Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

Poetic language is the only a movement based mostly on the stereotypes and pugnacity what is prevalent in the language communicative by eluding and escape from him towards the level of performance of works on raising the effectiveness of the speech and poetic Anashha a lot of surprises and variations in say poetic ; So whatever ventured poet order behind the new technology , no matter what type of Ajthadath performance , the poem remains a creative effort embodied in the language first , and which seeks to demonstrate the usefulness and vitality of a second.
The turnaround grand poem nineties embodied in it restored the poem to the Kingdom of hair after that has been lost in the paths of formality purely by Althmanyen dropping more open to the lattice actually fashionable and idler margin after it abandoned tower (Teleological language) and (the absence of meaning), which characterized them poem eighties .
This study aims to identify the most prominent benchmarks key that is characterized by the language of poetry Altsaina level compositional and visibility and detection charms aesthetic embodied in Artaadha new areas mission did not pay attention to it before and did not mean the Iraqi poet previously as not involving any poetry by perspective poetic traditional.

Acculturation concept widely forked significance, cannot determine the meaning terminological exact dimensions Alavhammeh specifically totally entertained , and it seems that this stems from the nature of the same culture definition in general , and the disorder linguistic root based on the difference cognitive , and linguistic and semantic , and divergence of views among scholars , researchers and literary critics about it, but from some Mahmullac Tags for root linguistic culture ( Educate ) conforms to the meaning of give-and- nail , and perception , and the Wiz , and understanding , and learning, which suggests the sense of acculturation of linguistic and cognitive point of view, and match this to guess semantic with the Western sense of the culture (Culture) evidencing the culture or culture , and the development of mental abilities based on what came Encyclopedia of British knowledge
Text Blog verbal happen in time and place certain goal to communicate and Interestingness impact and transfer the experiences of others and Mkamenhm emotional can be configured Bamolq and cloning closed by lock called biblical iconography Her beginning and the end, and generative because it is not pop out of nowhere or Nabta diabolical but it is a-generated events that breed with other events .Any text that is born through conversion Semantic any.
Conversion guide one to several signs and vice versa, which is linked to the productive capacity of the text Vigdo so the scene of Toldat of images and different patterns of significance, is born president has, and the march Altdalal. is defined by the nature of its relations with the virtual and hidden with other texts that are involved in creating the text as ((integrated organization drafting a complex tangle of installation it is a network of overlapping diets and levels of editorial and systemic involves numbering glitter ... and realize the multiplicity of the same meaning)).

This research studies describe three poets were: Farazdaq and
Greer and Bashar ibn Burd, for ships and sailboats in their
poetry, and only recorded on them, in spite of the fame of the
purposes of the lattice head of the sub-mission did not receive
this description, including interest from before us to study the
texts of poetry, etc. can be detected from the variation in the
description of the process of creativity and this mode of
transportation, especially as it knew third was afflicted with
blindness since birth.
These poets of the three gave a description externally for ships
and sailboats predecessors other poets him, and followed by
others in it, and gave them a description internally to his feelings
and his feelings when riding was very creative, and it was a
completely new .. and this is what we finished him in this
research, we hope we have achieved what we wish him and this
what we hoped to achieve.

The linguistic theory of heritage has adopted the ancient Arabic linguistic Folklore as a subject for various studies on the basis of the principles of rereading, which is characterized by multi-purposes like briefing ancient linguistic perceptions and interpreting them in accordance with the new trends of linguistic research in a way to equalize the ancient linguistic thought results. The new trends in linguistic theories have a new view to identify its historical and civilized value according to the new type of a new reading to have it been as an intellectual attitude by itself.
As the linguistic subjects involve certain purposes, this study aims at finding out the closeness and similarity between the Arabic linguistic folklore and the new trends in linguistics. To be tackled with in our Arabic folklore is what Ibn-Khaldoon left, which is used to be distinguished and pre his era, regarding applied linguistic similarities. His remarks extended to theoretical linguistic issues related to Arabic, in particular. He talked about language and linguistics ; their concepts and natures, tackled with the issue of linguistic development and the functions of parsing regarding its nature as far as form and function concerned. He indicated rhetoric and eloquence and deeply showed the relation between language and society. Such nature and its earlier effect of what we call linguistic variation , or to put it more precisely, it was as an attempt to explore the extent of equivalence between the linguistic structure and socio-psycho structures which used to be as the basic foundation of applied linguistics; therefore, these similarities have been demonstrated in two sections:
1 - Psycholinguistic similarities according to Ibn-Khaldoon.
2 - Sociolinguistic similarity according to Ibn-Khaldoon.

