Journal Of Al-Imam University Collage

Africa is experiencing climate change whose manifestations are clearly evident in higher-than-normal temperature increases, disrupted rainfall patterns with varying intensities and seasons, and the repeated occurrence of both droughts and floods. Coastal erosion and rising sea levels further exacerbate these impacts. These developments have profound negative repercussions for African nations, which already suffer from economic underdevelopment and political and security instability, leaving them more vulnerable than other countries to the challenges of climate change and less able to adopt effective adaptation policies. The effects have touched all sectors, including food security, water security, ecosystems and biodiversity, and have driven increased displacement and migration as well as the emergence of conflicts over natural resources.
Although African countries cannot be compared to the more developed nations of other continents, this does not absolve African governments of their responsibility to confront climate change challenges. Rather, it demands that they adopt sustainable policies, invest in green infrastructure, and strengthen cooperation among governments, the private sector, and civil society to address the root causes of climate change and mitigate its impacts

In recent years, Iraq has witnessed the increasing impacts of climate change, manifested in rising temperatures, recurring droughts, and a sharp decline in water resources, particularly from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The impacts of these changes are not limited to the environment or economy alone, but also pose real challenges to the country's political security.
This research focuses on analyzing the relationship between climate change and political transformations in Iraq, highlighting how resource scarcity, particularly water, exacerbates social and political tensions, both within the governorates and in relations with neighboring countries such as Turkey and Iran. The research also discusses the role of the Iraqi government in addressing these challenges, the effectiveness of environmental and water policies, and the impact of institutional fragility on climate crisis management.
The research adopts a geopolitical approach to analyze how environmental factors contribute to internal instability, creating a fertile environment for resource conflicts, internal migration, and increasing pressure on cities. It also explores future scenarios regarding whether climate change may be a driver of further conflict or a catalyst for regional cooperation.

Since the early 21st century, Iraq has been experiencing significant climate changes, marked by rising temperatures, fluctuating rainfall patterns, recurring droughts, and an increase in dust storms and sudden floods. These environmental changes have directly impacted Iraq's natural ecosystems and economic sectors, particularly agriculture and water resources, thereby threatening food and water security and contributing to internal displacement in several southern and central regions. This research aims to explore the dimensions of climate change in Iraq by analyzing key climatic variables and their temporal trends. It investigates both natural and anthropogenic factors that exacerbate the phenomenon, such as overuse of water resources, deforestation, and weak environmental policies. The study further highlights the major challenges facing national efforts to adapt to and mitigate climate change impacts, including fragile environmental infrastructure, limited funding, institutional fragmentation, and regional influences such as upstream dam construction on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. On the other hand, the research outlines several potential solutions, including adopting climate-smart agricultural practices, improving water-use efficiency, promoting renewable energy programs, and integrating into global climate initiatives. The study concludes that Iraq urgently requires a comprehensive environmental vision and long-term strategic planning based on scientific evidence and legal frameworks. Such a transformation must be supported by strong political will and active regional cooperation to ensure sustainable resource management and reduce the risks associated with future climate scenarios.

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the Seal of the Prophets, and upon his family and companions.
Today, the world is prevails climate changes that are leaving clear Effects on various environmental, economic, and political resources across many countries, especially those suffering from harsh climatic conditions such as the Sultanate of Oman. This research discusses the challenges facing the Sultanate as a result of these changes and highlights the available opportunities within the framework of environmental, economic, and geographical policies, particularly in light of Oman’s Vision 2040 and its international commitments.
To accomplish the research with a well-studied scientific approach, the analytical and descriptive methods were adopted to study the phenomenon of climate change in the Sultanate of Oman from environmental, economic, and political chances.
The findings of the research conclude that, despite being significantly affected by climate conditions, Oman possesses promising and advanced capabilities in the fields of renewable energy and green economy. The Sultanate’s support for efforts to mitigate the impacts of climate change and the activation of all available resources contribute to enhancing efforts aimed at limiting this phenomenon and firmly confronting its negative consequences.

