) of the
mutagenized isolates showed an ability to grow at 42oC and (18%) of the isolate A3 showed
inability to fix nitrogen. Three mutagenized colonies from each isolate were selected
depending on its mutation frequency, all were able to fix nitrogen, had the ability to grow on
42oC and carried one or more antibiotic mutation. The amount of ammonia excreted in
μg/ml at 28,37 and 42oC was recorded at intervals of three days for 15 days for the three
wild type and all selected mutagenized isolates. The best amount of ammonia excreted was
at 37oC at the 12th day of incubation for the mutagenized isolate A2, 15 that was 12.0, 12.5
and 7.5μg/ml at 28,37 and 42oC respectively. All mutagenized isolates had the ability to
excrete ammonia at 42oC at a percentage of (4.5- 7.5)μg/ml therefore these mutagenized
isolates could be used as bio-fertilizers in Iraqi soils that are affected to such temperatures
for many periods of the year.

The electrical conductivity of cobalt salicylidiene chloroaniline and cupper
salicylidiene chloroaniline in water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and mixture of watermethanol
with different composition (100-20%) were measured at 303K. The molar
conductivity of the complexes were treated by Lee-Wheaton equation and Kohlrausch
equations. The limiting molar conductivity ( o
M2 λ + ), ( o
MX λ + ), the ionic association constant
(KA) as well as the main distance between cations and anions (R) were measured. Generally,
it was found from the analysis of the results that ( o
M2 λ + ) decreases with decreasing the
variation of dielectric constant of the solvents as well as decreasing the percentage of water.
The association constants of the two complexes were increased with decreasing the
dielectric constants and increasing of viscosity. The distance parameter (R) indicated that
the ions existed as solvent separated ion-pairs (SSIP).

A simple, rapid, accurate and precise spectrophotometric method is proposed for
determining metoclopramide – hydrochloride (MCPH) in pure form and in pharmaceutical
preparations .The method is based on oxidation - reduction reaction between
metoclopramide - hydrochloride and cerium (IV) ion, then the subsequent reaction of
cerium (III) and arsenazo III reagent in acidic medium to produce a blue-violet complex
which is stable, water-soluble and has a maximum absorption at 654nm with a molar
absorptivity of 9.36x104 l.mol-1.cm-1 and Sandell's sensitivity of 0.0038 μg.cm-2. Beer's law
is obeyed in concentration range from 1-30 μg metoclopramide - hydrochloride in final
volume of 25 ml, (0.04-1.2) ppm with a relative standard deviation (RSD) ( ±1.80% -
±3.98%) and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.0095 μg/ml and the limit of quantitation
(LOQ) is 0.0317 μg/ml . The method is suitable for the determination of metoclopramide -
hydrochloride in the presence of other ingredients that are usually present in dosage forms
and the recoveries are obtained in the range of 97.6-101.0 % . The proposed method has
been applied successfully to the determination of the intended compound in its
pharmaceutical preparations ( tablet and injection).

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination
of trace amounts of oxymetazoline hydrochloride (OMZ) was developed .The method based
on the reaction of (OMZ) with Fe(III) in acidic medium.The librated Fe(II) coupled with
potassium ferricyanide, the reaction needs heating for 25 minutes at 50 o C, to form Prussian
blue which is more stable by adding 1ml of 1% ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid. The
maximum absorption of the product was measured at 766 nm .Beer's law is obeyed in the
concentration range 5-125 μg/10ml with a molar absorptivity of 5.07x104 l. mol-1.cm-1,with
a relative error of +1.74 to +2.34 % and a relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the of
±1.272 to ±1.982 %.The method was applied successfully for the assay of OMZ in
pharmaceutical preparation.

