Iraqi Journal of Science and Technology

This research includes requirements for selecting and testing external and enternal lighting in an experiments under standard condititions for equal electrical power of lamps and different Luminuos efficiency (Lum/W) with constant installation height of the lamp and lamp holder angle, the tests were carried out using lamps type (Led) of a capacity of 20, 30, 40,50,60,80 and 100 Watt, and luminous efficiency of 80,100 and 120 Lm /W were selected for comparison.
Also light efficiency tests were excuted for solar lighting lamps used in Baghdad streets which implemented by the Ministry of Electricity type (LPS) of capacity 66 Watt, 160 Lum/W for the purpose of comparison with the above mensioned, In addition it has been taken standard parameters in the selection of (LED) bulbs, where the ratio (S/P) was 2.04 and color temperature CCT 5500-6500 K and index coloring of the lamp (CRI) was 100.
Tests showed that modern developed (LED) lamps with luminous efficacy of 120 Lum/W was the best in terms of intensity, lighting area and angle of lighting distribution relative to other lamps, which were tested.

The study included applying 2D electric resistivity imaging in thirteen locations which had been identified based on primary geological and topographical information of the study area, as well as the availability extent of convenient areas and locations for survey work. Land survey were also performed to determine the elevation above sea level depending on tripling points available in the region; in addition to analyzing water samples to determine their chemical content.
ABEM Terrameter LS was used for data collection, and field work was conducted in Samarra city. Wenner-Schlumberger array was applied to survey 2D linear sections by different distance between electrodes. The maximum penetrating depth was 74 meters. Two-dimensional data were analyzed and inversions by RES2DINV software. The results showed that the reasons behind the rise of groundwater levels in some locations without others are due to the existence of lenses or suspended water assemblages resulted from rain water and sewage leakage and not due to the effect of main aquifers in the region. Geoelectrical survey sections also showed the presence of dry layers and impermeable layers separating sub-surface water from the main aquifer in the region.

GPR and ground conductivity measurement techniques were used to detect water table. Three sites were selected, Jadria in Baghdad city, Mahaweel in Babylon city and Sparta in Turkey. Frequencies 100 and 250 MHz were used for the GPR technique. The (EM34-3) device was used as the ground conductivity device. for which, three cables 10, 20 and 40m were used. Several surveys on the selected sites with these devices were conducted to determine the watertable. A comparison between the data from these techniques was made to determine which method was the best to detect the watertable for the three sites. The comparison showed that due to the effect of ground conductivity on the penetration ability of Radar signal, the ground conductivity measurement method appeared to be more useful than the GPR technique in determining the watertable

The effect of zeta potential on the Reverse Osmosis (RO) filters system for making the surrounding dilution (water) inside the membranes electrically stable, which means (High zeta potential) was studied. This procedure prevents or decrease the fine particles (sediments) from blocking the membrane holes, as a result of this, the membrane efficiency will increase. In this experiment the tap water subjected to high voltage source (25 kV) entering before the filter container. Several measurement applied on the samples every day, such as (pH, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solid, pressure drop and flow rate) after and before zeta effect. The result showed a higher range in all parameters when zeta effect applied, also the produced water increase about 20% .The whole system was in a good condition and no need to regular maintenance.

Two thin films of zinc oxide one of them is doped by 5% wt Mn were deposited by (SoL-GeL)method. Sol prepared from Zinc Acetate Dihydrate, Manganies Acetate Dihydrate and Dimethylformamide, Fluk (0.1%)as solvent. both thin films were deposition on glass substrate with dimension of (7.5*2.5*0.1)cm using dip coating method,The analysis of (XRD) for Zinc oxide film showed polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure especially in reflection planes (100),(002),(101).Scherrer‘s formula used to calculate crystallite size .There is changed in crystal structure and grain size when the thin film doped with 5% wt Mn. The morphological characterictic of thin films investegatied by atomic force microscopy .The results showed that the rate of surface roughness (41.1 and 81.4) nm also the optical properties studied by determing the transmittance by UV-Visi spectroscopy .The energy gap increased to (3.3-3.7) ev, when doped with 5% wt Mn,which made the prepared thin films agreed with the standard measurement for the thin films used in optical and electronic device.