This research aims to study the views of P. Dr. Karm Hussein Nassih AL- Khalidi in Arabic grammar about Arabic sentences from aspects cannot be found in books and grammatical sources, or that who did search in these aspects did not cover them, or covered but no results. The importance of this research is what we find in our teacher glances Dr. Karim al-Khalidi of new ideas in some aspects and issues related to the Arabic sentences will contribute to the facilitation of Arabic grammar, and correct a number of ideas and opinions, which was the main reason as to make it difficult for learners and professionals at the same time.

He study is a serious attempt at finding the opinion of the Muslim jurisprudents in the favor of martyrdom for the sake of Allah. It states the meaning of martyrdom through going back to the books of interpretation and the hadiths of the prophet (peace be upon him) in addition stating the meaning of wear out in language and in the jurist terminology. The study indicated that the worn out according to the opinions should be shrouded and washed and buried and prayed upon just like other Muslims not like marry and is not called a martyr like the other martyr who died in the battle, he is a martyr of the life only.

These papers deal with the theory of history movement in the modern Islamic thought, I have been show it thought leading taxes in this thought I mean taxes of Mohamed Baqer Al-Sadir and Dr. Abdul Kareem Zeidan .
I have explain element of his theory out of logic analyses and compare between them, and finally , I found six element which consist of this theory, as following:
1- AL-Sunnin and multidomatic.
2- AL-Sunnin :God creation.
3- AL-Sunna and Its law essence .
4- The Mothed and education of AL-Sunnin
5- Theory of AL-Sunnin : fixed necessary
6- AL-Sunnin and formularization Variety

Andalusian studies lacked a study on public services in the Kingdom of ‎Granada, which can be called the name of "Minor Andalus", after the ‎Andalusian cities fell one after the other, especially over a period of ‎denominations states, marked by discord among themselves, which helped ‎the other party (Christians) from the investment of these conflicts to restore ‎some of the Andalusian cities, which soon returned to it after the entry ‎Marabouts.‎
Thus, the case has become Andalusia between the receding tide, and the ‎impact that we have launched the Kingdom of Granada, which has been ‎standing alone in front of all the invasions coming from Christians in the name ‎of "Minor Andalus", which has spilled over its steadfastness for the period (629-‎AD).‎
Such steadfastness must stand behind a lot of factors in various aspects of ‎political, economic and social, in the sense all the factors of growth and the ‎continuation of Islamic civilization in which, it is inevitable that public services ‎are one of those factors that are related to a degree and another aspects of the ‎aforementioned... from here came've marked‏ ‏‎"public services in the Kingdom ‎of Granada".‎‏ ‏As the survival of Andalusia Minor more than two centuries and a ‎half is proof paper services and the extent of their diversity and evolution, ‎survival of the person and the attachment to the land is linked to Islamic values ‎and ethics and so forth, it was necessary for the type and variety of services, ‎the impact of the stick, which lasted all that time, from here The study of this ‎subject, which included as much as it provided us with sources and references ‎that we saw and what compels us search terms formation of diverse services.‎

This research highlights the process of decision-making in Turkey, especially the one concerning sending they Turkish troops to the Korean war in 1950. The Turkish foreign policy was affected by the changes that followed World War II; the risk perception increased in a way that led Turkey to join the UN and participate in the Korean war by sending its troops for the purpose of supporting the United States so as to gain membership at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
The decision of sending the Turkish troops to the Korean War was confirmed and implemented by some political leaders who used to control the (DP) which was in power in Turkey at the time. After a large dispute at the Great National Assembly on the legality of the decision and its political outcome, the leaders of the DP were criticized rather than their decision, leading to vote on the decision which then received a large majority.

