Rafidain journal of science

Overuse of analgesics, particularly readily available over-the-counter (OTC) medications like acetaminophen, aspirin, and other non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), contributes to a worldwide problem of analgesic misuse in both developed and developing nations. NSAIDs are a necessary choice for managing pain because they target the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) pathway, which is central to both inflammation and pain signaling. They work by targeting two cyclooxygenase enzymes COX-1 and COX-2, which reduces the production of prostaglandins (PGs). The clinical utility of these agents is limited by their potential to induce adverse effects, notably acute kidney injury (AKI), which may contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in severe or prolonged cases. Renal function is susceptible to alteration by NSAIDs via inhibition of COX-1 (regulating renal hemodynamics and glomerular filtration rate) and/or COX-2 (mediating sodium and water excretion).
This study aimed to investigate the effect of analgesic medications, including Voltaren (diclofenac), Profen (ibuprofen), and Panadol (paracetamol/acetaminophen), on kidney function, specifically assessing creatinine, urea, and uric acid concentration. Sixty participants were enrolled in the study and divided into four groups of 15 individuals each: 15 individuals taking Voltaren, 15 individuals taking Profen, 15 individuals taking Panadol, and 15 individuals not using any analgesic medications, who served as the control group.
There was a significant increase in concentration of each of urea, uric acid, creatinine after four months of having the drugs that mention above compared with control group.

An endophytic bacteria isolated from root nodules of white lupin (Lupinus albus) on agar solidified yeast extract mannitol (YEM), after 48 hours, were white in color, with sticky appearance, and showed the ability of mucus production. Isolated bacteria were positive to oxidase and catalase and negative to gram stain. The bacteria were resistance to 30µg/ml metronidazole antibiotic. According to the diagnosis of the isolate at the molecular level by using DNA sequencing technique for the analysis of 16S rRNA gene with the global database, national center for biotechnology information (NCBI), the results revealed 99.26% similarity of the isolate in this study to the genus Rhizobium sp. were found in gene bank, and its recorded for the first times as Rhizopium sp. ZAZ strain in NCBI and the results showed responded of the white lupin seedling grown on nitrogen free medium (NF) to inoculated with Rhizobium sp. ZAZ isolate at 30 min and successful to form nodules on roots in the rate of 65% and the rate number of nodes/seedling was 2.3.

Preeclampsia is a medical condition that occurs during pregnancy, usually after the 20th week. It is characterized by hypertension and protein in the urine (proteinuria). This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of vitamin D3 and some adipokines (chemerin, lipocalin-2 and omentin) in the serum of infected pregnant women with preeclampsia. The study included pregnant women of different ages and in the second and third trimester of pregnancy compared with healthy pregnant women in the city of Mosul, to determine the relationship between D3 deficiency and preeclampsia in the serum of 90 blood samples from pregnant women infected with preeclampsia and hypertension during pregnancy. Their ages ranged between (20-40) year, from visits to both Al-Batoul and Al-Khansaa Teaching Hospital for obstetrics and gynecology in in Mosul City, who were diagnosed with this disease, by obstetricians and gynecologists, as well as 50 healthy pregnant women without preeclampsia or hypertension and from the same ages and stages of pregnancy, who were considered as a control group.
The results of current study showed a significant decrease in vitamin D3 and omentin concentration. The percentage of vit. D3 and omentin in the serum of infected with preeclampsia by 61% and 43% respectively. The second and third stage pregnant women with preeclampsia by 60% and 55% respectively compared to control. The results showed also the percentage decrease of vit. D3 and omentin in serum of infected pregnant women in the age group (31-40) and (20-30) year were 56%, 60% and 40%, 59% respectively compared to healthy pregnant women of the same age group. The results showed a direct correlation or a strong (positive) relationship between omentin and vitamin D3 deficiency. The results of this study showed a significant increase in the chemerin and lipocalin-2 concentration. The percentage of chemerin and lipocalin-2 in the serum of infected women with preeclampsia by 81% and 266% respectively. and for second and third stage pregnant women with preeclampsia by 148%, 117% and 232%, 162% respectively compared to control of the same stage. The results showed also the percentage decrease of chemerin and lipocalin-2 in serum of infected pregnant women in the age group (31-40) and (20-30) year were 139%, 123% and 279%, 167% respectively compared to healthy pregnant women of the same age group. The results showed that they were inversely related or a weak (negative) relationship between them and vitamin D3 deficiency.