Climate change is one of the most significant natural problems facing the world today, due to its negative impacts on various aspects and human dimensions. Iraq is not immune to these changes; in fact, it is at the heart of the recent changes in its climate Iraq is ranked fifth globally among the countries most affected by the effects of climate change. These negative effects have been clearly evident in Iraq, including water and food insecurity. Iraq suffers from high temperatures in the summer and a lack of rain in the winter. The policies of neighboring countries also affect it by reducing the country\'s water supply, leading to a water crisis, land drought, and the migration of farmers, The study will address the impact of climate change on the water crisis in Iraq, and the most important future solutions for managing water resources to achieve optimal exploitation and conservation of water resources, thus contributing to achieving social and economic justice to serve society while ensuring their sustainability for future generations, Therefore, we will divide the research into two sections. The first section deals with the concept of climate change and its causes, while the second section deals with how climate change has affected water policy in Iraq. This is done by using the historical and descriptive analytical approach to diagnose the phenomenon of climate change and its impact on the water crisis, and the legal approach to understand international treaties and agreements and the parties’ commitment to them.

Turkey is among the countries most affected by climate change due to its geographical location in the southern Mediterranean region of Europe. This impact is clearly reflected in rising temperatures and declining precipitation levels, which have exacerbated the problems of drought and desertification, with direct implications for food security and the national economy. Despite its moderate Mediterranean climate and mountainous terrain, current climatic shifts have posed escalating environmental and economic challenges. Furthermore, Turkey’s reliance on coal in its energy policies has intensified greenhouse gas emissions, placing the climate crisis at the forefront of the national agenda. In response, the government has adopted multiple strategies, including supporting the agricultural and environmental sectors, engaging in international agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, incorporating the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, and allocating financial resources to address the crisis

Climate change is considered one of the most important issues, given its connection to public health, the continuity of life, and the quality of life. Research on climate change is linked to the transformations that have taken place globally, as a result of technological advancements and shifts in patterns of life, consumption, and production. All of these have led to changes in the fundamental components of the Earth, whether in their properties, natural composition, or functions. Consequently, this has resulted in alterations in certain natural phenomena, such as temperature, air and water quality, the atmosphere, noise, and public health. Some species have begun to go extinct, and diseases have increased.
Countries differ in how they respond to these changes. Although such changes may begin in a specific geographical area due to the accelerated release of various pollutants, their impact is not confined to that region. Pollutants spread beyond borders: acidic water does not stop at boundaries, rising temperatures or shifts in rainfall seasons are not limited to one area. This has made climate change a global challenge. However, responses to this challenge have not been unified; they have instead depended on the level of available technology, the degree of awareness, and the types of policies adopted, which vary between developed and developing countries.

تعد التغيرات المناخية واحدة من أكبر وأهم القضايا العالمية التي أشغلت وأرقت المجتمع الدولي ، فتقلبات المناخ المتمثلة بإرتفاع درجات الحرارة ، وقلة هطول الأمطار وجفاف الأراضي الزراعية وأنبعاثات الغازات الدفيئة ، خلف تداعياتٍ كبيرة على الدول النامية وأمنها الغذائي والصحي ، إذ تسببت أرتفاع درجات الحرارة العالية وقلة هطول الأمطار بالتصحر وهجرة الأراضي الزراعية وزعزعة الأستقرار السياسي والأمن الاقتصادي في عدد من البلدان ، ولأسيما التي تعتمد على الزراعة بشكل كبير، وتجلت تلك التداعيات والآثار على الدول النامية بشكل كبير بعد أنسحاب الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية من معاهدة باريس للمناخ في عام 2017 ، إذ تسبب ذلك في تقليص دعم الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية إلى صندوق المناخ الأخصر ، وتمويل مراكز الأبحاث المتعلقة بدراسة المناخ وتقلباته ، إضافة إلى ذلك ترك أنسحاب الولايات المتحدة من الأتفاقية فراغاً كبيراً في مجال التعاون ومواجهة التحديات والقضايا العالمية ، مما أدى إلى أعتزال الدول وعدم أهتمامها في مجال القضايا العالمية والتوجه نحو الأهتمام بالقضايا على المستوى الوطني ، مما ترك آثاراً كبيرة على الدول النامية على المستوى الأقتصادي والسياسي والصحي والأمني.