Egypt was not so much concerned with its neighbors of the nations and peoples, particularly with regard to peoples that were beyond the northeastern border. This indifference remained standing during the era (the old state) and (Central) State. But this situation has changed a lot in the era of (modern state) during the second half of the second millennium BC.
The experience of the Hyksosin land of Egypt, and the humiliation of its people, a very painful and traumatic experience on the Egyptians, it has taught them a lesson they won't forget it following their next history, after having liberated the country from these invaders. Egyptians feel the danger inherent in these pastoral tribes which organized themselves and settled in some parts of Syria and Palestine, and that was threatening the eastern border of Egypt from time to time.
This threat alone was enough to force Teaba Pharaohs, kings of the Eighteenth Dynasty, to re-examine all military and administrative systems that existed in Egypt until that time and then emerged with new liberal ideas, depending on those ideas, the basis of the system of government in that period have been established. The new masters of war of the sons and grandsons of princes' warriors who led the bones war of liberation have embraced a new principle. Crystallized in one major objective, which is directing most of the state's resources to starch and organize a strong army with all standards, strongest military armies that have emerged in the history of the whole world. This army was subject to a central authority which is the authority of the pharaoh hand his will, a (divine right) of the king, according to the system of government that prevailed in Egypt at that time. One of the most important strategic objectives of the army, Egyptian re-control over the land of Kush(Nubia), which lies beyond the borders of southern Egypt. The political role of the new military class after the reign of Thutmose III had a big role in this regard

The study seeks to follow the style Cartographer optimization in the evaluation of the reality of educational services in the city of Samarra. Which is the most important indicators that are measured by the spatial development in any area by offering a vision of a survey realistic and give thoughtful predictions for the future growth of service and try to extrapolate the elements of the imbalance in the spatial distribution of geographical through use modern and sophisticated and accurate methods of reductive "time and effort, which has long been an obstacle spatial development. And have advanced spatial analysis tools provided by technology Geographic Information Systems (GIS) use of the information field survey for school sites used by the GPS device
The study of two methods statisticians are the style of the standard deviation and style closest neighbor and the study concluded that there is a defect in the spatial distribution of all educational services with the exception of primary education was acceptable. The study also "that the accumulated distribution has been denied many of the neighborhoods of the service as the distribution was not thoughtful of where the results of the neighbor closest to the presumption of service and future predictions I pointed out that the city betterment areal need extra services , especially " in the new eastern neighborhoods of the city

The study aimed to identify the psychological stress and its relationship to hardness psychological among the students of the Faculty of Arts / Mustansiriya University has used the researcher descriptive approach and reached the study sample (350) students, representing about 10% of the study population (3380) students from all sections. The researcher used the first two scales to measure the the psychological stress and the second measure of psychological hardness Ma'dan advance. Has been verified validtiy (virtual, and construction) and reliability for both the use of tools (re-testing, and internal consistency Alfa kronbach).The study came to the following findings: - The level of psychological stress among students was (113.95) and this indicates a low level compared with the central premise of (120), although the level of hardness their psychological (94.506), a high level indicates that the enjoyment of the sample rigidity psychological compared with the middle premise of (82).And the study showed a lack of statistically significant differences between students in the level of psychological stress due to the variable sex and grade, either in hardness psychological, the results show the presence of statistically significant differences between students in the level of hardness psychological attributed to sex in favor of females and the lack of effect of variable grade, the study also demonstrated the presence of traces of the interaction (sex and grade) in the variables of psychological stress and psychological hardness of the students, as the results indicated the presence of a negative correlation between psychological stress and psychological hardness.