The key intermediates in the present study to synthesize the title bridge-head nitrogen
heterocycle compounds were N-substituted semicarbazides 2(a-c), which prepared by
hydrazinolysis of the ethyl substituted carbamates 1(a-c) with hydrazine hydrate. These
carbamates were prepared by the reaction of proper amines and ethylchloroformate.
The reaction of these semicarbazides with ethanolic solution of carbon disulfide under
strong basic conditions at room temperature, followed by acidification resulted in the
formation of the corresponding potassium (2-arylcarbamoyl)hydrazine carbodithioate 3(ac),
while refluxing the ethanolic solution for three hours afforded 5-(arylamino)-1,3,4-
oxadiazole-2- thioles 4(a-c). The potassium salts 3(a-c) were cyclized with hydrazine
hydrate to 4-amino-5-arylamino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones(thioles) 5(a-c).
Compounds 5(a-c) were excellent precursors for 3-(arylamino)-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-
b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles 6(a-c) by dehydrative ring closure of the proper triazole with formic
acid in benzene in presence of phosphorous oxychloride or using microwave irradiation
technique.
Also, refluxing of the proper triazoles with carbon disulfide under basic conditions
afforded 3-(arylamino)-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole-6-thiones 7(a-c). Finally 4-
amino-3-(4-(5-(4-amino-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-
2-yl)phenylamino)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione 5(d) were synthesized by the same
procedures that were followed to synthesize its analogs starting from 5-(4-aminophenyl)-
1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-amine and duplicated all the scales of the reactants.
The structures of these compounds were confirmed by their physical properties in
addition to the IR, UV and NMR spectra. All synthesized compounds were tested for their
in vitro growth inhibitory activity against a panel of standard strains of pathogenic
microorganism including bacteria Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Salmonella.
All these compounds were practically inactive against the tested microorganisms.

In this cross-sectional study, a sample of 150 patients (88 men and 62 women) of age
53.28 9.6 years who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography. Blood was used for the
measurement of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4)
concentration and serum lipid profile total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density
lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C). Mean
serum concentration of lipid profile across different groups of TSH level, (<0.38, 0.38- 4.31
and > 4.31 mIU/L) was calculated in order to study the association of TSH with prevalence
of CAD. The severity of CAD was scored as score (0) for those with smooth normal
coronary artery while score 1, 2 and 3 for those with single, double and triple-coronary
artery of ≥50% stenosis, respectively. Score 4 indicated left main coronary artery with
50% stenosis. The mean serum TSH was significantly higher in women than men
(p=0.005). There was no significant difference between mean serum TSH level across
different score groups (p=0.7). High level of TSH was observed in the multi-vessel disease,
(score 2, 3 and 4 p=0.03). It was found that serum TC, LDL-C and TG increased while
HDL-C decreased with increased TSH level.
This study suggested that the high level of TSH is associated with multi-vessel disease
and slight elevation of TSH also leads to changes in lipid profile that raise the risks of
cardiovascular disorders.

An efficient synthesis of chalcones (1-7) was achived by condensation of substituted
benzaldehyde with substituted acetophenone in ethanolic sodium hydroxide (50%).The
chalcones were reacted with urea and thiourea to give the pyrimidinones(8-14) and
pyrimidinethiones(15-21) respectively. All the prepared compounds were confirmed by the
available physical and spectral methods.

The detailed investigation of a sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method for
the determination of dapsone; based on the oxidative coupling reaction of dapsone drug
with pyrocatechol in the presence of potassium periodate in acidic medium to form an
intense, stable, purple-red coloured water-soluble dye, which shows a maximum absorption
at 509 nm. Beer's law obeyed over the range of 10-500 μg /25 ml, i.e,0.4-20 ppm with a
molar absorptivity of 1.05×104l.mol-1.cm-1and Sandell's sensitivity index of 0.0235 μg.cm-
2,a relative standard deviation of ±2.60 to ±1.05%; and limit of detection, (LOD) of 0.1735
μg.ml-1.; and (LOQ) of 0.5785μg.ml-1. And the method does not require temperature control
or solvent extraction. HPLC technique has been also developed for the measurement of
dapsone. The analysis was achieved on a C18 column using water and acetonitrile in the
ratio of 50:50 (V:V) as a mobile phase at a flow rate equals to 0.5 ml / min. and the
detection was done spectrophotometrically at 297 nm. A linear relationship is obeyed over
the range 0.5-20 ppm with a relative standard deviation (RSD) ±1.53 to ±0.83% and relative
error -0.3 to +1.1 %. Both methods were applied successfully to the assay of dapsone in
pharmaceutical preparation (Tablet).

