Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The present research is a reasonably comprehensive investigation into the multilevel effect of foreign language anxiety on oral performance in the English language. It probes deep into complex interfaces of anxiety levels, language proficiency, the nature of tasks, and speaking performance for an all-encompassing perspective of the complex dynamics that govern language learning in educational contexts. Drawing on an extensive data collection program amongst a diverse group of international students, this paper identifies and explores a number of key statistical trends that would suggest high levels of anxiety strongly collocated with poor oral performances, particularly in formal assessment tasks.

It also does an in-depth analysis of how different levels of proficiency affect the experience and manifestations of anxiety in learners. The findings indicate a tendency whereby as the level of language competence goes up, the anxiety level decreases, hence upping the communicative competence. This relationship therefore means that the learners who possess a high degree of proficiency in the English language have the high ability to manage the psychological pressure tagged onto the performance of the speaking tasks hence establishing effective communication. Apart from the ones mentioned above, the present study also underlines the crucial role of task design and creating supportive classroom atmospheres in reducing FLA. The teachers should use specific interventions that would let the learners cooperate with each other and let the learners develop a high degree of confidence in using the language. The present study emphases that creating low-anxiety learning environment might allow teachers to make a high degree of improvement to the learner oral performance.

In sum, this study generally contributes significantly to the literature base on the interaction between anxiety and language learning while providing a couple of helpful implications for future pedagogical practice. Such findings add not only to our growing knowledge about the debilitating effects of anxiety on language acquisition itself but also how instructors are in a position to actively aid learners in overcoming such challenges.

This study aims to shed light on the concept of misandry in selected novels by Octavia E Butler and Margaret Atwood. Several previous studies dealt with the concept of misogyny in detail and depth, so it became necessary to present a different point of view. This study reached the following results, analysing the female and male characters to accurately determine the concept of misandry. This study gives a different model of female novelists’ novels to inform the reader of the existence of two sides of female writers, and the novelist Suanne Laqueur was taken as a counter example to the point of view of Octavia E Butler and Margaret Atwood by introducing the idea of violence against men.

Max Brooks’s World War Z (2006) has made many contributions to the zombie genre, particularly in making it an international plague. With key situations occurring in the Middle East, which in the Christian tradition will be the location of the "End of Days," the Apocalypse, the Armageddon at the Megiddo. While Brooks was not the first to assign infectious disease/plague/epidemiology as the cause of zombies, he emphasized that explanation for the 21st-century culture that has been rife with fears of disease and pandemics, from Ebola, Bird flu, etc. This study aims to show the image of the modern zombie as the postcolonial subject who has no voice and this is the subaltern character, devoid of a voice in society. The most marginalized in society, so often the poor, are the outcasts. Spivak sees the subaltern as oppressed individuals, of course, we can see it in the form of various minorities, the Uyghurs in China, for example, so zombies are a fictional example of the subaltern, the people without a voice in society, without a place, other than to be used and abused, to be disdained or ignored. The current study analyzes Brooks’s World War Z from a cultural and postcolonial perspective, concentrating on the historical context of the times. The study uses Gayatri Spivak’s concepts of “Subaltern” and “Subsubaltern”. The study concludes that Spivak’s whole point is that people shouldn't speak for other people, especially if it's a white person speaking for a person of colour, a man speaking for a woman, or someone from the West speaking for someone from the East. It is all about colonial appropriation. So, it could work on two levels: a white Western narrator in the book or just Max Brooks as the author, a white Westerner.

This paper deals with Tina Howe’s play Birth and After Birth as an absurd work. The aim is to harbor on meaning out of the chaotic life of the characters in the play. Topics like motherhood, archetypes, domestic abuse and social bias are discussed in this paper. The implementations of these topics help in shedding light on the motives behind the characters’ actions and consequently reach out to a better understanding of their behaviors and those of the American people in general.
Howe’s work reflects the traditional life of a stereotypical American family during the 1970s, a life that is characterized by deterioration and lack of communication, social and personal dilemmas complicit to create a pessimistic and disintegrated world. Howe proposes two possible remedies to the shattered American life. One is the necessity and importance of keeping good familial ties, and second is love, for one’s self and others. By the end of the play, order is restored by the gathering of the loving family members.