Current research aims to know the reality of patterns of family abuse, as perceived by teenagers in their childhood phase, as well as know the significance differences in the level of patterns of family abuse, according to the city of Baghdad areas (Mansour, Yarmouk, Adhamiya, alshoula, Sadr City) have included a sample search Students of Stage secondary who are the ranks of the fourth, fifth and sixth branches of (scientific and literary) of (266) students, were selected randomly by (8) schools located within the four directorates of Education in Karkh and Rusafa has collected research data through the application of family abuse, drawn up by researchers measure by (63) paragraph, distributed according to three modes, namely: the pattern of physical abuse, the pattern of offending the moral, as well as a pattern of verbal abuse. The researchers have made some recommendations and proposals

The aim of current study is to investigate the effect of education strategy differentiated in the collection of material history with students first grade average, and to verify the goal of the research and thesis was selected sample of students of the first grade average in the secondary most trustworthy handhold of the General Directorate for Educational Diyala, were selected divisions of the first grade average pilot and officer. The sample of research (60) students and by (30) students in the experimental group and 30 students in the control group, and conducted a researcher between the two evenly matched in the variables (chronological age measured in months, intelligence, test me in the collection), prepared researcher kits search terms select the subject and the formulation of behavioral objectives, and preparing lesson plans for both groups and presented to a group of experts and in the light of the observations were made appropriate adjustments, and the researcher used appropriate statistical methods, in light of the results to the researcher reached the following conclusions:
1. The ability of teaching prepared according to the strategy of differentiated education to raise the level of achievement for students of the experimental group versus the control group.
2. Teaching history using a strategy of differentiated education students make the focus of the educational process.
3. Use of differentiated education strategy is better than the usual way to raise achievement

The aim of the present study is to know the patterns of prevalent educational supervision and to know the tendencies of the teachers toward supervision. It also aims at knowing the relationship between the education of the educational supervisions and the tendencies according to the variable of gender and the school gender. Through making tendencies scale The SPSS (version 10.0) statistical passage has been used to process data in an inconvenient sample from male and female teachers of Baghdad General Directorate of Education – Alrusafa /2.
The researcher comes up to the conclusion that the prevalent pattern of educational supervision is the authoritative pattern, and that most of the sample responses in the light of the items of scale to measure the tendencies of teachers towards supervision have achieved a neutral level and the responses by the difference of the prevalent patterns, there are no statistically significant differences among the levels of both the gender and the gender of the school.
Some of the recommendations have been attained in the light of the results obtained like making similar studies on larger sample and communities of higher level, and to make similar studies through study the relationship with other variables like specialization, educational level and the duration of service and the making use of the scale of measuring tendencies prepared by the researcher in measuring the knowledge in relation to the prevalent pattern.

The present study aims at knowing “The Effect of Strategies (PQ4R) in the Achievement of the Student of the Intermediate Stage and their Motivation towards Mathematics”
In order to verify that, the research chooses Al-Sadeer Intermediate school for girls in Baghdad. The number of the sample (62) female students from second grade as (31) students for the experimental group and (31) for the control group. The researcher formulated (78) behavioral objectives within the levels (remembering, understanding, application, and analysis) according to bloom’s classification of the cognitive field. The researcher adopted an Achievement test made from (40) items the type the multiple choice. She also prepared test of Motivation towards Mathematics for the intermediate stage made up of (35), the psychometric characteristics of the two tests were verified. After the statistical processing of data by the use of t-test for two independent samples, the researcher comes up with the following results:
1- The excellence of the students of experimental group who studied according to Strategies (PQ4R) over the she control group who studied in the normal methods in the final Achievement test.
2- The excellence of the students of experimental group who studied according to Strategies (PQ4R) over the she control group who studied in the normal methods for Motivation towards Mathematics.
After the interpretation of these results, the researcher puts a number of recommendations and them suggests suitable suggestions.

The current research aims to identify the Effect the style of self-affirmation in the development of intelligence spiritual among middle schoolers, and for the purpose of testing hypotheses, The researcher tested the zero hypothesis through (Partial adjust the design of the control group unintended choice with the test before me and after me) and included the research community on the middle and high school for girls in the province Baghdad, has been selected sample (30) students were preparing sessions extension using (the style of self-affirmation) in accordance with the specimen programming and balance, has straw researcher theory (solenoid) where the number of sessions the program (20) session, it took time each session (45) minutes with two sessions per week, and reach results to the existence of differences statistically significant difference between the two groups in the pretest and posttest for the experimental group, due to the impact of the program of self-affirmation in the development of intelligence and spiritual based on the results, the researcher to a set of conclusions and recommendations and proposals.
.

