Journal of College of Education

This study analyses six political cartoons selected based on their relevance to current Iraqi political issues, specifically the period between 2005 and 2015, from American online newspapers (calgecartooms.com). The selection criteria included the cartoons' satirical elements, visual rhetoric, and their ability to engage with themes such as power dynamics, social issues, and public opinion. It sheds light on how these cartoons can function as mediators of meanings between the cartoonists and the readers. The data is examined using multimodal discourse analysis (MDA), which combines language study with the analysis of other visual elements, like colors, gestures, and images, to understand meaning (O’Halloran et al., 2011). The Visual Social Semiotics framework proposed by Kress and Van Leeuwen is applied for data analysis. According to Kress and Van Leeuwen (2006, p. 1), who built upon Halliday’s functional socio-semiotic theory of language (1975, 1978, 1994, 2004), visual texts serve as resources for encoding interpretations of experience and enacting forms of social interaction. They identify three functions of meaning that act as semiotic modes of communication: representational meaning, interactive meaning, and compositional meaning. Moreover, the study attempts to demonstrate how cartoons portray surrounding circumstances, particularly political events, and examines their role in reflecting the main issues present in our daily lives and their impact on readers' beliefs and attitudes.

Conflicts are a part of the lives of individuals and communities in the Arabian Peninsula in general. The Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) dealt with disputes in Mecca, in which he was the arbitrator, with wise methods, both before and after Islam, such as his arbitration regarding the placement of the Black Stone, making him a model to be emulated to this day in resolving disputes or disagreements. This is because his approach was unique in resolving disputes, combining wisdom, justice, and tolerance. At one time and another, the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) chose a confrontational approach, such as what he did in the Battle of Banu Qaynuqa. All of this helped establish a strong and cohesive society through strategic decisions such as intermarriage, alliances, and peacemaking with various tribes. His method remains an example to be emulated in resolving disputes through peaceful and just means.

Humanity manifests itself in its most beautiful form through continuous cooperation with those in need, as there are many vulnerable cases that are unable to secure their daily sustenance. Many of them live in difficult conditions that prevent them from meeting their needs, while some social classes enjoy wealth and abundant blessings. Islam came with a comprehensive approach that seeks to reduce economic gaps and social disparities among individuals of the same society, establishing its principles to raise the level of the weak by supporting those in need and communicating with them to meet their needs. For that, it made obligatory and recommended means, the most important of which are: *zakat* (almsgiving), *khums* (one-fifth tax), and financial expiations, in addition to voluntary expenditures such as gifts, wills, and endowments. These means are considered fundamental pillars that ensure a life of dignity and safety for the overwhelming majority in society.
Despite their differences in ethnicities, sects, and ways of living in societies with different cultures, the common trait among all peoples is humanity—though in varying degrees, with some reaching its peak and others descending to its lowest, almost lost in tyrannical individuals. Humanity is the innate trait of human beings, but the sweetness of life, love of authority, arrogance, and pride overshadow it, causing it to gradually fade away. This fading has had negative consequences on the weak human. Islam emphasized its noble values of support, mercy, generosity, cooperation, and assistance. The Holy Qur’an, especially in the themes of Surah Al-Baqarah, urged solidarity through spending and highlighted its importance for the individual in building a compassionate Islamic human society. It clarified that solidarity is not merely an individual act, but a collective human endeavor aimed at building a cooperative society where individuals share their blessings among themselves.

Argumentation is considered one of the most important persuasive methods because of its methodological foundations that it is based on with the intention of convincing the recipient. It is very interested in the rhetorical speech activities that aim to influence the recipient and convince him of what he wants to reach. Therefore, we find that argumentation has many mechanisms, and among these mechanisms are (argumentative links). They are linked to the internal structure of the linguistic text and their effect is evident in the textual coherence of the arguments contained in it. Through these links, argumentation is directed towards an intended destination with the intention of influencing the recipient. Therefore, we find that the Holy Quran in its general form is considered one of the most important influential argumentative examples. It includes many argumentative links within it that formed its general features and helped to harmonize its internal elements and gave it an important influential force, especially in this blessed surah. We find that these argumentative links gave an influential force to this blessed text and gave it a coherence that is unparalleled through the arguments that were cited in this text.

The subject of semiotics is the study of the semiotic connotations of the names in parts 27 and 28, focusing on analyzing the meanings and symbols associated with these names. The study aims to understand how names are used as a means of expressing ideas and concepts, and how they reflect cultural and social contexts. Through this analysis, the study sheds light on the different dimensions of names and their role in shaping meanings in the texts studied. Therefore, our study was about: the history and origin of semiotics, and semiotics in the Qur’anic verses, including: mentioning the cause to indicate the cause, mentioning the cause to indicate the effect, and the alternative, including: mentioning the whole to mean the part and mentioning the part to mean the whole, naming the thing by the name of what was, calling the thing by the name of what will be in the future, mentioning the word of the place to mean the state, mentioning the word of the state to mean the place, applying the active participle to the source, applying the active participle to the passive participle, and applying the active participle to indicate exaggeration.

