IRAQ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

Afield experiment was conducted in full season 2004 to compared and test 192 top cresses in S3, in cooperation program with International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Top crosses under investigation were compared with four varieties as check( two represents local Single cross 95 and al-Masara–open pollinated ,and the others two CIMMYT hybrids).The objective of this study was to screen and select germplasm that had good performance general combining ability and continuing breeding programs to develop new inbred lines suitable for hybrid seed production ant to extend the genetic bas for corn crops throughout utilizing the geographically and genetically base.
Each 12 top crosses and four check varieties consider orthogonal experiment. The results analysis with Randomized Complete Block Design, Result showed significant for all traits Ander Investigation. Twenty nine top crosses produced highest number ear /plant ,sixteen top crosses produced highest average of kernel number/ear, fifteen top crosses given highest average of 300 gm. kernel weight, Twenty two top crosses produced highest yield/plant.
Crosses that had good performance analyzed in the statistical design and the result showed that sixteen top crosses to take part more than two traits.

Sorghum crops high or medium of tolerant salinity. The adoption of standards early growth indicators election is very important to show the extent of tolerance sorghum to stress salinity and influenced by gene expression. Experiment carried out in 2013 in the lab of Biological Technologies- Agricultural Research Office, according to RCBD design with three replications. Represented by variety (Inqath) as control, elected ((Dewaniya 1, (Dewaniya 2) and varieties entered (Giza113, Giza15, Dorado) and six levels of salinity (0, 2, 6, 10, 14 and 18) Dessie Siemens. The results showed significant in indexes coleoptile, radicle length (77.26,71.666)% sequentially. Giza113 best performers for coleoptile wet weight and radicle indexes (68.51,129.82)% and dry weight index (123.63%). Salinity levels significantly affected in the reduction of all evidence salinity tolerance and the weight of evidence was evidence coleoptile more sensitive to increased levels of salinity after 6 dsm. Giza113 best indicators of salinity tolerance. Index dry weight of rootlet (180.24 %), index total wet and dry seedling (136.42, 124.60)% sequentially, for continuing to increase the weight with high salt levels up to 10 dsm.

The study area is a part of the Western desert of Iraq, which is rich in plant biodiversity, but suffers greatly from some industrial dust of factories, which affect the various forms of natural life. This paper focuses on the impact of the Qubasa cement factory on vegetation cover of the surrounding regions. This study included two parts of samples, the first within affected area of factory emissions and the second at unaffected area with factory emissions. The squares method to estimate the diversity of vegetation at each site was used. The collected data covered the environmental criteria such as plant abundance, frequency, intensity, number of species and biomass in each site, in addition to the estimated quantity of sediment materials on foliar part of vegetation.
The results showed 37.8% decrease in the annual species at the affected area by factory emissions in comparison with unaffected regions, and clear decreasing in the, frequency and abundance of these species, which indicated the negative effect of the emissions materials on percent of these species was also found.
The supremacy for perennial was for Salsola regida Pall, Alhagi maurorum and Artemisia scoparia while the supremacy for annuals plant took the following declining sequence:
Diplotaxis hara (Forssk)> Lepidinm perfoliatum and Arnebia decumbens (Vent)> Bromus tectorum > Malva parviflora > Onobrychis squarrosa (Viv.)>Cardaria draba L.(Desv.) = Erodium glaucophyllum> Medicago raditata L.
A disappearance of some plant species like Scorozonera paposa and Phalaris minor Retzin was noticed, which were in this ecosystem as mentioned by Guest (1966) study.

The study included Isolation , purification and, identification of ten isolates of phosphate dissolved bacteria from rhizosphere of wheat , barely and tomato plants grown in different areas (Abu al Khasib ,Shatt Arab and Al-Zubair ) south of Iraq . Result showd that all obtained isolates identified as Bacillus Polymyxa. Variation in PH value, total acidity and dissolved phosphrous were differ among different isolates and times of incubation. Bacteria isolated from rhizosphere of wheat plants of Shatt Arab were most effective among other in dissolving phosphous, decreasing PH and increase total acidity after 21 and 14 days for super hale and rock pho sphale respcctively.