The world is witnessing rapid climate change affecting environmental, economic, and social systems. Iraq, as one of the most environmentally fragile countries in the Middle East, is increasingly suffering from the repercussions of this phenomenon, particularly in its central regions—Baghdad, Salah al-Din, Anbar, and Wasit—which are vital centers of agriculture, population, and industrial activity. Rising temperatures, recurring droughts, declining water resources, and widespread dust storms are all clear indicators that the climate in these regions is undergoing alarming transformations. This research aims to shed light on the concept of climate change, its causes, and its manifestations in central Iraq. It also identifies the most prominent challenges and reviews the possible solutions and initiatives launched by the Iraqi government and international organizations to mitigate its effects.

Human-induced climate change is a reality and has no secondary matters, throughout the ages the international system has known multiple climate changes, and these changes are part of the movement of nature, the world today is witnessing an accelerated state of the phenomenon of environmentally differentiated climate changes, with increasing international concerns due to the seriousness of the subject, which made this issue one of the most important topics that cannot be ignored, after it showed serious consequences for the environment and various areas of life, with human dimensions.
Our paper aims to shed light on the reality of this phenomenon, its direct and future consequences, and the position of the international community, which followed it through holding many international conferences and the resulting international agreements and treaties that sought to confront this phenomenon and work to reduce its effects and consequences on preserving the planet, and the future of humans has become dependent on a healthy environment and environmental

Environmental changes are among the most important challenges facing the world in the twenty-first century, as they affect countries and societies in a comprehensive and serious manner. Iraq is one of those countries facing environmental challenges and their effects. Among the main effects of these changes is their negative impact on human security in Iraq, which Includes economics, food security, water, public health, and human rights.
In this context, this study focuses on researching the concept of human security, its dimensions, and everything related to it from the theoretical aspect. The study will also show the state of environmental changes in Iraq and what challenges and crises they represent. The study also seeks to provide a general overview of the effects of environmental changes on society and humans, in addition to proposing some effective strategies related to addressing and mitigating the negative effects of this phenomenon (crisis) to ensure the safety of human security in Iraq.

One of the most prominent challenges facing the international system in the 21st century is climate change, due to its far-reaching impacts that extend across political, economic, and even security dimensions. In this context, the United States and China play a vital role in climate diplomacy, owing to their leading greenhouse gas emissions, as well as their significant capacity to influence international climate negotiations. Their possession of various elements of power, political influence, and green technology contributes to the development of effective solutions to mitigate climate impacts. Therefore, this research aims to explore the American and Chinese approaches to climate diplomacy in order to anticipate prospects for international cooperation in shaping a green future.

Climate change presents complex political and economic challenges, including conflicting national interests, funding difficulties, and resource scarcity. Nevertheless, these challenges offer opportunities for innovation and a sustainable future through leveraging new maritime passages, implementing carbon pricing, and enhancing international cooperation in clean energy and water. This transformation is both an environmental imperative and an economic growth driver, opening promising horizons for future generations.

The international strategic environment is experiencing a real crisis and a serious threat in light of the continuous rise in temperatures and climate disruption. This climate chaos stems from both voluntary and involuntary human actions. Therefore, it has become imperative for states to confront this turbulent climate change and relinquish the notion that no authority supersedes the sovereignty and power of the state. As a result, climate chaos has persisted amid ongoing competition among the major powers in the international system—competition rooted in the realist school of thought and in the inherent nature of states to constantly pursue power. This pursuit often leads them to abandon the governing principles and norms of the international system in order to achieve balance with other powers by leveraging climate issues. This is evident through indicators of blame-shifting between developed and developing countries regarding climate change responsibility, limiting the economic growth of other states by halting fossil fuel energy processes, transitioning to alternative energy, and militarizing climate to subjugate other powers within the international system. In addition, violent forms of competition such as war exemplified by the Russian war in Ukraine and the war waged by the Zionist entity on Gaza—have clearly contributed to a disregard for the threat climate change poses to humanity, in favor of a focus on power, dominance, asserting presence, and achieving strategic balance in the international environment.