The research deals with the psychological and repeated readiness of the Jews to deviate from the worship of God to others. The research sheds light on their worship of the calf after Moses (peace be upon him) came to them with proofs, by extrapolating the noble verses that deal with this subject, as this group resorted to the worship of the calf after their prophet Moses left them for the meeting of his Lord, The Jews did not abandon the worship of the calf and the ram and remained alive in their memory since they were in Egypt until after the coming of Moses, so they took the calf after him as a god and built an altar for it because they loved it and believed in it without God after they accused Aaron (peace be upon him) of making it and worshiping it with them, and denied the real maker of it, which was explained to us in the Qur'an, namely “Samaritan”, so the consequences of worshiping this calf resulted in, including : Disbelief in God, ingratitude, and ignorance. There are also penalties imposed on them by God, such as being tasked with killing themselves, God's anger against them, and humiliation and makkanah.

This research attempts to uncover the factors that connect linguistic and non-linguistic elements, and their impact on the text, which, in their entirety, support grammatical cohesion in Al-Aswad ibn Ya'far al-Nahshali's poem "The Rope Has Become One of the Names of the One Who Is Torn." It was studied according to the means of grammatical cohesion, which are the various types of reference found in the poem, such as pre- and post-referential, textual, and situational. I then moved on to connect, which was in the form of additional connection, remedial connection, temporal connection, conditional connection, connection by conjunction, connection by generalization after detail, connection by circumstance, connection by repetition, connection by substitution, connection by advancement and delay. I then studied deletion and its impact on grammatical cohesion, which is the deletion of the subject, the deletion of the agent, the deletion of the predicate (ka'anna), and the deletion of (rabb). I then concluded the research with the most important results.

This study examines the foundational principles established by Caliph Omar Al-Farouq (may Allah be pleased with him) in composing his letters, focusing on the distinctive artistic features that characterize his epistolary style. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to enriching Arabic prose by highlighting the aesthetic and rhetorical values derived from the Qur’anic expression and the noble Prophetic tradition. The study also compiles a selection of Omar's letters to serve as a reference for scholars and researchers interested in this literary genre.
The structure of the research is divided into an introduction, two main sections, and a conclusion. The introduction defines the concept of the letter both linguistically and terminologically, explores its synonyms, and presents a brief overview of Al-Farouq's life, including his character, conversion to Islam, and moral traits.
The first section addresses the formal and structural features, analyzing the external artistic construction of Caliph Omar's letters. The second section discusses the rhetorical and stylistic techniques used in these letters, including imperative, prohibitive, oath, interrogative, and vocative expressions. It also explores Al-Farouq's reliance on religious terminology within his correspondence. The research concludes with a summary of findings.

Cognitive linguistics is the science that studies the mental aspect of language, as an aspect independent of other cognitive studies. Conceptual blending theory is a branch of cognitive theory that builds on its tools and uses its ideas. This theory arose from the question of how new concepts are created in human thought, including images, ideas, actions, and formulations in all fields, through a cognitive (inner) background. The resulting actions, at the conscious level, appear simple and straightforward, but are in fact the product of a number of extremely complex laws. This is what is called the conceptual blending network. Applying this theory to texts, especially the Qur'an, inspires insights into how to blend spaces and ideas in Qur'anic expression to understand the text as intended.

This study undertakes a comparative analysis of narrative works that have engaged with a subject of both scholarly interest and creative inquiry—namely, the representations of colors and their connotations on the covers of Kafka’s novels and Saad Said’s novels. The covers reveal that they draw their aesthetic from an array of uninhibited color pigments, each embracing a distinctive thematic quality expressed through unique visual mechanisms.
Moreover, the research seeks to uncover the extent to which ideas converge, ensuring that such convergence is vividly manifested in creative outputs through the comparison of innovative modern literary expressions. Accordingly, the study examines a literary culture spanning two different eras—diverging in language and cultural context, yet converging in methodology and thematic focus—to explore the connotations of these colors and their representations.
This endeavor epitomizes the mission of comparative studies, which at its core is dedicated to drawing insightful parallels between the literatures of different nations, exploring the dynamics of influence and reciprocal impact.

Studies of the ego have formed an important area in cultural studies, especially in studies of the other, and have attempted to draw the starting points of the ego that determine its behavior and the pattern of its interaction with everything that surrounds it. Since the ego is the space that includes all colors of the spectrum represented by customs, traditions, environment, and its ideology, we tried in this research to monitor the nature of The presence of the ego in three sections, concerned with the position that the ego occupies, and the nature of the presence of the male ego, in addition to monitoring the levels of the ego’s feeling of loss and its submission to feelings of loss, as well as the extent of the ego’s breadth of expression in the language of we, that is, That is, monitoring the extent to which the self (I) expresses the language of the group, adopting a cultural comparative approach that stems from the determinants of the American comparative approach, which goes beyond the issue of influence and impact adopted by the French school.