Discussion dealt with the subject of the social problems faced by children with special needs (a field study in the Amal institute for the deaf and dumb) and the diversity of the problems suffered by children with special needs some are due to the individual himself and the suffering of the failure or inability, or the fortune of deprivation and some of them come as a result of social conditions the bad and the community look to them, which hinders their adjustment with the community. The importance of research of the importance of social growth of a child with special needs to become an active member in the community do not realize it, but get rid of the social problems that afflict and assist in the transition from a life of dependency and reliance on others to a life of independence and psychological adjustment.
1. The research aims to try to integrate children with special needs within the community and to identify the problems encountered in their way and the extent of their social networking.
The research has come to the following conclusions: those children with special needs living in a state neglect within their families, which makes them feel, anxiety and tension.
2. that kids do not have any harmony with the people of the neighborhood who ask this shows their sense of isolation in the community.
3. That the number of children does not feel good about their relationship with their family members and this indicates a lack of understanding of the situation of the disabled before the brothers and sisters and even the boyssometimes.
4. That most families hide the case with her son's disability from others and the community because of the social stigma attached to them and because of the strained relationship between the parents.
The search came out with the following recommendations:
1. Stop the current deficit and the early detection of cases of disability and help children to improve their abilities and the provision of medical treatment and natural, psychological and social for the owners of these disabilities.
2. Providing opportunities for social care for people with special needs and their families and ensure the stability of their lives.
3. Create the proper atmosphere of family-style and enlighten parents in the proper rearing of their son disabled and lack of focus on the block it and improve its social through the mixing of non-disabled colleagues.

The research goal is the brain storming to earning biological material by using skeptical thinking that represented for the study of students first class at medical technical institute /Baghdad wherein selected at random method for50 students { male and female } {experimental group }which one of them were studied by using brain storming and the another by studied the way of lecturers { controlled } so the research 's tool was of resultant testing for biological material and the program applied for one unit at a week were extracted the statistical messages by using { T testing } for females so the experimental group were passing which studied at conceptual manner of the controlled group that studied by lectures' method. And the researcher explained the use of such method in teaching the biological material.

Experimental research done through random data collection method for twenty patient with level of education can read and write and suffering from close fractures in the right hand in Al-Kindy teaching hospital / department of rehabilitation and natural treatment between the period 1/1/2013 until 1/5/2013 to experiment a new method in rehabilitation and natural treatment to rehabilitate the patients with close fractures in the right hand and fingers, palm , and wrist through teaching them some of simple hand made of embroidery and beads as a method for muscles and joints rehabilitation for the right hand . The most important results was that the females achievement percentages for handmade especially to embroidery and beads made was 100% , but for males the achievement percentages for handmade was 40% . This research recommended finding a new artistic method that suitable to rehabilitate the injured hands for males rather than embroidery methods. This research recommended also to build a new cooperation between College of Education / department of Art and Ministry of Health / Department of rehabilitation and natural treatment to applied a program for rehabilitation for patients with hand injures.

This research interests in (the smart adaption of designing industrial products) concentrating on developing of aesthetic and functional sides of the industrial products by the smart technology by arranging of design products Chapter one includes question: What is the possibility of the smart adaption industrial products to be accept for the employee? Chapter two consists first section was on: design industrial products adaption. second section deals: the smart technology and smarting. The third one was about: the smart technology and adaption in products design. While the third chapter including on research procedure for the then recommendations, suggestions, recourses, annexes and finally English research abstract.

There is nothing new when saying that the economic ,industrial, and commercial activities in any country are governed and influenced by the political climate, it is the natural reflection of the improvement of its of its v economic situation.
Indeed, the industrial and commercial activities had been implemented in Libya at the era of the British military administration for the period (1943-1951) between a gunshot of the two obnoxious colonialists, i.e. its effects had been started to raise since the beginning of the British colonial rule and hadn't been ended at the Italian colonialism. The industrial activity in Libya a had witnessed states of distortion and chaos; ant that chaos has begun to be so obvious because of the exposure of this activity to a form of mutilation or decrease in many fields like: the industrial and commercial ones with modest economic limits.
This research is an attempt to trace the industrial activity in Libya for the period from the end of World War II (1943- 1951) and the role of the British colonial administration in controlling the economy of Trables, Burkhles and Fezzan, which included certain types of activity to include both the Commerce and Industry of flour, barley, wheat, dates and fish In addition, that lead to controlling the British and Italian military administration devices when we dealing with these activities and monitor their markets. In this study the researcher tries in this to follow the most prominent economic developments witnessed in the industrial and commercial activity in Libya at that period.