This study focuses on climate change, which has become a matter of concern for governments and international organizations, as well as researchers and specialists, in light of the challenges facing humanity due to the effects of this phenomenon in various areas, such as global warming, floods, and the increase in desertification. To address these environmental repercussions, governments have turned to harnessing artificial intelligence technologies as an urgent need to address climate risks. This technology serves as an effective functional tool to enhance innovation tools and uncover practical solutions to address the challenges of climate change. The study also discusses the challenges facing the use of artificial intelligence in combating climate change and its effects. The results demonstrate that artificial intelligence represents a significant shift in global efforts to address climate risks and preserve biodiversity.

Public policy plays an important role in the stability and development of society, whether by adopting policies that keep pace with current developments or by addressing a problem facing society. In both cases, it serves the citizen and provides the best for society. Public policy consists of several stages, beginning with identifying the problem and ending with evaluation. It must be noted that the formulation of public policy is influenced by official forces, such as the legislative authority, and unofficial forces, such as public opinion.
One of the most prominent challenges posed by climate change on Iraq, as one of the countries affected by it, is drought. It must be noted that drought has negative economic, social, and environmental impacts throughout the country, but particularly in the central and southern regions due to rising temperatures and low rainfall resulting from climate change, as well as the scarcity of water releases from neighboring countries (Turkey and Iran). This research will also address the relationship between public policy and the impact of climate change, focusing on drought as a consequence of climate change. It will also examine the various dimensions of the drought crisis, ranging from Iraq\'s total dependence on water imported from Turkey and Iran to the weakness of water infrastructure and mismanagement of water resources within Iraq. The research also reviews the effects of drought on vital sectors such as agriculture, which is the primary source of livelihood for many Iraqis, in addition to its repercussions on food security, health, and population displacement. Drought mitigation strategies vary, ranging from increasing water collection, relying on seawater desalination, or recycling wastewater, etc.

The world is witnessing a rapid shift towards multilateral climate diplomacy as a tool to address global environmental challenges. The Arab region represents a special case due to its acute exposure to the impacts of climate change, such as water scarcity, desertification, and rising temperatures. This increases the importance of regional and international cooperation. This approach faces numerous challenges, including weak regional integration, political conflicts, and deficiencies in national climate policies. However, promising opportunities emerge to promote sustainable development through the adoption of collective climate policies, investment in renewable energy, and technology transfer. This study seeks to analyze the role of multilateralism in supporting climate efforts in the Arab region and explore mechanisms that can enhance its ability to achieve sustainable development goals by expanding the scope of partnerships and activating Arab countries' commitments under international agreements such as the Paris Climate Agreement.

In recent decades, the world has witnessed a significant escalation in the effects of climate change, which represents a comprehensive challenge that transcends national borders. This necessitates integrating the environmental dimension into the system of international relations. Iraq is one of the most vulnerable countries to this phenomenon, suffering from declining water levels, desertification, sandstorms, and declining agricultural production, in addition to its repercussions on food security and social stability. This research seeks to analyze the manifestations of climate change in Iraq within the international context, highlighting the role of international agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the commitments of developing and developed countries to confront the crisis. It also reviews the potential solutions available through strengthening regional cooperation, adopting renewable energy policies, and developing national legislation. The research aims to demonstrate that effective responses to climate change require a comprehensive approach based on climate justice and international cooperation.