This research aims to explore the theme of the quest in Abdel-Fattah Kilito’s novel “By God, This Story is Mine” through a thematic approach, utilizing the thematic method, which is considered both flexible in nature and linked to psychoanalytic and philosophical practices. This allowed the study to examine Kilito’s vision of his characters’ journey—a journey that surpasses the “Other” toward what lies beyond. This reveals a mirrored and reflective theme of the quest. The study seeks to gather all that falls under the related theme of the quest and to explore the manifestations of the “Other,” which appear in multiple forms and narratives. It discusses the psychological perspective of the quest according to Kilito and draws upon the mirror theory of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. The significance of this research lies in uncovering the writer’s indirect vision through the unconscious thematic elements that the study attempts to reveal.

Traffic signs are essential visual tools for regulating traffic and ensuring road safety. From a semiotics perspective, these signs are a form of nonverbal language that convey meaning through symbols, colors, and shapes, making their study within the framework of semiotics crucial to understanding their function. This research aims to provide a simple, analytical study of traffic signs based on semiotics or semiotics. Traffic signs are a system of visually symbolic signals used to convey specific instructions to drivers and pedestrians. They fall within sign language due to their characteristics, such as brevity, immediate meaning, universal consistency or interpretability across cultures, and the uniform use of symbols and colors (e.g., red for warning, blue for guidance, yellow for caution)

The paper examines the discipline of comparative literature by taking a closer look at the two schools of French and American approach and how these schools have developed their conceptual frameworks and methodological orientation. Comparative literature as an academic field aims at bridging the literary traditions across cultures and geographic barriers by identifying both similarities and differences between them.
The study follows the historical origins of the discipline to its initial formations in France, where it was based on concepts of national literature and the concept of literary influence. The French school placed stress on historic documentation and the tracing of direct relations between literatures. The American school, in turn, began with a more interdisciplinary and more inclusive vision, and drew on cultural studies, philosophy, sociology and anthropology. It also highlighted the plurality of voices and the interactive movement of texts across cultural settings.
Each school is dedicated to two distinct parts: French tradition, which focuses on textual genealogy and historical rigor, and the American model, which extends the boundaries of comparison to the discourse analysis and interaction between cultures. A third section includes a comparative synthesis of the two methodologies that shows how each methodology brings unique strengths to the field.
The study ends with a call to an integrated approach that would merge the accuracy of the French model with the inclusiveness of the American one. This kind of synthesis, it claims, enriches the field in its study of world literature and its interpretation of complicated literary transactions between cultures.

‏This research aims to explore the semantic and psychological dimensions of minimization (taṣghīr) in Arabic poetry, taking the mystical poetry of Ibn al-Fāriḍ as a central model. Unlike the traditional grammatical treatment of diminutives, this study approaches the phenomenon from a stylistic and psychological perspective, focusing on how diminutive forms function within poetic discourse to convey symbolic, emotional, and spiritual meanings. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical method with psychological insight, analyzing a selected corpus of Ibn al-Fāriḍ’s poetry that features diminutive forms. These forms are examined morphologically and categorized according to their functions—whether expressive, emotional, or symbolic (Farajani, 2013, p. 81; Ghunaymi, 2005, p. 112). A foundational section discusses the structure and usage of diminutives in Arabic morphology, followed by a focused analysis of their occurrences in Sufi poetic contexts , Moreover, the research offers a comparative analysis with the poetry of Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, highlighting differences in the psychological and expressive use of minimization, particularly in portraying intimacy with the divine, emotional intensity, and spiritual longing. The findings show that diminutives in Ibn al-Fāriḍ’s poetry are not merely decorative or stylistic. Rather, they serve as deep semantic instruments reflecting the poet’s mystical experience, humility, and longing for divine presence. This suggests that even minor morphological features can encapsulate profound layers of meaning within the poetic system

History has brought us a lot of news and historical narratives that historians have passed on to each other. Some have accepted them and recorded them without scrutiny or verification to verify their authenticity, while others have scrutinized them, disapproved of them, and criticized them for their inaccuracy. Among these historians is al-Mas'udi, known for his meticulous handling of history. He was a historian, thinker, and critic. His famous book, "Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar," ,The Meadows of Gold and the Mines of Gems, is a famous historical work and a model of critical thought. It demonstrates the historian's meticulous handling of transmitted news and narratives. He criticized the reports and narratives, explained the reasons for their criticism or rejection, and corrected, refined, and weighed them against each other. In this way, he was able to address many of the errors that have occurred in history, correcting them, and putting them on the right track.