Breast cancer persists as a major international medical challenge because it stands as one of the prominent causes of female cancer-related mortality. The research based on the Kurdistan Region of Iraq investigates breast cancer patients' biochemical and metabolic transformations regarding liver, renal, and lipid functions. The investigation included sixty breast cancer patients and forty subjects within the control group as part of a case-control study. Biochemical assessment determined random blood sugar (RBS), lipid profile, and indicators that measured liver and kidney function. Evidence shows that breast cancer patients have major psychological changes that lead to heightened anxiety and despair, and show higher body mass index metrics than patients without breast cancer. Multiple research studies indicate that breast cancer exists as a measurable link to the combined presence of past miscarriage and familial tendencies for cancer development. Total cholesterol measurements combined with triglyceride levels and LDL quantities increased in patients with dyslipidemia and showed lower HDL values. Blood glucose levels increased in breast cancer patients during the research period. Renal patients had higher blood urea, elevated serum creatinine levels, and increased AST, ALT, and ALP liver enzyme activity. Still, their total bilirubin and direct and indirect bilirubin decreased. Studies underline the importance of metabolic health monitoring among breast cancer patients because detected changes in assessments can affect treatment response, with disease management. The study proves that breast cancer needs individualized care strategies that integrate metabolic care with psychological interventions, while showing important information about cancer's advanced metabolic processes.

The adaptation artificial intelligence (AI) to biochemistry has become more suited to many areas of this field. AI adoption as a powerful tool that boosts creativity and innovation has become prevalent in today's world by chemists in all its branches, including biochemistry. Artificial intelligence applications have become diverse in biochemistry which has led to the detection of modern capabilities addressing complex genetic issues, developing new paths in pharmaceutical fields, and drug discovery. AI, as significant tool, has helped to enhance understanding main concept of basic processes of life. Many AI algorithms have been used today to achieve chemical activity forecasting. Digitization and automation combined with algorithms, become necessary to discover new compounds, recognize the biological activity molecules, and analyze their features.
The scientists have reached important results through the use of artificial intelligence applications and algorithms. For example, predicting protein structures, and categorizing, predicting various chemical phenomena.
Due increasing importance of using artificial intelligence in biochemistry, in this paper, I will illustrate the most important applications used in biochemistry and explain the results achieved via them.

The current study showed the efficiency of gamma rays on the seeds and callus of Portulaca oleracea, where samples exposed to radiation with an energy of 662 MeV and an activity of 1µci for Cs-137 source, with exposure time (0.0, 60, 120 and 180) minutes. Effect of gamma was studied on: Seed germination, shoot and root system, callus induction, callus fresh weight, protein, in addition to estimating of active compounds. The overall results showed that highest percentage for seed germination when exposed for (180 minutes), which reached (95%). Callus results confirm that stem and node parts were more responsive to callus induction than root parts, the best result for the fresh weight of callus was at 180 minutes for stem callus which reached (8.0 and 9) g, and for the nodes it reached (8.2 and 8.8) g. protein obtained the best result at 180 min for the callus of stems, where it reached (808.0) µg/ml, and for the nodes it reached (825.14) µg/ml. As for the effect of gamma rays on callus content of active compound, it was found that gamma rays have an effect on stimulating construction of active phenolic compounds, as the percentage of accumulation of active compound was very low, but gamma rays stimulated it and increased its construction, the best result for accumulation of (2-6 dimethoxyphenol) was at 60 min of exposure to the rays with an accumulation percentage of stem callus is (1.043 and 0.231) µg/ml and for nodes callus (0.671and 0.009) µg/ml in general the accumulation of the compound increased in all exposure time periods. Gamma rays at high times stimulated vital signs, primary metabolism and protein accumulation with better results than at low times. As for secondary metabolism compounds, short periods of gamma rays had a better effect. It is concluded from this study that low doses of gamma rays have a stimulating, effective and positive effect on the Portulaca oleracea plant.