Two simple and sensitive visible spectophotometric methods have been developed for
the quantitative determination of mesalazine (MEZ) in bulk drug and pharmaceutical
preparation (capsules). The proposed methods are based on oxidative coupling reaction of
mesalazine with 8-hydroxyquinoline (method A) and N-(1-naphthyl)ethylendiamine (NNED)
(method B) in the presence of sodium periodate as oxidizing agent in alkaline
medium to form coloured products, exhibiting maximum absorptions at 644 nm and 543
nm, respectively. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentrations range of 10-300 and 10-180
μg /25ml with molar absorptivity of 1.7223×104 and 0.6545×104 l.mol-1cm-1, respectively.
The relative error ranged between -0.4% to +0.16% and - 0.9% to - 0.31% with relative
standard deviation of ±1.31% to ±0.39% and ±0.88% to ±0.32% for methods A and B,
respectively. The optimum conditions for full colour development are described and the
proposed methods were applied successfully to the assay of MEZ in pharmaceutical
preparation (capsules).

In this work, as the growth of the universe was treated as a discrete step evolution of a
black hole. The speed of the evolution of the universe was found to be increased exponentially
with the number of the step of the evolution. This result shows a good agreement with the
observational evidence of the accelerated universe.

Four cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf) were used in two crosses, the
first, Leeds x Waha and the second Azeghar x Om rabi-3. The parent generations, first and
second filial generations and first and second back crosses from each cross were used to
study gene action, heritability, average degree of dominance and expected genetic advance
for plant height, number of spikes, grain yield, weight of 100 grains and number of grains
per spike. The results revealed that additive dominance model was adequate for weight of
100 grains in the two crosses, while additive, dominance and epistatic gene action played a
significant role in the inheritance of other traits. Most of the studied traits revealed over
dominance and high to medium narrow sense heritability. The values of expected genetic
advance as percentage of the mean indicated that selection in the second filial generation
will be effective to improve most of the studied traits.

The present study was conducted on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical and
subclinical cases of mastitis in cows. Isolates were diagnosed by conventional and biochemical
tests and API kit which was used to confirm the identification of Staph. aureus. Antibiotic
resistance of these bacteria were tested against Penicillin, Gentamicin, Oxacillin, Tetracycline,
Erythromycin, methicilin, vancomycin and the heavy metals like cadmium chloride, zinc
chloride, mercury chloride and copper. The genetic transformation of the standard strain of E.
coli k12JM83 was done with the plasmid DNA purified from these study isolates. The results
revealed that the location of antibiotic resistance genes were found to be on plasmid.
Transformants were obtained at a frequency of (0.8 – 2.0) × 10-4. The results showed that
location of heavy metals resistance genes were located on plasmid DNA also.

Three generations (F2 , B1 and B2) of two crosses between durum wheat varieties viz. (Leeds X Waha) and (Azeghar X Omrabi), were used to estimate: (1) phenotypic andadditive genotypic correlations between grain yield and its components and among
components; (2) Direct and indirect effects of each of yield components on grain yield
through path coefficient analysis; (3) the relative importance of components contributing to
grain yield. The results showed that phenotypic and additive genotypic correlations in the
two crosses were: (1) positive and significant between grain yield and its components
(number of spikes, 100 grain weight and number of grains per spike). (3) negative and
significant between the components. The value of determination coefficient as percent
indicated that the contributing to grain yield were number of spikes, 100 grain weight and
their joint effects, therefore, can be used as selection index in the program of wheat
breeding.