This study explores the official position of the State of Kuwait during the Lockerbie crisis, which erupted after the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland in December 1988, and the subsequent international confrontation with Libya. The research examines Kuwait’s alignment with the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993), which imposed sanctions on Libya due to its refusal to hand over two suspects accused of orchestrating the attack.
Through a historical-analytical approach, the study argues that Kuwait’s support for these resolutions was rooted not in hostility toward Libya as a fellow Arab state, but in a broader post-1990 strategic shift in Kuwaiti foreign policy following the Iraqi invasion. Kuwait adopted a principled stance favoring international legality, accountability, and opposition to state-sponsored terrorism.
The paper highlights how the Lockerbie crisis served as a platform for Kuwait to reinforce its commitment to international law, bolster its diplomatic ties with Western powers, and solidify its role as a responsible member of the international community. The study concludes that Kuwait’s foreign policy response to the crisis was both pragmatic and value-driven, aiming to strengthen regional stability and ensure its national security through international legal mechanisms.

The research sheds light on the standard of living of the scholars of Iraq in the first Abbasid era (132-334AH/749-945AD), which is determined by the nature of the professions and jobs they hold, some of the scholars who held official state jobs, some of them practiced private professions , and their work in these various jobs was linked to their proximity to the caliphs and their dependence on them, Some scholars enjoyed wealth and luxury in the practice of their social life, which was afraid of the power of the scholars over the street, so he involved them in all state functions, and on the contrary, others lived in poverty and need after the state confiscated their properties and stripped them of the means and means of livelihood simply because they questioned loyalty or contributed to the victory of the street over the caliph, From this we see that the standard of living was not stable at a certain level, as sometimes it was high and other times it was low due to the nature of the work and the impact of the economic conditions on them.
The research was divided into two sections and a conclusion. The first section dealt with the living conditions of Iraqi scholars and their variation between poverty and wealth, and the second section dealt with the occupation of state jobs as a means of earning a living, such as the ministry, the judiciary, writing and others.
The study concluded that the political conditions greatly influenced the economic conditions of the Iraqi scholars, which had amajor changing in the economic life course of scientists in general.

This study aims to shed light on the diverse maritime trade routes of the Arab Islamic State, which spanned from the Arabian Gulf and the Indian Ocean in the east to the Mediterranean Sea and Africa in the west. The research draws upon historical sources such as the works of Al-Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh, alongside a detailed geographical analysis of key ports-including Siraf, Aden, and Oman-that served as pivotal hubs for commercial exchange with India, China, and East Africa. Furthermore, the study examines advanced navigational techniques, such as the strategic use of monsoon winds, and explores the role of this maritime network in disseminating Islamic culture and bolstering the global economy over centuries of prosperity.

In this book, \"Islam in Brief,\" written in Danish, the image of Islam is embodied through various Orientalist personal perceptions of thought and belief. Another party attempts to deepen the boundaries of disagreement and difference between Islam and other divine religions, and to diminish the authenticity of the Islamic religion in order to elevate its religious identity and make it more acceptable and cohesive compared to other religions. The debate between the self and the other is present in this character and throughout this book. The author follows the path of most Orientalists of his time, presenting baseless concerns, accusations, and opinions, particularly regarding the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the Holy Quran. Given our need to investigate this Orientalist\'s perceptions of Islam, the rulings and goals he sought to achieve, and the style and methodology he followed, we have attempted in this research to deconstruct and critique the various historical and religious contexts he followed in his approach in this book, to gain a deeper understanding of his position on Islam and our noble Prophet, and to highlight his role and the outcomes he led to, especially since his writings Most of them were at the heart of our Islamic history and civilization.

The current paper aims to study the relationship between quality of life of the aged and the planning form of the urban space in the city and the method of exploiting urban spaces to meet the needs of the aged population in the urban environment and comparing them with the global health standards for aged-friendly cities. The paper has addressed the reality of the lives of the aged in the urban environment of the city of Kut to determine the suitability of planning urban spaces for the quality of life of this category and to know the most important factors that help to apply these standards using a set of advanced methods to measure quality of urban spaces and their suitability for the aged, including surveys and interviews to collect the opinions and evaluations of the aged and experts in the field and the use of spatial and statistical analysis to analyze data and the use of geographic information systems (GIS).
The study concluded that planning policies for the aged population are weak, as planning for the urban space of the city and the formation of its elements did not take into account the needs of the aged and their life requirements that would create interaction between them and society.

This study aims to identify the reality of crisis management in higher education institutions at the University of Baghdad. The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach. The sample consisted of (240) male and female members. The research results showed that the university was committed to the planning process before the crisis occurred and evaluating the results after the crisis ended through the presence of a development unit within the university, making decisions and committing to future predictions, and the importance of communication as an important factor in crisis management.