The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the concentrations of heavy metals such as cooper (Cu), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) in indoor dust samples in 9 types of building material factories: Cement, gypsum, gypsum board, red brick, concrete block, tile, marble, behaton (paving slabs), and stone crusher in 28 various factory locations in Sulaymaniyah governorate-Iraqi Kurdistan by using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy technique. Standard levels of heavy metals in dust samples vary depending on the country, organization, and specific guidelines being referenced. There is no universal standard, but regulatory bodies such as the world health organization (WHO), the U.S. environmental protection agency (EPA), and the European union (EU) have set recommended limits for heavy metal concentrations in dust, soil, and airborne particulates, such as (Pb) 50-500 ppm, (Cd) 1-10 ppm, (As) 5-50 ppm, and (Cr) 10-100 ppm. In this study, the cement factory exhibited the highest levels of Cu (156.50 ± 16.26 ppm), Pb (89.90 ± 1.41 ppm), Cr (52.30 ± 4.95), Cd (59.40 ± 3.54 ppm), Hg (6.85 ± 0.24 ppm), and as (40.40 ± 3.54 ppm). In contrast, gypsum board factories consistently displayed the lowest concentrations of most of heavy metals, with Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, and as values at 23.60 ± 0.30 ppm, 1.75 ± 0.93 ppm, 0.64 ± 0.13 ppm,1.39 ± 0.25 ppm, 0.20 ± 0.01 ppm, and 1.80 ± 0.22 ppm, respectively. Other factory types showed varying degrees of contamination. In comparison with studies reported elsewhere, the concentration levels of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in our study were greater. These findings highlight significant disparities in heavy metal concentrations across industrial activities, emphasizing the need for targeted environmental monitoring and mitigation strategies to manage industrial pollution effectively.

The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of pure and doped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films, including those doped with tin (TZO), aluminum (AZO), and both aluminum and tin (ATZO), were studied using the Z-scan technique. These films were prepared using the spray pyrolysis technique. The results demonstrate that doping ZnO with aluminum (Al), tin (Sn), or both significantly influences the material's nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index. Specifically, the nonlinear absorption coefficient (βeff) decreased for doped films from (5.294 cm/W) for pure ZnO film to (4.794 cm/W) for ATZO. Additionally, the nonlinear refractive index (n₂) was found to be negative for all films, were (n2) increased from (-2.237 x 10-9 cm2/W) for pure ZnO film to (-1.995 x 10-9 cm2/W) for ATZO. The real, the imaginary parts of the nonlinear susceptibility and the third-order (NLO) susceptibility was also found. These results highlight how doping could improve ZnO thin film nonlinear optical performance

Different phenomena require separate measurement of corrosion rate and sliding wear rate. The chemical decomposition between materials contacting their environments results in corrosion but the friction generated by moving surfaces causes sliding wear. Scientists studied the sliding wear resistance of AISI 446 stainless steel alloy which received thermal coatings made from diverse concentrations of silicon oxide, silicon carbide and nickel-aluminum (SiC + SiO2 + Ni-Al) ceramic powders. Thermal spray welding torch (QH-2/H) served as the equipment to apply the coatings. The testing procedure followed ASTM D5963 standard specifications for a pin-on-dish apparatus which operated at different vertical loads with speeds and dish surface parameters. The experimental analysis revealed that the utilized coatings demonstrated superior sliding wear resistance than the original base alloy after the inclusion. The wear rate of all tested samples rose steadily while the loads increased. The alloy N_1 achieved the lowest corrosion rate while containing 75% silicon carbide combined with 25% Ni-Al binder material. The alloy manifested a -60.36% decline of corrosion rate against the base alloy when subjected to 26N of vertical force. The alloy (N_6) composed of 75% SiC and no SiO2 generated the minimal sliding wear rate of 180 rev/min because of its -45.42% enhanced performance. Sample (N_1) demonstrated decreased performance compared to the uncoated alloy even though its abrasive surface generated better wear resistance. The result showed an increase of -13.24% in wear rates.

The purpose of the research is to modify the surface of pure titanium and titanium alloy using a single aluminized coating system (cementation) at 1000oC, which led to structural changes in the surface of the aluminized models and to study the efficiency of this coating in resisting oxidation through a periodic oxidation test at a temperature of 1000oC for 150 hours. Microscopic examinations were conducted with a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) and X-rays on the aluminized samples to determine the structures and phases that formed as a result of aluminization, which had a major role in improving the resistance of pure aluminized titanium and titanium alloy to oxidation and corrosion compared to the non-aluminized models, as the efficiency of the coating on the titanium alloy was better than its efficiency on pure titanium, and the reason is due to the formation of a thin protective layer of alumina with high adhesion and high thermal stability.

A simulated transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is proposed in this work with analytical derivations. The common source (CS) input stage proved to show extremely low power consumption and input-referred noise current (spectral density) with high TIA gain and moderate f_(-3dB) bandwidth. A value of 56.8 dBΩ in TIA gain magnitude is reported at a bandwidth (BW) of 1 GHz. A low 0.41 mW of total power consumption was achieved, corresponding to the 15.3 pA⁄√(H_z) well reduced magnitude. A specific trade-off relaxation property appears to have occurred between TIA gain and input referred noise current on one hand, while on the other hand, a combinational low power consumption and input referred noise current took place. The above key findings represent the valuable solutions for the main challenges in industrial applications, especially in reducing TIA power consumption, as application-specific, demand with high integrity signals involving low input referred noise current.

