Al Mustaqbal Journal for Law Studies

This research explores “Policies and Ethical Charters of Artificial Intelligence and Their Application in Scientific Research – A Comparative Legal Study in the Philosophy of Law and Ethics”, undertaken in alignment with the fourth and sixteenth Sustainable Development Goals.
The study begins by examining the very notion of artificial intelligence, its different levels, and the concept of ethical policies in this domain. It highlights their importance, the core principles on which they rest, and presents illustrative models adopted by both international organizations—such as the United Nations, the European Commission, UNESCO, the Organization of Artificial Intelligence, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development—and by several countries, including South Korea, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
In its second part, the research turns to the practical question of how these broadly framed ethical principles can be adapted and employed within the sphere of scientific research. Since most of these charters are formulated in general terms, they are not tailored to specific areas of artificial intelligence, which makes it necessary to reinterpret them for research purposes.
The choice of this subject is not arbitrary. It stems from the growing importance of artificial intelligence technologies and the exponential expansion of their use in countless fields, which raises urgent questions about how to regulate the problems, harms, or even crimes that may arise. In the absence of clear, specialized legislation to govern such matters, ethical charters have emerged as provisional frameworks, setting out value-based norms and general boundaries.
Furthermore, as artificial intelligence increasingly permeates scientific research, there arises an even stronger need for normative ethical rules to guide programming, development, manufacturing, and use. Such rules are vital to ensure a fair balance: to harness artificial intelligence as a force for human progress while at the same time mitigating the risks and harms that may accompany it.

Aquatic life faces growing threats from pollution, overfishing, and climate change, which negatively affect environmental balance and public health. This study highlights the role of criminal protection in addressing these challenges. Such protection is characterized by a preventive aspect that criminalizes harmful acts in advance, as well as a deterrent aspect represented by punitive sanctions against offenders. The specificity of environmental crimes also allows liability even without direct material damage, thereby broadening the scope of criminal responsibility. The research shows that criminal protection differs from civil protection, which focuses on compensation, from administrative protection based on regulation and monitoring, and from international protection relying on treaties. The study concludes that national legislation must be developed to address emerging environmental crimes, coordination between environmental and judicial authorities should be strengthened, and public awareness of the importance of aquatic resources should be promoted within the framework of sustainable development.

This study investigates the notion of \"reasonable causes\" in terms of its conceptual framework, as it carries a broad meaning across various branches of law, particularly in criminal law. Accordingly, it is necessary to examine its meaning from a linguistic perspective and define It terminologically. The phrase \"reasonable causes\" refers to the justifications whose existence legitimizes the presence of reasonableness. The study also addresses the concept of the self-awareness of reasonable causes, which has led to the emergence of the concept of totality — a perspective that embraces a comprehensive view of matters. The ambiguity surrounding this concept has resulted in confusion and overlap between it and other related concepts.

The trafficking and abuse of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances has become a scourge threatening both developed and developing countries. This has prompted countries to resort to all international and domestic means to combat this crime, including leveraging the provisions of relevant international agreements, such as the 1988 United Nations Convention against Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, in its substantive and procedural aspects. This is achieved by harmonizing Iraqi national legislation with the provisions of the international convention, thus benefiting from the international tools it provides. This is reflected in the Iraqi Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Control Law, in which the Iraqi legislator harmonized its legal provisions with its international obligations in the field of drug control

This article speculates that, similar to what happened with COVID-19, an explosion of family law-related legal issues may arise as a result of the current \"monkeypox virus\" outbreak.
It also draws attention to the assertion that there is a connection between, firstly, the monkeypox virus and its spread and, secondly, the rules governing relationships and actions covered by family laws, such as same-sex relations. These rules also apply to marriages, divorces, annulments, custody, and abandonment.
The history of the novel virus \"monkeypox\", its causes, and the manner in which it spreads are also covered in this article. These topics have a unique bearing on relationships regulated by family laws, especially in light of recent evidence tying the virus to homosexuals.
It also attempts to highlight the actual and perilous indicators of the virus\' spread, which result in significant legal issues because of the virus and render some laws regarding marriage, divorce, separation, desertion, and other matters inapplicable to these issues.
By suggesting legal remedies before the judiciary and jurisprudence that commensurate with the goal and nature of family laws, this research offers a range of solutions for these legal issues that arise owing to monkeypox in family laws.