The aims of the study were defined by examining the relationship between quality, ethics, and performance standards and their influence on the quality of performance among professors at Thi-Qar University, as well as taking a broad look at the role of quality management in our educational institutions in order to improve the reality of the educational process. To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher prepared a questionnaire form that included a set of questions, and it was distributed to a group of professors at Thi-Qar University electronically, and the study sample included (40) professors. The descriptive analytical approach was relied upon as it is the appropriate approach for such studies. The study reached a number of conclusions, including, but not limited to: 1. The results of the statistical analysis revealed the existence of a statistically significant relationship between gender and the university by setting a clear plan to improve the quality of academic performance. After conducting the chi-square test to determine the significance of the moral difference between the answers and data provided by the respondents, we found that there was a statistically significant moral difference, because the calculated chi-square test value equals (5.871), which is higher than the tabular chi-square value of (3.841) and at a confidence level of (95%), a significance level of (0.05), and a degree of freedom of (1), so we accept the research hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis. 2. The results of the statistical achievement showed the existence of a statistically significant relationship between years of service and professors’ commitment to performance standards, which is positively reflected in the university’s reputation. After conducting the chi-square test to determine the significance of the moral difference between the answers and data provided by the respondents, we found that there is a statistically significant moral difference, because the calculated chi-square test value is equal to (8.864), which is higher than the tabular chi-square test value of (3.841), and at a reliability level of (95%), a significance level of (0.05) and a degree of freedom of (1), so we accept the research hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis.

The current research aims to evaluate the supervisory role of the specialist supervisor of the social studies curriculu from the perspective of the teachers of the subject,the paragraphs related to the supervisory role were formulated in questionnaire to be answered by the social studies teachers, and the research objective focused on:
1.What is the level of the supervisory role of the specialist supervisor for the social studies curriculum from the perspective of the subject teachers in developing teaching skills?
2.Are there statistically significant differences at the level of (0,05%) between the responses of social studies teachers attributed to the variables of gender and years of service?
The research community consisted of all social studies teachers for the intermediate stage in the center of Al- Kut city for the academic year (2023/2024), totaling (263),the research sample was selected using a stratified random sampling method at a rate of (20%) from the community, and the sample consisted of (53)individuals different in gender,years of experience.
Results of the research:
A.There was a clear weakness in the supervisory role of the social studies subject in developing the teaching skills of the subject teachers.
B.There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0,05%) between the teachers responses attributed to the gender variable.
C.There are statistically significant differences at the level of (0,05%) between the teachers responses attributed to the variable of years of experience and service.

This study examines the impact of using interactive digital stories on enhancing reading comprehension skills among fourth-grade primary school students. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, and the sample included 100 primary school students. The questionnaire tool was used. The results showed a clear improvement in students' concentration and ability to comprehend and analyze written texts when using digital stories compared to traditional methods. Students' interaction with the multiple elements in digital stories, such as images, sounds, and videos, contributed to enhancing their understanding of the text and making reading more enjoyable, which increased their attention span and reading time. Despite the variation in the desire to use this technology in all classes, the majority showed good acceptance of it. Digital stories also supported students' critical thinking by helping them interpret characters' behaviors and understand the sequence of events. The study recommended developing interactive content and simplifying the user interface to increase effectiveness, along with training teachers on how to use them effectively in classrooms. It also emphasized the importance of supporting parents and educators by providing the necessary equipment. The study highlights the importance of digital media in transforming the learning experience into a more engaging and stimulating environment, which enhances the acquisition of reading comprehension skills. The results emphasize the need for continued research and development of measurement and evaluation tools to improve the application of this technology in education.

The current research aims to identify the harmonious passion among university students. The researchers developed a measure of harmonious passion, taking into account the indicators of construct validity and reliability. The current research was delimited to the students of the College of Education, University of Wasit, for the academic year (2023-2024). The current study sample consisted of (400) students, randomly selected from the population of (14,285) students. The data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and the results showed the following:
The students of the University of Wasit have harmonious passion.
The researchers have developed a set of recommendations and suggestions based on the results of the current research.

This research aims to explore the effectiveness of deep learning-based teaching strategies in improving university students' understanding of the concepts of the "Foundations of Education" course. The importance of the research stems from the need to develop traditional teaching methods, which often focus on memorization and indoctrination, and replace them with modern strategies that emphasize critical thinking, deep understanding, and linking information to practical realities. The research relied on a quasi-experimental approach, applying a set of deep learning strategies (such as problem-based learning, cooperative learning, and educational projects) to a sample of students from a college of education, comparing them to the performance of a control group taught using traditional methods.
The research results demonstrated that the experimental group outperformed the experimental group in understanding educational concepts and comprehending them more deeply and coherently, demonstrating the effectiveness of these strategies in enhancing cognitive and skill-based learning. The study recommends adopting deep learning strategies in the teaching of theoretical subjects, particularly in colleges of education, due to their positive impact on improving the quality of university education and building student personalities capable of analysis, critical thinking, and applying knowledge to various life situations.