Ten isolates of nitrogen fixing bacteria were isolated from roots of wheat,barley and tomato grown in different areas in south of Iraq. Isolated bacteria were puried then identified .Results indicated that all isolates belong to Azospirillum genus and Lipoferum species .Nitrogenase activity differs for all isolates ranged from 112.19 to 803.07 nmole .ml-.hr-. highest activity were associated with isolate A3 while the lower activity was associated with isolate A4 . Results showd that difference efficiency in nitrogenase activity for different isolates with in genus and species habited same plant

The experiment was performed at Alisihaki date palm station attached to the General Directorate of Date Palm/Ministry of Agriculture during 2012 season to assess the effect of land and foliar application of fertilizers on offshoots growth of three varieties of date palm were; White Farith, Saeef plant, and Alhilaly.Dry weight percentage,NPK, carbohydrates, ration of CHO: N, sugars and starch were measuned and determixaf. 63 homogenized growth offshoots, grown on square system 5 m X 5 m were selected. The First chemical fertilization applied on march15, 2012, the secand on June 15, 2012, and the third on September 15, 2012 (the sprayer pressure and the angle of spraying were fixed to get homogenized spray with four angles to each offshoot).All the readings were collected at February 15, 2013 to confirm the results after one year.The experiment was designed on the split plot design and the varieties as main factor while other treatments as secondary factors. Three varieties and seven treatments fertilizer three fertilizer treatments ground ,and three leafy fertilizer and control treatment with three replicates for each treatment and the offshoot was considered as a replicate. The differences were compared between averages based on LSD at the possibility of 5%.The results of the study showed significant results of Saeef plant significantly showed dominance over other two varieties leaf contents of Phosphorus. The variety of Al hilaly dominated also in leaves contents of Potassium.There was a significant effect of fertilizer treatment in that CHO, N, K, sugars, and starch contents. Treatment 3 (T3) which gave high results as the leaf contents as CHO of 5.32%, N 0.79%, P 0.26%, K of 1.10%, Sugar of 3.55% and starch at 1.77%. The ratio of CHO to N was significantly higher with T0 which gave CHO contents of 7.10%. There was no difference in the dry weight percentage in the leaves and also CHO ratio to N. The combination between varieties and chemical treatment resulted in significant increase in the leaves contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. A significant increase of chemical properties as leaves CHO contents, sugar percentage, and starch percentage, with the combination between varieties Saeef plant and Al hilaly of third treatment.

The present study was carried out during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons to evaluate the effect of different levels of iron in growth and some yield properties of date palm Kadrawi Basrah. The experiment consisted of adding 5 levels of iron; 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20gm Fe palm-1 as FeSO4.7H2O (19% Fe) at three doses. Randomized complete block design with three replicates was used in this study.
The results showed that the levels of Fe significantly increased some characteristics of date palm for two seasons. 20gm Fe palm-1 level was superior in giving highest values for those characteristics. The percentage increases of these characteristics for season /2013 were 23.3, 34.5, and 66.2% for fruit weight, fruit volume, and chlorophyll content respectively while the percentage increase for season / 2014 were 24.6, 34.5, and 66.6% for those characteristics respectively as compared with control. The percentage increases of dry weight, total soluble solids (TSS), reducing sugars, non reducing sugars and total sugars respectively for season /2013 were 25.9 28.0, 24.5, 19.3 and 32.0% while for season/2014 were 27.3, 36.6, 36.4, 20.4 and 34.1% respectively as compared with control.

An experiment was carried out during spring season 2012 in experimental field-Al-Raaba station/ Horticulture Department - Ministry of Agriculture.
The aim of this experiment to study the effect of Mycorrhiza (Glomus moassea), Biochar, mulching under three levels of chemical fertilization on yield and quality of tomato fruits (Ascorbic acid, titrable acidity and dry matter).
Experiment designed in split-split plot design in three Replicates, when chemical fertilization represented mean factor treatment which added in three levels (0, 50, 100) of recommended fertilization and sign as (S0,S1,S2) to represent it respectively ,nitrogen added as urea in 200 kg.h-1, phosphor added as rock phosphate in 60 kg.h-1 and potassium add as potassium sulfates in 120 kg.h-1.
Mycorrhiza added in two treatments as control and at rate of 100gm (mixture soil, root and spore) per plant and characterize as (B0, B1) to represent it respectively, mulching and Biochar were the sub–treatment, mulching added as control and 9 cm thickness layers sign as (M0, M1) to represent it respectively.
Biochar treatments added as control and at rate 5 ton /h which characterize as (C0,C1) to represent it respectively, the experiment was irrigated under drip irrigation.
The results showed that all study factors increased significantly the dry matter, ascorbic acid and titrable acidity in tomato fruit, the interaction treatments S2B1M1C1 recorded the higher dry mater value in fruit was 10.64%, with no significant differences with S1B1M1C1 treatment was 10.08%.
The interaction treatment S2B0M0C1 recorded the higher titrable acidity value in fruit was 0.857%, and the higher value for ascorbic acid S1B1M1C1 treatment was 36.17mg.100-1 juice.
All study factors increased significantly the early yield and total yield, the interaction treatments S1B1M1C1 recorded higher values (44.87, 9.54) ton.h-1 for total and early yield respectively, the rustles show that interaction among experiment factors decrease amount of chemical fertilizer to 50% in S1B1M1C1 treatment.

