AL ARBA'IN

This study addresses the issue of biological waste management, particularly food waste, in large gatherings, focusing on the Arbaeen Ziarat as a practical model. The study aims to analyze the reality of food waste management in large gatherings, review modern and sustainable waste management techniques, and propose an integrated model for food waste management during the Arbaeen Ziarat. The study relied on a descriptive-analytical approach and collected data from multiple sources. The results showed that the Arbaeen Ziarat receives more than 21 million visitors annually, posing a significant challenge in biological waste management. The study also revealed that the world produces 931 million tons of food waste annually, 40 million of which come from the Arab world. The study proposed an integrated model for food waste management during the Arbaeen Ziarat, including prevention and waste reduction strategies, an integrated system for collecting and sorting food waste, and appropriate treatment technologies. The study concluded with a set of recommendations for decision-makers, organizers, and participants in the Arbaeen Ziarat to improve food waste management and reduce its environmental impact

Hussain's leadership has been characterized by its sustainability across generations, reflecting its penetration of the spirit, emotions, and minds of the masses. These people found in its dimensions a means to foster positive behavior and build a society capable of combating injustice and corruption, drawing inspiration from the approach of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him).
This leadership has had a profound spiritual impact and contributed to creating a state of harmony and agreement between the masses and their leadership. It remains present in the human conscience and capable of generating leadership models and reform practices that contribute to preserving society and guiding it toward guidance and righteousness. Furthermore, this spiritual connection is not temporary, but rather a sustainable, long-term one that strengthens the reciprocal relationship between Imam Hussein's (peace be upon him) leadership and his masses throughout the ages, contributing to consolidating the principles of humanity and strengthening social cohesion. The Husseini leadership derived its legitimacy from its divine nature, based on religious teachings. Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) is considered an infallible Imam whose obedience is obligatory. This gave his leadership a spiritual dimension deeply rooted in the consciousness of individuals, making it a reliable approach for building sustainable social cohesion.
Therefore, this study aims to uncover the sustainable spiritual impact of Imam Hussein's (peace be upon him) leadership role in achieving social cohesion, using the Arbaeen pilgrimage as an applied model. A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, relying on a questionnaire directed at a purposive sample consisting of professors at the University of the Prophets' Inheritors (peace be upon them) in Iraq and a select group of clerics participating in the Arbaeen pilgrimage activities or associated with the Husseini discourse and community guidance.
(122) questionnaires were distributed, and (104) of them were returned for statistical analysis. The results showed that the spiritual leadership of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) had a positive and effective impact on strengthening the components of social cohesion across its various dimensions: spiritual connection, belief in leadership, intellectual and emotional connection, self-reform, and moral reform.

Transport geography is concerned with the mutual relationships between phenomena within a place, with an explanation of spatial patterns. The study of transportation has played a prominent role in the process of economic and social reconstruction of society. The study of transportation also focuses on understanding the factors affecting transportation, and studying the movement of individuals, goods, ideas and cultures, by identifying the source of this movement, its directions, motives, importance and the means on which it depends, whether related to transportation methods or the transportation network.
The research problem is represented by a main question: What is the nature of the spatial distribution of land transport networks during the Arbaeen Zyarat, and what is the nature of their patterns and characteristics? What is the amount of transportation density at the main ports of Karbala city during the Arbaeen visit? The research aims to analyze the different movement patterns of individuals, and also aims to diagnose the obstacles facing this service sector of great importance. As for the research methodology, scientific necessity required relying on the descriptive analytical approach and using quantitative methods and cartographic representation methods to prove the research hypothesis. The research showed that the means of transportation were not distributed according to the density of visitors and that there are obstacles represented by the type of means of transportation and their spatial distribution, which requires expanding transportation services according to the population size of the areas where visitors are directed. The research ended with a conclusion that included the most important conclusions and recommendations that the researchers see as the logical foundations for addressing the failures resulting from the process of transporting visitors.