It is well known that the phenomenon of migration across borders is one of the natural rights granted to individuals since the existence of humanity, which is defined as the movement of a person from one place to another within the territory of his country or outside it for the purpose of settling that guarantees the achievement of his interest. If it is outside his country, meaning his movement to a country other than the borders of his country, then there is no doubt that it requires the approval of his country to leave it and the approval of the country he is heading to (the country of immigration) in order for his migration to be legal, meaning that the individual wishing to migrate must hold a valid passport and have an entry visa for the country that the migrant individual is heading to. Migration across borders is one of the factors indicating demographic changes that concern the numbers of the population of the country and their distribution through the movement of people from one region to another to reside there permanently or temporarily. In addition, migration may be by the will of the individual or group or without their will for reasons that will be highlighted through this study. The past centuries have witnessed a widespread spread of this migration, and among its positives was the meeting of civilizations and cultures between peoples between countries in which the percentage of knowledge increased and technology developed and rose from one reality to a high-level reality. In terms of construction and economic development, it is therefore necessary to study the legal nature of the migration of individuals across international borders in order to arrive at a statement of the concept of that nature and its types, in addition to studying the causes of that phenomenon, and then a conclusion that includes the most important results and recommendations.

Corporate social responsibility means its commitment to the expectations of society by respecting laws, ethical values, and human rights, in addition to fighting corruption. It is divided into a mandatory part imposed by law, and a voluntary part that gives companies competitive advantages. This commitment brings many benefits, including improving reputation, increasing profits, attracting customers, as well as promoting justice and social stability. Social responsibility consists of four dimensions: economic, legal, ethical, and charitable, and contributes to motivating employees and enhancing community cooperation, which reflects positively on Overall performance. In doing so, companies become active partners in sustainable development, strengthening their relationship with society and supporting their economic growth.

This study deals with the issue of criminal protection of the right to health, as one of the fundamental rights guaranteed by national legislation and international conventions, due to its vital role in ensuring the safety of individuals and the stability of society. It focuses on crimes related to the circulation of unlicensed medicines, as they pose a direct threat to public health. The study analyzes the legal framework in force in Iraq regarding the regulation of medicines, and assesses the effectiveness of legal texts in reducing the spread of counterfeit medicines. It also reviews the role of regulatory and non-regulatory institutions in addressing this phenomenon, and compares the Iraqi experience with successful international models, such as German law. It aims to provide legal and practical recommendations to tighten penalties and activate control, in a way that enhances the criminal protection of the right to health and maintains the integrity of the health system.

Administrative authority is one of the most important means adopted by the administration to carry out its work and activities in providing public service to the beneficiaries of the public facility. This authority is characterized by being exceptional and having broad powers. The authority of the administration differs from other legal persons in that it exercises many powers, the most important of which is the power of command and prohibition. The exceptional powers of the administration are among the most important aspects of public law, which is distinguished from private law in that it deals with the administrative authority, which is the distinctive aspect of the state as a public authority with sovereignty, in contrast to private law, which deals with individuals and the legal relationships that regulate the work of individuals. We have researched the historical and legal dimension of the emergence of knowledge of administrative authority and its limits in the main legal civilizations in the world, whether these civilizations are represented by the ancient Babylonian civilization, the Nile Valley civilization in Egypt, or the Islamic civilization that came after the ancient civilizationThe aim of the research in addressing these civilizations was to outline the basic foundation for the emergence of the legal idea to determine the function of administrative authoritys .