ABSTRACT
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of NaCl in on some biochemical changes in three grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars Shadah Sawdaa, Shadah Baidaa and Kamali. Double-node microcuttings were excised from proliferating cultures and subjected to seven different NaCl concentrations (0, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 mM) in MS medium, supplemented with 2 mg BA, 0.1 mg / l (NAA), 3% sucrose and 0.7% agar, for 4 weeks .It was clear from the data that the, shoot contents of proline, glycine betaine and peroxidase activity increased due to the increase in NaCl concentrations up to 75 mM in multiplication medium and a different trend between cultivars were observed. Shadah Baidaa shoots showed highest level of proline, glycine betaine and peroxidase activity under salt stress compared with Shadah Sawdaa and Kamali.

A field trial was conducted during 2012 at Research Farm of Biology Department, College of Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq to test the response of weed and wheat crop to different rates (3 and 6 t ha-1) of sunflower residues (Cv Asgrow) alone or in combination with 50% (150 g ha-1) of the label rate of Chevalier herbicide. Weedy check and label rate treatments were included for comparison. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with 4 replications.
Result showed that sunflower residues incorporated into field soil at rates of 3 and 6 t ha-1 significantly reduced weed population and dry weight in comparison to weedy check treatment. Incorporation of sunflower residues at 3 t ha-1 reduced weed density by 87.5 and 97.2% of the control after 90 and 120 day respectively while the reduction was increased when sunflower residues were incorporated at 6 and t ha-1 reach to 88.9 and 78.2% of the control after 90 and 120 day respectively. However, plots treated with 50% of label rate of herbicide and amended with sunflower residues recorded statistically weed suppression similar to that achieved by the label dose of herbicide. It appeared that weed suppression was directly translated into yield of wheat. Application of Chevalier herbicide at 50% rate in plots amended with sunflower residue at rates 3 t ha-1 resulted in similar biological and grain yields, number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike and harvest index as with the label herbicide rate treatment. Chemical analyses indicated that total phenolics started to increase at 14 and 24 day of decomposition then declined thereafter. Biological activity test of field soil revealed that suppression of Malva weed is directly related with total phenolic content of soil with high correlation between them. The importance of this approach in managing weeds and reducing herbicides input into agroecosystems and enhance the physical and nutritional properties of soil is briefly discussed.

This study was conducted in 5 different areas of buffalo aggregations in Baghdad, Al-Fadhalyia, Alma'mil, Abu Ghruib, Al-Taji and Boob Al-Sham during 2012-2013. The study covered 139 vists to buffalo breeder who has 5 to 500 heads. The total final number of animals studied was 9253. This study was contained with some of reproductive traits, like age at first calving, days open and service per conception. They used SAS program for analysing data to study two main effects which were buffalo age (parity) and location on that trait. The highest milk yield was recorded for 3rd and 4th female birth group, the mean was, 6.27 ± 0.14 kg in Al-ma'mil area and lowest was 3.75 ± 0.07 kg in Boob A l-Sham area (P<0.01). The lowest milk yield they found in 2nd group of birth and this was ranged between 3.12 ± 0.05 kg in Al-Taji and 5.95 ± 0.05 kg in, Alma'mil area and these differences were highly significant.
The lowest age at first calving were in Al-Fadhalyia area (26.75 ± 2.46 months) compared with the highest age in Alma'mil area (34.20 ± 2.19 months) and these differences were highly significant (P<0.01). And the lowest service per conception was in Al-Tagi area compared to highest conception in Abu-Ghruib area (1.73 ± 0.04 and 2.39 ± 0.07) respectively (P<0.01). We concluded that daily dairy production and some reproductine traits differ due to location and flock.