The Arbaeen pilgrimage is one of the largest religious events in the world, as the route stretching from Baghdad to Karbala witnesses a massive human influx of millions each year. This extraordinary crowd poses major challenges in terms of mobility management, service provision, and emergency response—particularly given the limitations of traditional infrastructure along certain segments of the route. Accordingly, this study aims to design an intelligent emergency response system for crowd movement management, using drones and remote sensing technologies integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to provide real-time spatial insights that support rapid and effective field decision-making.
The proposed system relies on conducting repeated aerial surveys with drones equipped with optical and thermal cameras to capture high-resolution images of crowd locations along the route. These images are processed with specialized photogrammetry software, such as Pix4D or Agisoft, to generate 3D models and analyze movement density, while also detecting areas of thermal stress or unsafe congestion. The resulting spatial data are integrated into a GIS environment to produce Dynamic Risk Maps, which identify critical hotspots and classify them according to intervention priority.
A prototype model was developed based on several spatial indicators, including crowd density, surface temperature, proximity to medical services, and topographic slope. Various movement scenarios were simulated during the peak of the pilgrimage, enabling the proposal of a dynamic emergency response plan that ensures better deployment of medical teams, determines the shortest access routes to risk sites, and optimizes the distribution of smart guidance loudspeakers.
The modeling results demonstrated high efficiency in predicting congestion areas before they occur, reducing response times by up to 40% compared to traditional methods. Therefore, this study represents a practical contribution to the integration of spatial intelligence tools in crowd management, with potential for the model’s application in other religious pilgrimages or similar large-scale events.

This research focuses on estimates of the Arba'in pilgrimage to Karbala, with analyses indicating a continued increase in visitor numbers in the coming years. According to historical data, the number of visitors reached more than 22 million in 2023. It is expected to exceed 39 million by 2033, at a compound annual growth rate of approximately 6%.
After using forecasting models, such as linear regression and exponential models, the result estimations show that local visitor numbers will stay the most increasing, followed by international visitors and Arab visitors. It is also expected that infrastructure and services will continue to face significant challenges, with transportation networks, housing, and sanitary services required to keep pace with this visitor growth.
It is estimated that the use of technology in crowd management will become essential, along with enhanced security measures to cope with the increasing numbers. Social media is also expected to play an increasing role in promoting the visit and increasing global demand. In light of these projections, the research recommends developing strategic plans to ensure this increase is accommodated and the visitor experience is improved, with a focus on sustainability and smart infrastructure.

The establishment of the fortieth visitation of this divine rite and its yearly preservation is a revival of that Husseini renaissance and a profound definition of the calamity that occurred on the House of Prophethood (peace be upon them) those elite of the great and heroes who walked in the path of time with a tense path towards the field of glory and glory for that heavenly message that it did not make The will of the creature, but rather it is the will of God on earth, carried by the Messenger (may God’s prayers be upon him and his God) in the beginning of Islam to remain alive and vibrant with transcendence and generosity. With the forty years, the meeting is renewed in the gardens of bliss. And hope
That the participation of women in their forties and all other religious activities has many important results, the most prominent of which is the development and strengthening of their feeling of the importance of their role as women, because this feeling is one of the strongest motives that move women towards fulfilling their responsibilities, because it is the strongest internal motivation for her, and this participation is more convincing for her. The necessity to fulfill her role as a woman towards her society and her mother, as a mother to her children, or as a wife to her husband
In order for women to reach this level of knowledge and responsibility, they need to participate in all religious social activities, in order to gain through them the knowledge necessary to educate future generations, and most of all, is to develop their inner feeling of the importance of their role as a woman in building society and the nation, this feeling of importance and imperative Its development within the woman is due to his being the most important and strongest motivating feeling for women towards fulfilling her role as a mother towards her children, and performing her role as a wife, towards her husband.

The Arbaeen pilgrimage, one of the largest religious gatherings in the world, presents a unique challenge in terms of energy demand, as Iraq witnesses the influx of millions of pilgrims into the holy city of Karbala. To provide clean and sustainable energy for Husayni service mawakeb and supporting institutions around the clock, innovative and efficient solutions are required.
This study explores the use of a hybrid system of sustainable and clean energy, focusing on solar power and kinetic energy as a sustainable solution to meet energy needs during the peak of the pilgrimage. Solar energy supplies power during the day, while kinetic energy generated by the movement of pilgrims provides an additional energy source at night as well as during the day. The combination of these energy sources reduces the overall cost of the project by minimizing dependence on expensive batteries.
Furthermore, this research discusses methods for storing this energy and the possibility of feeding it back into the national grid outside the pilgrimage days, thus creating an economic resource for the implementing entity and contributing to the overall efficiency of the national electricity system. As a result, the services provided during the Arbaeen pilgrimage would continue to generate benefits and ensure continuous service delivery for all