The Palestinian-Israeli conflict is seen as one of the most serious and controversial issues in the world. In this paper, the researcher seeks to highlight some crucial points with regard to this conflict by adopting critical discourse analysis (CDA) as the primary means of analysis. Since conflicts are usually accompanied by social wrongs, it is more appropriate to use Fairclough's 2010 approach to CDA in order to get more logical results. However, the study aims to provide a critical analysis of two selected interview by two famous figures; Ian Bremmer and Noam Chomsky in order to highlight the following points: (1) Representative speech acts are the dominant type used by both Bremmer and Chomsky. (2) Metaphors are utilised by the two interviewees in their interviews. (3) Noam Chomsky is an anti-war figure. (4) Hegemony is recontextualised in Bremmer's discourse. (5) Injustice is identified as being the common social wrong in both the interviews.

The current research aims to find out the impact of the ice cream sticks strategy in the development of sounding thinking among first-grade intermediate students towards sociology and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: (There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study sociology according to the ice cream sticks strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study the same subject according to the traditional method of testing the saber thinking. In a random manner, the researcher By choosing the research sample from one of the schools of education Baghdad Rusafa II, which is the secondary knowledge for girls, as the number of students of the two groups (75) students by (37) students in the experimental group and (38) students in the control group Kafat researcher between the two groups statistically before starting the experiment in a number of variables and formulated behavioral goals and organized teaching plans in the light of the content of the book and prepared the test of thinking patient. The researcher found after analyzing the results that there is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students and

The current research aimed the anxiety and depression scale of (HADS, 1983). The scale consisted of (14) paragraphs, and the sample size of the research was (145) mothers of autistic children in Baghdad Governorate, both sides of Karkh and Rusafa

Water is of great importance to human life, as no human society can live without it, whereas the first human gatherings were established on the banks of rivers, In fact, all the great civilizations that were established throughout history had water and the presence of rivers as a main reason for their establishment, Its importance comes because it is used for industrial and agricultural purposes as well as domestic use. Most Arab countries suffer from a scarcity of renewable water annually, In 2006, the number of Arab countries that fall below the global water poverty line, which the United Nations has set at less than one thousand cubic meters per year per person, reached (19) countries.

The enormous developments in the field of technology have contributed to a scientific breakthrough in other fields, including the field of education, and new types of means of Education have emerged, including e-learning, distance education, and artificial intelligence, which has become a prominent role in addressing education systems, improving its quality, increasing its effectiveness, and efficiency. . It has reshaped the education system and its institutions, providing teachers with new methods of teaching and evaluation, and The Associated curricula, systems and interactive educational environment, as well as providing learners with new ways of learning and acquiring knowledge, and administrators with new ways of organizing, managing and managing.

If one of the foundations on which the school is based is the curriculum, as it is the roadmap for building knowledge, spreading values, developing the learner's competencies and developing his abilities, developing his skills, and upgrading his behavior; this requires the renewal and development of curricula, and the transition from the old curriculum to the new electronic curriculum so that it can keep abreast of developments and changes.

The renewal of the curriculum requires the renewal of all its components, the development of all its parts, so that the transition from traditional education to e-learning, and from the old curriculum to the electronic curriculum is carried out smoothly.

Individual dialects of Batjah (Ulzu) and Ammashqat and Mardafat, the largest state in the Iraqi country) Fahd Ismail Fahd, Wafi different content to watch, but a different city, I was shocked by the sight of the face of abundance opinions in the modern indexing that we may not have invented - and did not appear - in contemporary indexing, and the warning of the government of finance, the government of culture.
I have reached a study on the two axes, including the four most important concepts and terminological procedures related to the subject, and the second, a semiotic reading of the concept of (light) in the novel on Peirce’s theory in analyzing semiotic discourse, followed by a conclusion of the most important findings reached by the study, then a list of footnotes, an inventory of the source and the review.
The study concluded that the writer deliberately used the word “light” and its variants, due to the multiple interpretations of light, its synonymous connotations, and the functions, positions, and contexts that deal with it, which expanded the operations of light psychologically, morally, and materially on the heroine, Umm Qasim, and the recipient.

The aim of the research was to study the effect of sample size differences (200, 400, 600) on calculating the conditional standard error using the Lord and Keats methods in achievement tests according to the classical measurement theory. The results showed that the difficulty coefficients ranged between 0.42 and 0.73 with an average of 0.60, and the discrimination coefficients ranged between 0.17 and 0.47 with an average of 0.36, with the exception of two items that did not meet the conditions. All the wrong alternatives were effective with negative values, and the Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was 0.879, The Lord and Keats methods were compared using arithmetic means and standard deviations, and the results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the Keats method due to the lower average standard errors compared to the Lord method. The effect of sample sizes was also studied using one-way analysis of variance, which showed statistically significant differences between the three sample sizes (200, 400, 600). The results showed that the conditional standard error decreased with increasing the sample size, and the larger sample size (600) was the better, the researcher presented a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