This study depended on 1663 records included veterinarian, breeding, Pedigree records belong to 248 Holstein neonatal calves from birth to one month aged at the Nasr dairy cattle station in Al-Soueira. The results taken from records were statistically analyzed by General Linear Model (GLM ) Within the SAS Program (2010) used to study the fixed effects of weight at birth, birth type, sex, and season of infection on the Enteric infection. Restricted Maximum likelihood procedure produced to estimate the Variance component for random effects. The general mean for Enteric morbidity rate was 0.13% and this percentage not affected by weight at birth and sex and different significantly (p<0.05) according to birth type, while the incidence rate affected by season (p<0.01). Higher morbidity rate was 0.33% for neonatal at birth weight less han 25kg. Disease accurate between twins more than single neonatal was 0.32% and 0.15% respectively, so the infection occoured nearily the same between calves and heifers, at spring the infections increased and received to 0.30% while reduced to 0.19% at summer. Heritability and Repeatability for Enteric infection was 0.16 and 0.17 respectively. Genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficient between Enteric disease and weight at birth was significantly (p< 0.05) and negative received to -0.89 and -0.68 respectively.

Sheep records of Agric. Res. State Board–Ruminants Research Station, Baghdad, were analyzed, which its accounts were 251,243,239,228 record for local Awassi sheep lamb at weaning age (3 months), 6, 9 and 12 months of age respectively for the years 2009, 2010, 2011 in order to study the effects of parents sex, birth type, age, and interaction among these factors on lambs livability at weaning age to one year of age. Study results appeared that there were no significant effects of age on lamb's livability at weaning age until one year of age. While ewes age effect was highly significant (p<0.01) on lambs livability at one year of age, as it was significant (P<0.05) on lambs livability at weaning age. Ewes with 4 years of age gave highest lambs livability which reached 90.42% at weaning age and at 6, 9 and 12 months of age, while the lowest lambs livability were to ewes with 8 years of age, which reached 62.00, 62.00, 62.50, 37.50% at weaning age 6, 9 and 12 months of age respectively. Parents' sex and their birth type effects were not significant on lamb's livability at weaning age to one year of age as well as the interaction among these factors which was not significant on lamb's livability.

The aim of present study to evaluate the effect of using coriander seed and rosemary leaves and a interaction on them in broiler diet on broiler performance.
A total of 1080 broiler chicks , Ross-308 at one day old, were randomly allocated to nine treatment groups(T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6,T7,T8,T9) and each treatment group was distributed to three replicates with 40 chicks for each replicate . Chicks in the first and second treatment group were fed on diet supplemented with coriander seed at the level of (0.25% and 0.50%) , respectively , while chicks in the third and fourth treatment were fed on diet supplemented with rosemary leaves at the level of 0.25 % and 0.50 % , respectively . Mixing of tow medical herb types (coriander seed and rosemary leaves) were added to fifth , sixth , seventh and eighth treatment .
whereas chicks in the ninth treatment were fed on a standard diet and used as a control group.
The data showed that there were no significant differences between treatments for both body weight and feed consumption at marketing age (6 weeks), while T9 significantly (p < 0.05 ) had the best feed conversion ratio in the last week of experiment(week 6) compared with another treatments .Also, T1 showed least mean in body weight gained than all treatments in this study. The fifth treatment significantly ( p < 0.05 ) recorded higher mortality percentage than T2 , T3 , T4 , T6 and T7 which gave less percentage of mortality , whereas not differ from other . For concerned with the accumulative performance , the T4 showed least means in feed consumption compared with another treatments studies , Whereas not recorded any significant differences between all treatments for feed conversion and weight gain . The T6 get significantly ( p < 0.05 ) least percentage of mortality than control group and other treatments in this study .
In conclusion, diet supplementation with coriander seed and rosemary leaves had not affected significantly on weekly body weight gain, marketing body weight and feed conversion ratio. However, diet supplementation with medical herbs had reduced the mortality percentage and feed consumption significantly for broiler chicks.