This study presents a statistical analysis of common diseases affecting pilgrims during the Arbaeen pilgrimage of Imam Hussain (peace be upon him), by examining medical cases recorded in the Emergency Department of Karbala Teaching Hospital between the 10th and 22nd of Safar, 1446 AH. The research focused on six major diseases: intestinal colic, heat stroke and dehydration, muscle spasms, hypertension, skin injuries, and cardiovascular diseases, utilizing analytical tools such as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Tukey's post-hoc test, and both correlation and regression analysis. The results revealed statistically significant differences among the diseases and strong correlations between some of them, particularly between muscle spasms and heat stroke. The researchers recommended several preventive measures, including the establishment of mobile health centers and the provision of essential medical supplies during the pilgrimage period.

Heavy traffic during the million-person visit faces major traffic challenges as a result of the influx of millions of people heading to the Two Holy Mosques. One of these challenges is the lack of parking spaces، which causes traffic jams that swallow up the entire city. Therefore، the research addressed a spatial analysis of parking spaces near the Two Holy Mosques using descriptive and analytical methods and field study (observation and questionnaire).
The results showed a significant shortage of parking spaces and poor spatial distribution، which exacerbated traffic congestion، impacted the timely arrival of visitors، and led to a decline in visitor satisfaction. Furthermore، the number of cars arriving to the city during the times of million-person visits exceeds the number of actual cars by several times، causing stifling traffic congestion. This ongoing problem can be addressed with more sustainable solutions to alleviate the existing pressure.
The study recommends proposing parking areas on the outskirts of the city، on the Baghdad Gate side and the southern side of the city، and making public transportation the dominant mode of transportation in the city through investment transportation companies for this purpose

Research into the Arbaeen Pilgrimage as a phenomenon is not a product of the present, nor is it the product of fleeting moments isolated from the social circumstances and conditions that produced it. Rather, it is the product of premonitions that accumulated through an objective reality that extends deep into Arab-Islamic history and is rooted in popular memory. The factors of place and time intertwined, forming a collective, formative consciousness that extends deep into the lived present, manifesting in rituals, ceremonies, and ceremonies that expressed, and continue to express, the depth of the tragedy in the memory of Muslims. Furthermore, the social structure is, and remains, a religious structure. From a sociological perspective, religious thinking has been and continues to be the way people think about their social lives, especially in Arab-Islamic society, which was founded on a religious vision and has remained so. This remains the case, with some minor differences in practice that do not diminish the importance and effectiveness of this vision in society.

The primary objective of studying the phenomenon and examining it from within, according to a scientific methodology, is to identify the factors and causes that led to its exacerbation and expansion after the fall of the regime in 2003. It also aims to investigate social relations and their consequences during participation and the practice of traveling vast distances, as social and cultural customs and values are transmitted between participating sub-communities. It is also possible to identify the political and religious exploitation of the phenomenon by institutions, movements, and parties that support it, creating the largest collective behavioral phenomenon in Iraq throughout history. The researcher used several scientific methods to understand the aspects of the phenomenon under study, the research problem. Accordingly, the research problem lies in several questions, the most important of which are:
What are the reasons that have motivated Muslims, especially Shiites, to commemorate Ashura and the Arbaeen pilgrimage for centuries and up to the present time?