The study aims were to investigate the effect of passive smoking on the changes in the
level of glycogen in mice. The mice were exposed for (2 to 4) months to passive smoking,
for 2 to 4 hour's daily. The intensity of carbohydrate and glycogen reaction by increasing
the amount of smoking and histochemical stains was decreased with the lapse of time to
exposure of passive smoking as compared with the group of control.

This study includes the investigation of the ability of some gram positive and gram
negative bacterial species to produce slime layer which play a role in biofilm formation and
complication of pathogenic infections and resistance to antibiotic therapy.
Thirty five bacterial isolates were used in this study, they include: Staphylococcus
aureus (14 isolates), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7 isolates), Escherichia coli (6 isolates),
Proteus mirabilis (3 isolates), Salmonella spp. (2 isolates), Enterobacter aerogenes,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia spp.
Three methods were used to detect slime layer production which include: Congo red
agar medium (CRA), modified congo red agar method (mCRA), and Microtiter (MTP)
method.
The results showed that there is no differences between Congo red agar and modified
Congo red agar methods. Microtiter plate method was more sensitive for slime layer
detection as the rate of production was 51.429% from all isolates as compared with
31.429% positive results in Congo red agar method. There are clear differences in moderate
and negative results for both methods.

The rate of bromination of 1,3-diaryl -2-propen-1-one (a1) and its derivatives p-bromo
acetophenone (a2), p-chloro acetophenone (a3), p-methoxy acetophenone (a4), p-nitro
acetophenone (a5), p-chloro benzaldehyde (a6) and p-nitro benzaldehyde (a7) had been
studied in chloroform. The study indicated first order dependence on each of reactants withrates (a5 > a3 > a2 > a1 > a4 ) and (a1 > a7 > a6) at any temperature. The effect of
substituents on the rate showed that electronic factors, inductive and conjugative effects
play a reasonable role on the stability of the intermediates. Suggested mechanisms, which
are consistent with the results have been postulated and suitable rate laws in consonance
with the suggested mechanisms have been derived.

The assay is based on the reaction of nitrite in acidic medium with
m-nitroaniline to form the corresponding diazonium ion which is coupled with
N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine to form a stable purplish azo dye that shows maximum
absorption at 530 nm. Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range 0.04-1.0 ppm. The
molar absorptivity is (4.6x104l.mol-1.cm-1), and Sandell's sensitivity index of (0.1 ng. cm-2).
The proposed method has been applied to the determination of nitrite in meat, water and
soil.

In this research, we try to study the fatigue resistance of coated mild steel 1020 AISI.
The alloy was coated with Al in single process using pack cementation technique and Ni
using electrodeposition technique. Both processes were also used for coating the same alloy
(double layer coating). The fatigue resistance of these coating was compared with the base
alloy and with those subjected to a heat treatment at the same conditions of time and
temperature. The aim of this study was to understand the effect of the temperature and
coating type on the fatigue life.
The results obtained, based on XRD, Fatigue test, optical microstructure and hardness
measurement, that the temperature of heat treatment played the major rule of fatigue life
reduction. This can be attributed to the phase transformation of α- ferrite steel to pearlite
( ferrite + cementite).
The results also showed that the coating types have a very important effect on fatigue
life. The coatings performed at high temperature (aluminizing) revealed a negative effect on
the fatigue life. This is due to the formation of a new brittle and less ductility of Fe-Al phase
on the alloy surface. The electrodeposition of Ni leads to a positive effect which is due to an
improvement in surface conditions of the alloys via filling the voids or other defects which
are present at the surface. The double layer coating (Ni-Al) applied to some specimens
shows some improvement in fatigue resistance, in comparison with a single aluminized
specimen. This was attributed to the formation of multiphase layer consisting of Fe-Al and
Ni-Al intermetallic compound.