Calcium oxide (CaO) thin films were created using the chemical bath deposition process on glass substrates (slides). The optical and structural characteristics of films have been examined using contemporary testing methods, such as x-ray spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and spectrophotometers.
The effect of deposition temperature, deposition period and potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration has been investigated, the optical and structural characteristics of the CaO films clearly vary throughout all experiments.
The film’s transmittance, absorbance and energy gap varied clearly with wave length. For films created using solutions with (1.702 and 3.92)g of KOH concentration, the energy gap rises from (2.38 to 2.58) eV, but for films made at (50 and 70)°C, it rises from (2.7 to 2.9)eV. The energy gap decreases from 2.6eV to 2.4eV for the films prepared at deposition periods (20 and 30) min. the scanning electron microscope images and x ray spectrums for all samples agree with the variation in the optical properties.

In this research, we deal with azo compounds, which are organic compounds that contain in their structure one or more active groups, that are the bridge azo groups (-N=N-), which can bind with the alpha group, giving the formula (R-N=N-R) and they are called aliphatic azo compounds, and if associated with an aromatic group (Ar-N=N-Ar), they are called aromatic azo compounds.
We classified the azo compounds according to the groups attached to their ends (which included aliphatic compounds and aromatic compounds) the second class according to the number of azo groups (mono-, di-, tri-, and poly-azo), and the third class according to the type of rings associated with the azo groups (homocyclic azo compounds and heterocyclic azo compounds).
Methods for preparing azo compounds were indicated, including two methods: The direct method (which includes the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds in the presence of zinc, and this method is used in the preparation of the corresponding azobenzene compounds) or the indirect method, which includes two steps in this type of reaction. The first step is the nitrogenation reaction and the second step is the coupling reaction.
Reference was also made to the preparation of diazonium salts through the reaction of primary amines with nitrous acid, which was prepared simultaneously from the reaction of sodium nitrite with mineral acid, at a low temperature between (0-5 °C) because nitrous acid dissociates quickly, and we discussed the resonant forms of diazonium salts.
We also dealt with the preparation of azo compounds from the reaction of diazonium salt with an aromatic amine compound or phenol.
We have dealt with azo compounds that are prepared from different other types of compounds that well be illustrated in this review.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the steps involved in the HTS approach, focusing on the multi-element sintering and thermal treatment techniques on the physical properties and crystal structure of the materials. The paper discusses the many influences that are transmitted through their fundamental properties, such as the magnetic field of temperature (Tc) and the AC current density, with an emphasis on other issues to improve these gains. The latest microelectronics, such as solid-state interactions, pulsed laser SEP, and CO2 laser radiation, are extracted, and how they can improve the electronic performance and microstructure of micro conductors. In addition, the alternative research addresses the effect of various elements (such as silver, mercury, nickel, and aluminum) on the stability of structure, phase formation, and thermal and electrical terms of materials. The results show that the microelectronics methods are fully optimized in material components that can significantly improve the performance of high-field computers, supporting their applications in advanced areas such as computing, power systems, and high-field magnetic imaging technologies. The search for recommendations for future studies is still important to achieve significant reliability at room temperature, which may open up significant horizons for technology science.

In this research, a polymeric composite material with a polystyrene basis reinforced with iron sulfate (FeSO4) nanoparticles was manufactured at a percentage of (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25)%. The manufactured samples were subjected to specific temperatures (T=40, 60 and 80) C° and for specific periods of time (3, 6, 9) hours. The samples were subjected to surface hardness and impact strength tests, to identify their ability to endure the thermophysical effect. These values differed with the difference in the temperature of the sample treatment and also with the period of the exposure of the samples to the thermophysical effect. Results showed that an increase in the values of surface hardness when adding FeSO4 nanomaterial to the polystyrene with a concentration of 20% and temperature of 80Cº and impact strength recorded the highest value when adding nanomaterial at 20% when exposed to a temperature 40C° for 3 hours according to the control treatment, while those values began to decrease when the percentage of FeSO4 nanomaterial was increased to 25%. Results of X-ray diffraction spectrum and Scanning Electron Microscope images showed the beginning of decomposition of polystyrene reinforced with FeSO4 nanoparticles with a concentration of 20% under a temperature of 60Cº.