This study prepared in Mesopotamia State Company for Seeds in seeds purifying and dusting sites in Wasit governorate (Al-azizyah and Al-ahrar sites) and Kirkuk governorate Kirkuk site. The study deals with external features for wheat cultivars that the company deals with also the processes of purifying and dusting for seeds in field and purifying plants which means remove as much as possible of bush seeds and barley seeds and inert materials , in addition to other wheat cultivars also the study allowed rates of foreseeable loss before and after purification process approved by the Office of Seeds Testing and Certification and the study found a number of recommendations which are:
1- The seeds should be homogenous in size and not be a mixture of big and small seeds because it exposes one of them to loss during passing in sieves because the holes of sieves fit with one size.
2- Work according to specific gravity measuring system for seeds which means the weight of (1000 seed) where the rate should be weighing (35-40 g) so we get rid of clean and weak seeds before the receipt process.
3-Field purity : which is cleaning field by farmer before harvesting to get rid of other crops seeds and barley and bush seeds which is known as roguing and give this subject great importance by the field inspector because the field cleanliness greatly affect on purifying process and the rate of loss.
4-Numerical examination of barley: this is similar to what happening with bush seeds, the separating process of barley grains from wheat by cylinder lead to loss much of wheat seeds until barley grains arrived to the allow limit, whenever barley seeds decrease the loss of wheat seeds decrease , so it must be emphasized on making field purifying (roguing).
5-Not neglect in receiving seeds infected with diseases, insects and nematodes because that lead to its spread and transmission from one field to another and ensure on dusting through purifying.

Can be considered a Problem of determination and estimate of loss maize yield of the important problem experienced by the Iraqi economy and the aim of this study was to determine and estimate the total costs maize yield during manufacturing operations, Which was followed by harvesting process in order put some of solutions and proposals that would reduce the size of costs borne of the Iraqi economy.
The study which sources from which was calculated the causes loss ratios during alienate and drying processes carried out by selecting random samples of the maize group received in the company's machines production taza in kirkuk. Azezea in waset, and hella in hella for the (2011-2012) agricultural season where measurements were conducted ratios moisture and impurities and baemos loss of these samples and hold meetings and dialogues with those who on this machines production and also prepare aquestionair included (104) people in addition to company. Data Mesopotamia stateal of seeds and the use of the accounts department in the company.
Results indicated that the best rate of receipt for aranas maize is when humidity between (27%-30%) and the period storage from (15–30) days prior to alienate and drying processes machines production which lead to an increase in the efficiency of the performance machines production where these machines production need in this case ashorter time and this in turn leads to reduce the cost of college expenses (administrative expenses and indirect costs and marketing costs) and get the whole grains and dried high standard and free of fungus and toxic pollutants as well as the continuation of machines production in rental vehicles because the costs of purchasing vechicles with annual maintenance and annual depreciation is much greater in the case of in rental from the private sector at the moment.

Agricultural production in Iraq Suffers of its low growth rate and fluctuation which was reflected in its low contribution in Gross Domestic Product. This calls the knowledge with reasons to identify the suitable agricultural policies to increase the growth rate of agricultural product and to pin-point the sources of domestic agricultural product growth for period (1980-2008) and to test the relationship between the Total Factor Productivity and agricultural product growth. To measure Total Factor Productivity Solow model and growth accounting technique were used which necessitates the estimation of agricultural sector production function in IRAQ by using (Cobb Douglas) model and time series data for study period. The study include the methodology and literature review and contained the reality of agricultural sector in Iraq, and two sections The first section tackled the economic theoretical framework and the second section dealt with econometrics theoretical framework. At last concerned with data analysis and discussion. The results showed the positive relation between capital stock and agricultural domestic product as the production elasticity for Capital was (0.69) which and it was significant at (1%) level. the production elasticity for work was (0.31) and total productivity of production factors contribution was significant in agricultural product growth as it was (84%) and The rate of productivity growth overall during the study period was (0.023), while the contribution of capital stock and workers number were (11.5%, 4.5%), respectively during the study period and showed results of the analysis that the production of agricultural sector in Iraq is within the second stage of production therefore recommends action to raise the productivity of workers in the agricultural sector and further studies on the total productivity of production factors and determinants of appropriate agricultural policy to raise the growth rate of agricultural production.