In recent decades, the world has witnessed a significant escalation in the impact of environmental changes, such as climate change, natural resource degradation, and water and food scarcity, on state stability and international security. This research highlights the complex interplay between these environmental transformations and the security dimension, by examining how the environment has become an active factor in shaping states' security strategies, especially amidst increasing international competition over limited natural resources.
The research discusses a range of issues related to how environmental changes contribute to the exacerbation of armed conflicts or the creation of new hotspots, particularly in environmentally and politically fragile regions. It also reviews contemporary examples of cases where access to resources has been a direct or indirect cause of escalating tensions between international powers or within states themselves.
The research adopts a multidisciplinary approach, combining environmental, geopolitical, and security studies, with the aim of understanding the mechanisms of this interplay and its future implications. It concludes that ignoring the environmental dimension in security policies constitutes a strategic vulnerability that may exacerbate crises instead of containing them, and emphasizes the necessity of adopting comprehensive and sustainable approaches that consider the close link between environmental security, national security, and international security.

The majority of economic and social sectors in many Middle Eastern countries are suffering from the effects and repercussions of climate change, most notably temperature fluctuations, drought, desertification, and low rainfall. These changes contribute to creating environmental pressures that are intensified when combined with a growing population, leading to increased rates of poverty, internal migration, and a decline in food security. This has prompted countries to focus on and economically invest in shared international river resources by establishing dams and water projects. This is an attempt to promote water as an economic and commercial commodity under the pretext of mitigating the effects of these changes, which could threaten future wars and conflicts.

The climate change crisis is one of the most pressing threats facing all of humanity, due to its immediate and long-term risks to both environmental integrity and human health. In light of the recent acceleration in its manifestations—such as the continuous rise in global temperatures, increased frequency of droughts, severe storms, floods, and widespread agricultural fires—it has become imperative to engage in serious diplomatic efforts to address climate change and develop appropriate solutions.
This issue is of critical importance for all countries, including Iraq. Both armed conflicts and sudden climate shifts require collective efforts to mitigate their impact and to achieve environmental sustainability. Iraq, like many other nations, has recognized the importance of tackling climate change. The country has actively employed various means, including climate diplomacy, to address the environmental challenges it faces. Furthermore, it seeks to establish itself as a platform for international cooperation and the exchange of knowledge and expertise, paving the way for productive foreign relations

Since the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian war in February 2022, the world has witnessed fundamental shifts in international relations and geopolitical balances, directly impacting environmental issues, particularly climate policies, The repercussions of the war, which transcended military dimensions to encompass the economic and environmental spheres, prompted major powers to reorganize their strategic priorities, leading to a retreat from their previous climate pledges.
Energy security has become a key factor in this shift, particularly in Europe, which has faced a severe crisis as a result of reduced energy supplies from Russia, This has prompted a rapid return to the use of coal and oil, despite previous trends toward a green transition, The Russo-Ukrainian war is a contemporary example that reveals the fragility of environmental commitments in times of crisis and underscores the interactive nature of wars and climate policies, where national security considerations intersect with environmental conservation requirements.

The world is experiencing rapid climate change, impacting environments, economies, and societies. China is among the countries most affected by this phenomenon due to rapid population and industrial growth and intensive urbanization. Climate change in China includes rising temperatures, increased heat waves, shifting precipitation patterns, and rising sea levels, resulting in broad environmental, economic, and social impacts. China faces significant challenges in balancing economic growth with environmental protection, but it is working to implement ambitious national policies to achieve carbon neutrality and shift to renewable energy, in addition to engaging in international cooperation to address climate change and support sustainable development.