Imam Hussein's (peace be upon him) biography represents one of the most important reformist models in Islamic history, embodying unique human values of justice, dignity, sacrifice, and reform. The Arbaeen pilgrimage represents a unique socio-religious experience, where pilgrims' behavior manifests the finest forms of solidarity, cooperation, and volunteerism. The research hypothesis suggests that these values and behaviors form fertile ground for building a just and sustainable societal model that aligns with sustainable development concepts and goals. Despite global development theories' evolution, many societies still suffer from gaps in social justice and sustainable development. In this context, there is a need to reexamine religious and social values as alternative or complementary sources for modern development models. This research seeks to answer the main question: To what extent can Imam Hussein's biography and his pilgrims' behavior during Arbaeen contribute to building a just and sustainable society according to modern development concepts?
The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach through: (analyzing Hussaini biography content, monitoring and analyzing behaviors during Arbaeen pilgrimage, then comparing these data with sustainable development goals). The research includes two sections: first, a conceptual introduction to sustainable development, and second, practical aspects of sustainable development from Imam Hussein's biography and his pilgrims' behaviors during Arbaeen. The research concluded several findings, including: (sustainable development is a conscious societal process that matches the characteristics of Hussein's renaissance objectives, despite temporal and spatial differences, but they share similarities in eliminating poverty and hunger, achieving quality education and good health, combating injustice, deviation and corruption, energy investment, and achieving other sustainable development goals).

The Hussaini Revolution emerged from the foundations and principles of religious education, aimed at shaping a righteous individual capable of confronting the tyranny of oppressive rule and engaging positively with the changes and challenges of human life. Imam al-Hussain (peace be upon him) was a reformer on political, social, economic, and religious fronts—dimensions that represent the very pillars of sustainable human development, which the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has sought to implement and promote worldwide since the early 1990s. This vision aspires to ensure humanity enjoys a dignified and free life, free from poverty, disease, and environmental degradation, while fortified with a sound educational standard that enables deep reflection and wise engagement with the affairs of life.

In this light, the Arbaeen pilgrimage draws inspiration from the values of the revolution led by the Imam (peace be upon him) against the forces of polytheism and Umayyad tyranny, who spread corruption and injustice across the land. The noble principles underpinning the Arbaeen pilgrimage thus align with the concepts and indicators of sustainable human development adopted by the UNDP. This study proceeds from the hypothesis that “the principles of the Arbaeen pilgrimage complement the mission-driven role charted by Imam al-Hussain (peace be upon him) during the events of Karbala in the year 61 AH, aimed at shaping a righteous human being, capable of dealing wisely and perceptively with life’s changes, and confronting economic, social, political, and religious deviations—objectives that resonate with the UNDP’s pursuit of sustainable human development.”

Accordingly, the Arbaeen pilgrimage serves as a vital reminder of the importance of fostering human advancement through creative thought, nurturing present and future generations, and instilling in them religious awareness of the principles for which Imam al-Hussain (peace be upon him) sacrificed his life. This is achieved through the preparation and organization of all religious rites, Hussaini commemorations, processions, and sermons held annually for the pilgrimage—opportunities that can be invested in reinforcing love for the Prophet’s Household (peace be upon them), following their path, and adhering to the guidance of our revered religious authority in practicing noble conduct, loving goodness, and extending help to others.

The study concludes with several significant findings, foremost among them: that many of the ideas, perspectives, and developmental proposals advanced by the UNDP since its inception in 1990 for sustaining human development find their origins and moral foundation in the revolution led by Imam al-Hussain (peace be upon him) against Umayyad despotism, which usurped rights, violated sanctities, and degraded human dignity. The Arbaeen pilgrimage thus stands as a continuation of Hussaini values and principles, reviving the reformist role of human development initiated by the Imam (peace be upon him) to rescue the Islamic nation from the oppression it endured under Umayyad rule, and from the exploitation and misappropriation of the Muslim treasury

This study explores the Husayni rituals as a complex religious and socio-cultural phenomenon through the lens of the Qur’an, the Prophetic Sunnah, and reason. The research aims to present a comprehensive analytical reading of their legitimacy, function, symbolic meaning, and ultimate objectives.
Using an evidential, analytical, and purposive methodology, the study moves beyond emotional or dogmatic discourse toward a balanced epistemological framework.
The research begins by establishing the concept and historical background of Husayni rituals, then examines the Qur’anic, Hadith-based, and rational proofs for their legitimacy. It proceeds to analyze their educational, ethical, and communal functions, as well as their symbolic and spiritual meanings, concluding with a discussion of their broader reformative and moral goals.
The study concludes that Husayni rituals rest on strong textual and rational foundations, and can serve as a moral and cultural force in preserving identity and reviving Islamic values—when approached through a balanced and goal-oriented lens.