This paper entitled (Anger and its reflection in our classic poetry) studies and analyzes a sensitive aspect about the mentality and the psychology of Kurdish Classical poets. The sample of the study are the couplets and lines from 25 poetry collections of the Kurdish classical poets.
Kurdish literature has many of this type of poetry yet due to the time-limit only three samples have been chosen. Most of the Kurdish classical poets have worked on this issue and phenomenon (problems, difficulty and its impact) due to the instability that faced the people and Kurdish nation.
Anger, threat and outrageous emotions even harsher words are all found in the lines and couplets of the poems. It is hoped that this paper uncovers an unknown aspect of Kurdish classical poetry

The Spanish language is the fourth most spoken language in the world (after Arabic and English and Chinese). Many words of Arabic were entered in it, where 10% of the Spanish words return to Arabic origin, as well as a large number of English, French and German.
Research divider of three chapters:
Chapter I: Introduction, which is the objective of the research and the choice of subject for the purpose of study, criticism and analysis.
Chapter II: It is a part of which is known as Ray Anglicism number of writers.
Chapter III: Featuring practical part in the research, which we extracted the words of the original English, which are alien to the Spanish language and we analyze them according to Ray Spanish scientists and offer what the right word to be used instead of the term in addition analysis use the right or wrong of this term by Ray complex scientific language Spanish RAE. And references that have

The madly rush upon money may derive a person to sell the values and ethics that he is supposed to enjoy having. The human emotions could be affected by the exaggeration of the greed for money and also magnifies its negative impact on a noble feeling like love, but is love a parcel to be bought and sold by money and for the sake of money? Is it not a supreme value upon which there isn’t any compromise? If the case became that business becomes the justification for the rich to profit from the sweat and misery of the poor and disadvantaged, is there any sense of love and compassion left in them? George Bernard Shaw in his play Widowers' Houses gives answers to these questions outweighing money on morality and love in the time when feelings become of little value, and the collected money becomes the measure of manhood and success .In such time ,there is no place for true love in the world of business. Bernard Shaw grants his pen the freedom to portrait money in the figure of a contagious disease which attacks the rich to make themselves richer ,and the poor get the disease from the rich so that they might exceed the poverty situation even if it is at the expense of their feelings, sympathy and morals

Have you been paying your attention one day how do your students learn? Are they interpersonal, logical, spatial, musical, linguistic, Naturalist? Yes, but mostly they are digital learners. They were born in a digital world where they are expected to be able to create, consume, remix and share material with each other. Since students know how to use technology, then why teachers are not using it to teach? Have teachers ever been thinking of using the www (whatever, whenever, wherever) to teach their students?
Are teachers reaching or engaging their students?

With the development of different kinds of translation theories, translation studies have greatly developed; however teaching translation has not been discussed thoroughly. In fact, the development information technology has had a wide range of effect on education, but traditional translation teaching is far from suitable for the current translation teaching.

This paper will answer the above questions .It deals with a new approach of teaching translation, i.e. embedding technology in teaching translation. It focuses more on teaching translation effectively and highlighting the role of technology in facilitating processes of both teaching and learning.

Mainly the aim of teaching translation is to improve student's language competence. However, three levels of the aim of teaching translation are explained and some disadvantages of traditional translation teaching (TTT) are discussed. Furthermore, a comparison is made between TTT and teaching translation with technology (TTWT).