The current study aims to determine the components of the mathematical prowess required in the exercises of the content of chemistry textbook for the fourth scientific grade, which is (conceptual assimilation, procedural fluency, strategic efficiency, adaptive reasoning and productive mathematical desire) These components were identified with a number of paragraphs of (26) paragraphs, and a sample was formed The research of chemistry book chapters for the first and second semester, as the number of exercises reached (106) exercises, and the study reached to identify the components of mathematical ingenuity, the chemical calculations and their indicators as well as the results that showed the availability of mathematical ingenuity components and their indicators in medium proportions in a total manner, and different for each component, respectively Conceptual assimilation (77%), procedural fluency (72%), strategic efficiency (78%) and are considered with high availability rates, or adaptive reasoning by (49%) and productive athletic desire (45%), and these are weak ratios, and the study recommended several Recommendations and proposals, including analyzing and evaluating the content of high school chemistry textbooks and other variables.

The current study aimed to identify the attitudes of social studies teachers towards the use of 21st century skills for the intermediate stage.
The researchers used the descriptive approach in their research. After verifying the validity and reliability of the tool by presenting it to a group of arbitrators and experts, it was applied to the study sample, which consisted of (339) male and female teachers of social studies for the intermediate stage (morning) affiliated with the Wasit Education Directorate. The sample was selected randomly. To achieve the study objectives, the researchers used a questionnaire consisting of (41) paragraphs distributed over three areas (learning and innovation skills, information technology skills, and life and professional skills). To process the data and analyze the results, the researchers used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that the attitudes of social studies teachers towards the use of 21st century skills were (medium). The study recommended holding training courses for social studies teachers to provide them with 21st century skills at the hands of specialists in this field.

This study aims to investigate the effect of the Circle of Viewpoints strategy compared to the traditional method on students’ achievement in the "Continuing Education" course among second-year students at the College of Education. A quasi-experimental design was adopted, employing two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with a post-test only. The researcher randomly selected classroom (B) to represent the experimental group, which was taught using the Circle of Viewpoints strategy, while classroom (C) represented the control group, which was taught using the traditional method.
The total number of students was 99, with 50 students in the experimental group and 49 in the control group. Both groups were equalized in variables such as chronological age and intelligence. The researcher developed a specialized achievement test in the Continuing Education course, and verified its validity and reliability, including the psychometric properties.
To analyze the data, the researcher used the independent samples t-test for unequal groups. The results revealed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in the post-test achievement scores in the Continuing Education course. This indicates a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group.

The aim of the research is to study the impact of cognitive conflict and differentiated instruction strategies on improving geography achievement and developing reflective thinking among fourth-grade literary students. The researcher used the experimental method with equivalent groups and pre- and post-tests to measure achievement and scientific thinking. The sample included (90) students divided into three groups: the first experimental group (cognitive conflict strategy), the second experimental group (differentiated instruction strategy), and a control group. The groups were balanced in terms of various variables such as age, intelligence, and parents' educational attainment. The researcher prepared behavioral objectives and an achievement test consisting of (35) objective items and (5) essay items, and a scale to assess reflective thinking comprising (15) items. The results revealed that the two experimental groups (cognitive conflict and differentiated instruction strategies) outperformed the control group, which studied the material using traditional methods, in both geography achievement and reflective thinking development.The study concluded that the cognitive conflict and differentiated instruction strategies significantly improved geography achievement and fostered reflective thinking skills among fourth-year literary students. The researcher recommended conducting further studies to extend the research and apply these strategies in other subjects.

The current research aims to identify the degree of benefit from the educational platform (Google Classroom) among students of the History Department in the College of Basic Education and their inclination towards it.
To achieve the research objectives, the researchers used the descriptive approach. The research community consisted of all students of the College of Basic Education / University of Wasit.
The research sample amounted to (180) male and female students who were chosen intentionally from the students of the History Department at the college. As for the two research tools, they were prepared by the researchers and their psychometric characteristics were extracted.
The research results showed a large degree of benefit and inclination towards the educational platform among the research sample. The results also showed that there was no statistically significant difference in benefit and inclination attributable to the gender variable (male - female).

This research aims to identify the effect of using the task-based learning (TBL) strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade literary female students in geography, by verifying the following null hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average achievement scores of students in the experimental group who study geography using the TBL strategy and the average achievement scores of students in the control group who study the same subject using the traditional method. To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control of two equivalent groups with a post-test, as it is more appropriate for the research objectives. The research community consisted of fifth-grade female students from the education directorates in Babil Governorate. The research sample was randomly selected from one of Babil Governorate's schools: (30) students for the experimental group and (29) students for the control group. The researcher also equalized the two groups (the research sample) by using tests of (prior knowledge, intelligence, and chronological age in months). The researcher then applied the experiment to the sample after formulating Objectives and preparation of teaching plans. The research tool is an achievement test that the researcher used and verified its validity and reliability. The researcher relied on a number of statistical methods to process the data after the experiment. The results showed: There is a statistically significant difference between the two research groups, the experimental and the control, in favor of the experimental group that underwent the experiment