Ideological extremism is a social phenomenon and a major challenge facing societies. National and international legislation must be enacted to confront it at all political, social, religious, and economic levels, in addition to the role of state institutions and civil society organizations, given their impact on citizens' lives. The research included a study of the legal and conceptual framework for intellectual extremism and its legal combating. It also examined the philosophical aspect of legislation related to the issue of intellectual extremism, and examined the causes and motivations of this dangerous phenomenon and ways to address it within the national and international legal framework. The research emphasized the importance of international cooperation, represented by effective international treaties and agreements, which guarantee the successful combating of this cross-border social scourge. All international covenants and agreements aim to protect the international community from deviant extremist thought that leads to terrorism. It also emphasized the importance of social media platforms, given their role in disseminating extremist ideas.

It was not behind the establishment of an international criminal court, Except for an intention that came in accordance with an international will, the aim of which is to implement the goals of what the major countries wantOr the so-called great powers to subject any government of any country that persists in its policy against the countries that founded this court, After humanity's dream was for peace and tranquility to prevail, humanity's necks stretched out to platforms to establish and create a permanent international criminal court, However, this was almost an international trick in the guise of justice, peace and equality between these countries when it was implemented and worked on the international arena to try the criminal warlords at the top of the political pyramid and those who follow them, However, this was nothing but air in a net after the crimes of the major countries and their followers against the poor and developing countries increased, because there was a cover for them that was at the heart of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, and this is what we will see through the three demands of this research, which referred to what happened in Iraq, Lebanon, and Gaz

Abstract:
Articles (15) and (37) of the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 provide safeguards against torture and inhumane treatment, while also protecting personal liberty by prohibiting its curtailment unless by judicial decree and in accordance with the law. Preventive detention is an uncommon pretrial measure taken to safeguard the public and prevent the defendant from escaping or tampering with evidence. Nonetheless, the presumption of innocence and constitutional rights might be endangered by its overuse, necessitating clear legal safeguards to regulate it. Iraqi legislation should be brought into line with international standards in order to avoid its abuse by ensuring legitimate grounds and fair application of preventive detention.

With the increasing use of automobiles and their ability to move across borders, it has become essential to determine the applicable law in cases where a traffic accident involves a foreign element. When an international traffic accident occurs, it may be connected to more than one legal system, raising the legal question of which law should govern the incident, as such cases fall under the scope of conflict of laws.
The general rule is that the law applicable to civil liability arising from car accidents is the local law—that is, the law of the place where the harmful act occurred. Legal scholars do not deny the importance of this principle and consider it a fundamental rule, one that has been adopted by many countries, including Iraq.
However, practical realities—such as increased mobility, frequent international travel, and the possibility of cross-border accidents—have challenged this principle. In many cases, the wrongful act may occur in one country while the damage manifests in another. These developments have necessitated a re-evaluation of the traditional rule, leading to a distinction between the place of the harmful act and the place where the damage occurred, which in turn results in different applicable laws
Therefore, determining the applicable law in international traffic accidents has gained significant attention in both national legislation and international conventions. This has led to emerging legal and scholarly approaches advocating for the application of more effective and equitable legal systems to ensure justice and fair compensation for the injured parties.

In France, the Ministry of Education has adopted a \"hybrid education\" model that combines in-person attendance with digital learning.
This approach relies on the use of online platforms for distributing course materials and conducting remote exams. This is all done within a legal framework designed to protect students from any sudden or unjustified interruption of essential services, such as the internet. This ensures the continuity of education and respects students\' constitutional rights.

In the midst of the rapid digital transformation sweeping across the world, cyberspace has become highly significant and an integral part of our daily lives. Vast amounts of personal—and sometimes sensitive—information flow through it, affecting both individuals and governmental and institutional entities. This reality has given rise to new legal challenges, most notably the protection of personal data from infringement and exploitation.
Therefore, the issue of safeguarding individuals’ data has become a top priority for states, receiving considerable attention and prompting countries to keep pace with developments and implement measures to protect such data from breaches. Every day, new methods are developed and discovered to enhance this sophisticated ecosystem; however, there are also continuous counterattacks attempting to penetrate it.
As a result of these cyberattacks, institutions find themselves obliged to protect their information, making this technological evolution a significant challenge for both nations and organizations striving to secure their data. Any threat to such information and data constitutes a potential risk to national security.