Physical health represents the most important thing that a person seeks to maintain, especially if it relates to an important segment of society, who are educated school-age children and adolescents. A specialized medical unit was allocated for them within the primary health care centers, which is the (School Health Unit). However, in the city of Baghdad, it witnessed a decline in health care. The level of its efficiency, especially in recent years, and according to the results of the applied field study conducted on the municipality of Doura, one of the municipalities of the city of Baghdad, as a case study, it appeared that the service does not cover all areas and neighborhoods of the municipality, and its distribution is widely distributed in a northwest-southeast direction, with its absence at all in other neighborhoods, in addition to the low degree of its performance. Career level to the (medium) level, according to the answers of the study community, which portends negative effects that may threaten the health of schoolchildren and students in the event of a continued decline in their efficiency. Therefore, this requires striving to develop all solutions and treatments to advance this important health sector, as it relates to the health of schoolchildren and students, and therefore a great possibility Influencing

The current research aims to identify:
1- Children's understanding of apology according to the variables:
A. Age (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) years.
B. Gender (males, females(.
2- Statistically significant differences in children's understanding of apology according to the variables:
A. Age (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) years.
B. Gender (males, females).
The current research sample included (240) children from kindergartens and primary schools in Baghdad Governorate, both Karkh and Rusafa, for ages (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) years, with (40) children for each age group, equally divided between males and females. The researcher adopted the Apology Understanding Tool (Waddington,et al, 2022) designed to measure children's understanding of apology. The researcher verified the psychometric properties of the tool by extracting validity and reliability. The researcher used a number of statistical methods, including the t-test for a single sample, analysis of two-way variance, the Kuder-Richardson equation - 20, the discrimination coefficient, and the Point-Baserial correlation coefficient). The current research reached the following results:
1. Children aged (4) years do not have an understanding of apology.
2. Children aged (5, 6, 7, 8, 9) years have an understanding of apology.
3. There are statistically significant differences in understanding apology according to age, in favor of older ages, as understanding apology develops across ages and takes a gradual path.
4. There are no statistically significant differences in understanding apology according to gender.
Based on these results, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The research dealt with the two forms fuʿla (فُعْلَة) and faʿala (فَعَلَة) found in the book Kunnashat al-Nawader (كناشة النوادر) by Professor Abd al-Salam Muhammad Harun. These two forms were selected due to their differing meanings despite sharing the same structure. The research problem lies in clarifying what Professor Abd al-Salam Muhammad Harun mentioned regarding these two forms, which appear in his aforementioned book when discussing their use as plurals. The first form, fuʿla (فُعْلَة), has a ḍammah on the fāʾ and a sukūn on the ʿayn, while the second, faʿala (فَعَلَة), has a fatḥah on both the fāʾ and the ʿayn. Professor Abd al-Salam Muhammad Harun indicated that the first form, fuʿla (فُعْلَة), is used as a plural for the word "brother" (akh - أخ), which he refutes, as he believes this form is not among the plural forms recognized by grammarians and morphologists. The research aims to clarify the difference between this form and the correct plural form of the word "brother" (akh - أخ). The research also addresses the second form, faʿala (فَعَلَة), with a fatḥah on the fāʾ and the ʿayn, specifying its morphological pattern among the plural forms. The research employed an analytical approach to these terms, addressing the opinions of both classical and modern scholars.

This study addresses the phenomenon of lengthening of linguistic sounds. Lengthening (madd) is a phonetic phenomenon specific to the three madd sounds. The alif (ا) that is sakin (silent) and preceded by an open vowel is lengthened naturally by two vowel counts (harakāt), but it can be extended up to six counts if followed by a hamza (glottal stop) or a consonant that is either assimilated (mudgham) or clearly pronounced (muzhar). The same applies to the waw (و) sakin with a preceding dhamma (u-sound), and the yaa (ي) sakin preceded by a kasra (i-sound). Lengthening is a phonetic characteristic caused by the nature of the articulatory path of these three sounds, which is characterized by its expansiveness, allowing the accompanying airflow during their pronunciation to pass freely, thus enabling the extension of the duration of these sounds as long as the exhaled air permits.
This reasoning has led some scholars to believe in the possibility of lengthening fricative sounds, as they resemble the madd sounds in terms of production and articulation, characterized by the potential to lengthen the breath that accompanies their pronunciation. But, have they been correct in this assumption? And what is the stance of the scholars of Tajweed regarding this issue?