The aim of this research was to determine the classified levels of planning training courses to diffuse date palms produced by tissue-culture in state Board of date palms which is responsible to developed agricultural planning in Iraq. Data collected from random sample contains 72 trainees whom participated in these courses, by using aquestionnaire. Made for this purpose. A scale was setup to measure the classification of three categories (weak, middle, good) of planning training courses which was executed in 2009_2013. The measure contains 6 levels, 45 steps, and the value of minimum and maximum degree between 45-135. The result showed that the average of the classification level was 75 degree, and the standard deviation 2.94, it's located in weak category (45-75) degree. Results also show 46 trainees represent 64% and they describe these planning training courses in a weak category. The research also showed that strong, nature relationship and statistical significant between classified levels and some of the variables(academic achievement, professional specialization, experience, participate in Training Courses, contact the sources of agricultural information). the research recommended that to setting up organizing for planning training course, and confining the human and material resources by away adequate with planning training course, sin order to reach the sufficient planning training course to improve the effectiveness in Agricultural sustainable of Date palms trees.

The main aim of the study is to investigate the response of tomato to practice of organic farming through application of compost to improve soil environment and liquid organic fertilizer as a source of nutrients. Multi-span plastic house (36x27.6m) located at the Experimental Farm of the Extension Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Kut, Wasit Governorate- Iraq, was used to grow tomato for the season 2012/2013. The main plots were the application of compost in 20 and 40 Ton.ha-1 and the subplots were the application of organic liquid fertilizer (OLF) through either drip fertigation or foliar. The treatments arranged in the field according to Randomized Complet Block Desigh (RCBD) in three replicates. The Compost had been produced at the site of composting, Ministry of Agriculture, Kut, Iraq and the organic liquid fertilizer at the Integrated Management of Plant Production and Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq. Results indicated that both the 20 and 40 m ton.ha-1 compost were sufficient in improving soil characteristics and enhancing plant growth. The two methods of supplying nutrients to crop (fertigation or foliar application) were very close in effect on tomato yield. Although the foliar application was associated with the use of low N dose OLF, it produced comparable yield to that produced by the fertigation associated with the use of high N dose OLF. Analysis of total available N, P, and K in soil as well as the mineral forms of N (NH4 and NO3) indicated no significant differences found among the treatments during the growing season at mid-season and post-harvest. It can be concluded that the 20 ton.ha¯1 compost/ha was sufficient to supply N, P, and K for plant growth and development and to maintain appreciable concentrations through the growing season. Soil organic matter had been increased during the growing season. Therefore, it is evident that the application of compost supplemented by organic liquid fertilizer was successful practice to meet crop demand for nutrients and maximize crop yield.

Field study was undertaken to explore the response of weeds and mungbean crop to soil incorporated with sunflower residues in combination with lower rate of a pre-plant herbicide (Trifluralin). Sunflower residues of two cultivars Shumoose and Sin Altheeb at 3.2 and 6.4 t ha-1 were used either alone or in combination with trifluralin at 1.2 L ha-1 (50% of label rate). Trifluralin at full label rate (2.4 L ha-1), weed control and weed free treatments were also included for comparison. Plots treated with 50% of label rate of herbicide and amended with sunflower residues of cultivar Sin Altheeb recorded least weed density and dry biomass and this suppression was much greater than the residue treatments alone and more than cultivar Shumoose. Application of herbicide at 50% rate in plots amended with Sin Altheeb residue resulted yield 64% more than with the label rate of herbicide treatment. Chromatographic analysis of sunflower amended field soil revealed the presence of several potent allelopathic compounds in the residues of both cultivars with greater quantity in Sin Altheeb than in Shumoose. Periodic data revealed that maximum quantities of these phytotoxins were coincided with the period in which maximum suppressive activity against weeds was noticed under field condition, which explain the activity of phytotoxins on weed suppression. The other advantages of this method in improving soil physical and chemical properties are briefly discussed.

The present study aimed to set the level of histamine in pesta cheese. Fifteen samples of Pesta cheese were collected from Sulaimani local markets, Iraq. The level of histamine was assayed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In comparison with the recommended standard by Food and Drug Administration, high levels of histamine in 33.33% of cheese samples exceeded the permissible limits (100 mg/kg) and that pose a risk to public health.