The concepts of environmental challenges occupied a wide field in contemporary global interests, and with a greater extent, they occupied a space in the decisions of the United Nations and its international conferences through its specialized agencies, and its programs that dealt with this field, as it represents a danger caused by its thorny repercussions that cannot be ignored.
The interest in the environment and the types of challenges was not merely an intellectual luxury that occupied the world, but rather an urgent need stemming from the reality of the dangers and problems that affected the human being and his health, and evacuated the environmental balance in its various components and elements, so that the risks of challenges varied, between climate changes, global warming and drought, pollution of all kinds in the wild, air, water, and natural disasters, and the loss of biological diversity For its vital value, these challenges fall within the framework of environmental security, which does not threaten a single country itself, but rather affects all countries without exception, as the world's governments have never faced such challenges, resulting from humanitarian practices that cause phenomena that threaten the welfare of man himself, their safety and even its type.
The seriousness of this has accelerated international efforts to hold climate conferences, and the states are obligated to environmental agreements, as well as the role of the Security Council and specialized international organizations, in educating member states about the importance of climate change and its impact on international peace and security, as the Council holds sessions and seminars to discuss climate change issues and their impact on international security and encourage countries to take measures to confront this global challenge.

This study stems from the problematic and complex relationship between individuals and their environment, given that the excessive consumption of natural resources has a clear, negative impact on both. Human activities pose threats to the environment, generating a state of instability and giving rise to recurring patterns of conflict and disputes. Reduced rainfall, rising temperatures, falling water levels in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and an increase in dust storms are all challenges facing Iraq, posing a direct threat to its security and social stability in the short and long term. Climate change is a source of concern for political, social, economic, and health systems, particularly regarding how to secure individuals' basic needs and enable their developmental roles. This intensifies social tensions resulting from the lack of fulfillment caused by the effects of climate change.
Therefore, this study aims to answer the following questions: analyzing the anticipated impacts of climate change on societal security, assessing the vulnerability of local communities to these changes, and identifying the available and effective mechanisms for adaptation and response. The study operates on the hypothesis: "How can local communities effectively contribute to confronting the challenges posed by climate change?" To thoroughly address the topic, the study is divided into an introduction, three main sections, and a conclusion. The first section is titled "Climate Change: Concept and Impact," the second is "Threatened Communities: Between Challenge and Response," and the third is "Local Approaches to Confronting Challenges." The study concludes with findings and recommendations.

Nowadays, the Early Warning System is considered one of the vital tools in managing climate-related risks. It is not limited to predicting environmental disasters alone, but extends further to assessing the security implications that arise from them, such as mass displacement, resource conflicts, threats to critical infrastructure, and other forms of instability. Over the years, this system has evolved from being a purely technical tool into a comprehensive framework that contributes to strategic decision-making and the formulation of preventive policies. Despite the growing international interest in this system, approaches to climate change have often remained confined to legal or environmental fields, without delving deeply into its security and strategic dimensions. From this perspective, the present study seeks to shed light on the Early Warning System from a different angle—one rooted in political science, and specifically in strategic studies concerned with analyzing threats, identifying sources of risk, and formulating preventive alternatives. Through this lens, the Early Warning System can be understood as an integrated construct that reduces the scale of security threats resulting from climate change, while providing an analytical framework that combines network-based risk assessment with proactive policy design.

As climate changes increase around the world in general, and Iraq in particular, and are offset by Governments' decline in reaching agreement and lack of effective policies to adapt and mitigate these changes, it becomes natural for a new threat and opportunity to destabilize the environment by individuals or extremist groups "Environmental terrorism", and that this type of threat is not newly emerging, but it will gain considerable momentum in the international and Iraqi arena with the aim of drawing attention to issues related to the environment and climate change, and that its threat and effects are widespread not only at the national and regional level, but even at the global level .

Climate change is one of the most significant global challenges of the 21st century, with its significant impact on the environment, economy, politics, and security stability. To address this challenge, the need for climate diplomacy has emerged as a diplomatic tool to mitigate climate change problems by concluding multilateral international treaties and agreements that build common international consensus to address climate change issues and achieve climate justice. In this context, the role and activity of climate diplomacy in achieving a balance between the interests of developed and developing countries and its ability to open dialogue, negotiations, and communication channels between governmental and non-governmental actors is highlighted.