The study aimed to determine the level of implementation of knowledge management processes in the offices of Wasit University. The extent of application of information technology in its support processes in university libraries provides a set of tips that are hoped to contribute to enhancing the application of knowledge management in the library under study in particular and in modern university libraries in general. The user used descriptive analysis for its ability to achieve the objectives of the study and come up with results and recommendations that can be adopted in developing the work of university libraries in the field of knowledge management, to search for data collection on designing a questionnaire consisting of five axes, which was employed to create (69) individuals from the game, they used the method of editing the electronic questionnaire via the Google application (Google Drive), the statistical analysis program (SPSS) was used in analyzing the data and its results, the survey after the results was the most important of which:
1. The study revealed the absence of interactive systems within the libraries of the University of Wasit, such as email with the extension of the documentation institution, an interactive online library space, or other features. This can be attributed to a lack of experience.
2. The limited use of digital technologies in the process of automating indexes and catalogs in line with developments in the field of library computing. This is evident in the statement in the section on the use of information technology in knowledge management, which states, "The library relies on programs and systems in the process of automating indexes and catalogs to facilitate the automated search process." The mean was (1.13) and the standard deviation (0.38).

The relationship between the visual arts and cinema manifests through the interplay that occurs between them on both aesthetic and technical levels, and then through the exchange of roles between them throughout history. The visual dimension occupies an important space within the framework of the cinematic image and contributes to aesthetic impact in multiple ways. The same can be said if we take a reverse reading, especially since the presence of the cinematic component in the visual arts has begun to increasingly emerge in the age of the image we are living in, with all its diverse forms due to the colossal technological development in this century.
The aesthetic dimension of the cinematic image can be addressed through cinematic theories and trends as they open up to literary, sociological, philosophical criticism, and art history. This cognitive and aesthetic relationship is affirmed and manifested through other visual expressive forms such as video art, photography, advertising, and visual arts. Visual art is the art that expresses form in its stillness or motion, while plastic cinema is also a constantly transforming, renewing composition that is uninterrupted and perpetually forming, ephemeral, emerging, renewed through a movement created by illusion, yet it gives it great reality that sketches the truth and interaction between the viewer and the screen, that is, a moving visual drama.

ان القسمة العينية تُمثل تصرفاً قانونياً يترتب على إجرائه حقوقاً والتزامات للشركاء في المال الشائع، لذا فإن هذا التصرف القانوني يستوجب وجود دعوى يتم عن طريقها مباشرة هذا التصرف، وعلى الرغم من أهمية الدعوى كإجراء يجب استيفائه إلا ان المشرع الفرنسي، وكذلك سايره المشرع المصري لم يعرف الدعوى؛ لأنَّ الدعوى في نظر الفقه القانوني المقارن لا تحتمل التنظيم التشريعي، لا يختلف رأيان على أن الملكية الشائعة هي صاحبة السبق على الملكية الخاصة في الظهور؛ لأن حيازة الفرد للأشياء في العصور القديمة وإن كانت تشبع حاجاته إلا أن هذه الحيازة لا يمكن أن تعتبر بمثابة الملكية؛ لأن للملكية مفهوماً قانونياً لا يبيح للفرد الانتفاع فقط، بل يوفر له الحماية القانونية تجاه الآخرين، وسواء كانت الملكية الشائعة أقدم في الظهور من الملكية الخاصة أو العكس فإن من الراجح القول أن الملكية قد وجدت منذ بزوغ فجر الحضارة وكانت مظاهرها معروفة ومعاصرة للإنسان الأول.

It is agreed that many current systems of government, with the exception of those based on military coups and hereditary systems, are governed by electoral processes. Elections play a role in shaping the form of government and the state's administrative system. Among the systems used to determine governments is the mixed electoral system currently prevalent in Germany. This system is described as one of the best electoral systems, overcoming the shortcomings of the proportional representation electoral system and the single-member electoral system. The mixed electoral system is a successful method for achieving political stability in countries. In our research, we will attempt to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing this electoral system in Iraq.

Headlines play a vital role in news articles, particularly when addressing complex subjects such as political statements and military actions. The term \\"headline\\" has evolved since its origins in the late 19th century, representing the prominent title of a report designed to capture attention and summarize content. As headlines transitioned from handwritten titles to catchy phrases in newspapers, their significance grew, especially in the digital age where they are crucial for online engagement. Different headline types, including straight news, feature, and command headlines, serve specific purposes and must be clear, engaging, and relevant, often incorporating keywords for better discoverability. The ideology of newspapers significantly influences headline crafting, reflecting the publication\\'s beliefs and shaping readers\\' perceptions and emotional responses. The research methodology adopted in this study is an eclectic one which consists of Dor (2003) and Gattani (2005) and highlights the dual functions of headlines: umbrella functionality, which connects stories to readers, and macro/micro functionality. Macro functionality includes informative, indicative, and eye-catcher headlines, while micro functionality encompasses summarizing main ideas, highlighting key aspects, attracting attention, and aiding story selection. The political landscape of the Middle East has been notably affected by figures like Hassan Nasrallah and Hezbollah, as demonstrated through impactful headlines that reflect their significance for regional stability. The study tries to identify the main functions of the headlines which are manipulated by the editors of the American newspapers which are New York Times (NYT) and the Washington Post (WP). The data consists of eight headlines taken from the American newspapers which are New York Times the Washington Post.