It is found that embedding technology in teaching translation is an important technique that should be incorporated in the classroom .In addition; it gives opportunities to read and listen to authentic texts by providing learners or students with "real-world" data and context. It can not only enhance learning environment through group discussion and debate but also makes collaborative translation (working with peers).Finally some online resources are recommended for teachers such as www.proz.com , www.kwintessential.co.uk and some ways of using the internet in teaching such as Blogs,Wikis, Podcasts,Youtube teacher, Online testing,… etc.

Intertextuality refers to the relationship with which texts are interwoven with each other. It is used to describe the range of ways in which texts make reference to other texts. Recently, mass media and modern technology has become a global issue and started influencing every individual. The information presented in the mass media affects the way people think. Thus, both form and content of mass media are of major importance. News article reporters need to be creative in their language and, at the same time, refer to facts and use common forms of language. Intertextuality is very common among mass media reporters because it is a powerful tool that serves their purposes. The present paper aims at analyzing the reasons which motivates reporters of the news articles on the security situation in Iraq to resort to intertextuality. The period between April and July 1214 is one in which the security situation in Iraq has been in turmoil. Therefore, twelve news articles belonging to the period above have been downloaded from the internet and analyzed carefully. The model adopted in the analysis is that of Bazerman (2004:5) for being a unified comprehensive scheme which covers all the types of techniques presented by other linguists. The analysis has revealed a heavy use of intertextuality in these news articles with particular focus on particular techniques rather than the others for certain reasons that serve the reporters’ purposes.

At present, English-as-a-foreign-language classrooms in Iraqi universities, by and large, have not moved far beyond the traditional board-and-chalk pedagogy. As a result, students find themselves trapped in the tedium of endless drills, repetitive rote memorization, and a never ending cycle of preparation, practice, and presentation. In order to address these difficulties, effective supplementary materials adaptation have been developed and are presented as an alternative for rote learning, so that students are engaged in studying English. This study will touch on the development of these effective supplementary materials adaptation and the students’ opinions of them.
This study is an attempt to assess the perception of an effective supplementary material adaptation ,the present study therefore aims at assessing EFL students\' perception of an effective supplementary materials adaptation in English, also , finding out the differences among the domains of an effective supplementary materials adaptation,
The random sample of the study consist of 100 students from the four academic stages of the Department of English at the college of Education for Human Sciences / University of Diyala for the academic year (2011-2012). A questionnaire is constructed to measure the awareness of the EFL college students\' perceptions of an effective supplementary materials adaptation . The questionnaire covers eight scales that contains (52)items which are measured using a five –points Likert - type scale anchored by 1= Never to 5=Always. The questionnaire is exposed to a jury of experts for the purpose of ascertaining its face validity. Two methods have been used to calculate the questionnaire reliability coefficient.
In the light of the results obtained, a number of recommendations are put forward which are concerned with textbooks designers, teachers, and learners.

The study aims at figuring out the intended meaning of intonation in some English conversational utterances together with identifying pitch variations that are determined by various syntactic constructions that impart the same illocutionary force of utterances. However, intonation is needed to delimit the communicative forces of utterances by virtue of its structure which the speakers intend to convey .This paper consists of four sections .Section one deals with phonology and its types .Section two discusses intonation in relation to style , forms and functions. Section three sheds some light on pragmatics. Section four deals in details with the intended meaning of intonation in some English conversational utterances.
This paper comes up with meanings that are changed by virtue of ranges of intonation and pragmatics changes emotions from one person to another by rising or falling the voice of the speakers. In addition, the intended meaning function of intonation plays a role in determining the emotions of the speaker by ranges of intonation.

Since the academic year 2002–2003 , English language teaching in Iraq has adopted the communicative approach . This means that speaking skill is at the forefront of English teaching practice which has led to a focus on communicative ability and appropriateness of language use , over linguistic accuracy and error avoidance .
This study aims at eliciting EFL teachers' views concerning the optimal number of students and the groups in each class , the optimal number of students in each group , and discussing the group work , the criterion of group structure , error correction , teacher's role , student's role , the large number of students in each classroom , the serious shortage of school buildings , the instability of syllabuses designed according to this approach and the distribution of marks .
In this study , open and closed questionnaires were used as investigatory instruments . Furthermore , the questionnaires were supplemented by oral interviews .
Finally , relevant recommendations are made .