We live in an era of increasing interdependence and homogeneity among the components of the global world, with interactions, influences, and impacts. Any event or threat that occurs in one country quickly impacts other countries around the world. Climate change has not been immune to this impact, as we note that climate threats have shifted from being local to global, transnational threats. Therefore, a broad-based global environmental approach is necessary to reduce these threats or mitigate their effects as much as possible, protect the environment, and advocate for the use of clean, renewable energy in order to establish new frameworks for a sustainable global environmental policy.

A thorough examination of the climatic and meteorological phenomena in the study area and their influence on traffic accidents revealed that such accidents pose a significant threat to increasingly dense human populations, emphasizing the urgency of studying their causes and developing mitigation strategies in contemporary society. The intensity of climatic factors and phenomena influencing traffic accidents fluctuates daily and monthly in the research area, leading to variations in the frequency of traffic accidents and their distribution on a daily, monthly, and yearly basis. The study determined that rainfall is the predominant meteorological factor influencing traffic accidents, directly impacting their occurrence and exhibiting a robust link with them. Every rainy-day witness’s multiple traffic accident resulting from diminished sight, vehicle skidding, loss of directional control, street flooding, and impaired driving control. The elevation in temperatures and the prevalence of heat waves during summer months significantly influence the surge in traffic accidents during this period, as heat substantially affects the three components of an accident: human comfort and health, road conditions including cracks and ripples, and vehicle performance, including breakdowns or tire blowouts. Due to the ongoing climate change, the frequency of traffic accidents is expected to rise, leading to fatalities, injuries, or significant damage to both public and private property. Traffic accidents exhibit a robust positive link with fog conditions, primarily because of the substantial effect of fog on visibility, which can diminish it to just meters in thick instances. Fog is regarded as one of the most significant meteorological phenomena affecting road accidents, alongside rainfall, elevated temperatures, and heatwaves, resulting in incidents involving pedestrians or multiple vehicle crashes. Conversely, various climatic factors such as wind, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloud cover, and evaporation exert minimal direct influence on traffic accidents, instead affecting their occurrence indirectly by altering other weather conditions, including rainfall, temperatures, fog, and dust storms. This geographical study examined the influence of meteorological factors on automobile transportation in Ramadi, the capital of Al-Anbar Governorate. The study aimed to elucidate the correlation between meteorological variables (temperature, rainfall, wind, and fog) and the efficacy of land transport concerning infrastructure, vehicle performance, driver safety, and cargo transportation. The research employed a descriptive-analytical methodology to examine and evaluate climatic occurrences and their effects on the road network, utilizing data from the Al-Ramadi meteorological station spanning 1996 to 2019, alongside traffic and service data from pertinent entities. The geographical parameters of the study encompassed the city of Al-Ramadi, defined by latitudinal coordinates of 33°22' to 33°27' north and longitudinal coordinates of 43°00' to 43°46' east. The research, comprising three chapters, examined the influence of various climatic factors on land transportation, detailing how elevated temperatures result in asphalt liquefaction and vehicle malfunctions, how intense rainfall compromises road infrastructure and triggers landslides, the effect of winds on driving efficiency, and how fog diminishes visibility, thereby escalating accident rates. The study also looked at how comfort and the transported goods' characteristics were affected.
The study revealed that climatic factors are a crucial determinant of the efficiency and safety of urban road transport. It advocated for the development of the road network, the enhancement of vehicle operating parameters, the utilization of contemporary technologies for climate monitoring and forecasting, and the adoption of flexible traffic laws that correspond with weather conditions.
In the political dimension of climate factors influencing public and private transport policies in Ramadi, political entities are legislating with consideration for climate challenges, including elevated temperatures, dust storms, and desertification, which may impact roadways and transport infrastructure. Channeling public investment into sustainable transportation via political decisions provides increased funding to enhance public transit and diminish dependence on private vehicles, thereby reducing carbon emissions and mitigating pollution. Establishing collaborations with international organizations to promote sustainable transportation and enacting traffic systems and environmental regulations that address climate issues, alongside enforcing rules that limit the operation of private automobiles during peak hours or severe dust storm conditions. Furthermore, implementing laws that promote public transportation usage among residents via financial incentives or governmental assistance.