This study aims to examine the impact of morphological structures on translation equivalence between English and Arabic languages. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the study conducts a content analysis of two translated texts from English into Arabic. The theoretical framework is grounded in Nida and Taber's (1969) translation equivalence theory, which posits that modifications in meaning, style, and function are essential to achieving equivalence. Through a rigorous analysis of the data, the research contends that morphological structures play a pivotal role in shaping translation equivalence across these languages. While meaning and function are largely preserved, morphological disparities necessitate syntactic reconfiguration, explicit articulation, and stylistic adjustments to ensure fidelity and coherence in translation.

This reseаrch exаmines Eаrl Lоvelаce's The Drаgоn Cаn't Dаnce thrоugh the theоreticаl lens оf Mikhаil Bаkhtin's Cаrnivаlesque, explоring hоw cаrnivаl functiоns аs а site оf culturаl resistаnce аnd identitу fоrmаtiоn in pоstcоlоniаl Trinidаd. Thrоugh clоse textuаl аnаlуsis оf keу chаrаcters - Аldrick, Philо, аnd Sуlviа - this studу investigаtes hоw Lоvelаce pоrtrауs the cаrnivаl аs а meаns оf tempоrаrilу subverting cоlоniаl pоwer structures аnd а pоtentiаllу trаnsfоrmаtive spаce fоr culturаl reclаmаtiоn. The reseаrch reveаls hоw Lоvelаce's nаrrаtive cоmplicаtes simplistic nоtiоns оf resistаnce bу demоnstrаting bоth the liberаtоrу pоtentiаl аnd the cоmmоdificаtiоn threаts fаcing Cаribbeаn cаrnivаl trаditiоns. The findings cоntribute tо pоst-cоlоniаl literаrу discоurse bу illuminаting the cоmplex intersectiоn оf perfоrmаnce, resistаnce, аnd culturаl identitу in Cаribbeаn literаture.

Cormac McCarthy’s No Country for Old (2005) Men aligns closely with Albert Camus’s philosophy of the absurd as portrayed in his The Myth of Sisyphus (1942). This paper argues that the novel goes beyond being a mere crime-thriller novel to become a philosophical inquiry into the futility of moral order, the randomness of violence, and the existential disillusionment of its characters. The analysis will focus on the three main characters of the novel and considers their part in the wider absurd universe of the novel. Anton Chigurh is an embodiment of the absurd—an indifferent, almost metaphysical agent of chaos who operates beyond reason or morality. Sheriff Ed Tom Bell represents the nostalgic yearning for moral clarity that ultimately proves inadequate in the face of modern brutality. Meanwhile, Llewelyn Moss functions as an absurd hero, whose tragic awareness and defiance in the face of inevitable defeat mirrors the struggle of Camus’s Sisyphus. By examining these characters and the philosophical dilemmas they represent, this paper reveals how No Country for Old Men dramatizes the confrontation between human longing for meaning and a universe that offers nothing but silence in reply.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and related technologies are fundamentally transforming literature by reshaping storytelling techniques and influencing the ways readers interpret narratives. Sam J. Miller’s Blackfish City (2018) offers a rich portrayal of a near-future world in which AI governance and nanotechnology are integral to society’s functioning. Set in a post-environmental collapse era, the novel presents technological advances that sustain and complicate human life. This article engages with contemporary debates surrounding AI ethics, surveillance capitalism, and posthumanism, positioning Blackfish City as a compelling case study examining how literature reflects and critiques ongoing technological transformations. In the novel, AI is not a mere background element but an active force that shapes social structures, individual agency, and identity formation. It foregrounds ethical challenges related to AI governance, including questions of autonomy, accountability, and power distribution. Furthermore, the narrative exposes how technologies can exacerbate social inequalities by controlling access to essential resources and information. Drawing on concepts from critical AI studies, Miller’s work challenges the assumption that technological progress is inherently beneficial, emphasizing the risks of surveillance and control embedded within digital systems instead. The themes of posthumanism emerge vividly through the depiction of human-machine integration and the blurring of boundaries between organic and artificial life. This provokes important questions about what it means to be human in an AI-driven future and invites readers to reconsider notions of identity and embodiment. Overall, Blackfish City offers a nuanced exploration of how literature can engage with the complexities of AI and emerging technologies, encouraging critical reflection on the ethical, social, and political implications of living in a digitally mediated world.