In this rsearch spectrophotometric method was used to determine Selenium element (Se) in cement which was taken from different origins (Iraq, Bakistan, EUA and Iran) that already existing in Iraqi market. The selenium is very important element that its effect on human health. .Several methods were used to dissolve the samples ,the best way was using aquaregia (1:3)(HNO3:HCl).From the final results ,the higher concetration was in the Al-Jisser Cement from Iraq was 194 ppm. The method used to measure Selenium was direct circumflex using atomic absorption

Three experiments carried out to study the effect of using various types and levels of omega-3 and omega
6 on histological characteristic of common carp Cyprinus carpio L.
(1) Adding various levels of sunflower oil (SO) and corn oil (CO) as omega-6 sources in the diets. Sunflower
oil was added at levels of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% in the 1-5 diets and corn oil at the same levels in the 6-9 dites.
(2) Adding various levels of fish oil and linseed oil in diets as omega-3 sources. Fish oil (FO) was added at levels
of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% in 1-5 diets and linseed oil (LO) at same levels in the 6-9 dites.
(3) Adding various mixture levels of oil mixture 1 (1.5% CO + 1% FO) and oil mixture 2 (1.5% CO + 1% LO)
in fish diet as mixture of omega-3 and omega-6 sources respectively. The grossly exploration of the livers of the
experimental fish which fed on different sources and levels of omega-3 and omega-6 declared no ocular
morbidity changs in the size, color and pigment sympathy and there were no morbidity or infirmity bane or
lesion had significantly seen, and some fatty change noticed with no effect on the liver cells. Microscopically
some lymphocytes cells have seen in the livers of the fishes fed ω-3 and ω-6 diet which indicate the promotion
of the immune system in the body. Besides mild Congestion of central veins with mild infiltration of
lymphocytes were noticed. There was acute cellular degeneration with mild Congestion in the liver cells of fish
experiment. Acute cellular degeneration and bleed in the liver of treatment commercial diet without oil was
appear highest levels of oils (2%) cause in this study acute fatty change acute cellular degeneration which
beginning of hepatitis.

In this study, developing method was used to synthesis a material benefit for
cancer\'s therapy when heated remotely under alternated magnetic potential by
hyperthermia treatments. Mechanical alloying processing (MA) with several milling
times (12-72 h) used for producing four samples (1cm diameter x 0.3 mm thickness) of
Ni-based alloy with various weights percentage of chromium (3-15 wt% Cr) in order to
select which the smart type of them has the Curie temperature in a range of 41-46°C.
then the samples were sealed in a vial under inert gas The samples were heat treated at
1200°C/3h in a furnace, then the samples were subjected to relaxation heat treatment at
600°C/2h and left for furnace cooled, followed by metallographic techniques.
Characterization studies were evaluated for all treated samples including; Phase\'s
analyses, microstructures images and the magnetic properties test

In this paper jar tests were done on fresh water (river water) taken from AL-Jadriya /
Baghdad drinking water treatment plant to examine two coagulant mixtures (alum and ferric
chloride) at several percentages (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). Ferric chloride has been used to
remove turbidity using NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) and total organic carbon (TOC).
A 95.4% removal of NTU at 25mg/L dose at 25% coagulant mixture obtained, while for alum
alone the result was 94.8% NTU (0.6% difference) and 68.7%,and 62.5% TOC removal for a
mixture of 25% and 50% respectively, higher than 56.2% for alum alone and increased the
results to a significant difference of 12.5% and 6.3% for TOC removal. This means that using a
mixture of coagulants enhances their performance to higher than each one alone.

Nano Ni thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation technique, their
nanoparticles size controlled via process parameters. Ni thin films were deposited on Si
wafers and soft glass sheets. The effects of substrate material and their temperatures
during deposition on nanoparticles size and thin films microstructure were studied
through AFM surface morphological observations and XRD results respectively. It was
found that nanoparticles size increased from 7 to 25 nm with increasing Si substrate
temperature during deposition, these affects thin films electrical resistance. It was also
found that electrical resistivity decreased with increasing nanoparticles size for Ni thin
films deposited on Si wafer, while increased with substrate increasing temperature
during deposition.

This study describes modification of Vitamin B2 as drug derivatives, which were
prepared through esterification of some –OH groups of vitamin B2 with Amoxillinyl or
Ibuprofenyl or Cephalexineoyl or Mefenamyl acid chlorides, with different modified
ratios. This new idea was applied to improve the prolong delivery of vitamin B2 with
controlling release of bonded antibiotics. The new prepared drug vitamin derivatives
were characterized by FT-IR and UV. spectra, and the physical properties were studied;
the controlled drug release was studied with different pH values at 37oC, many
advantages have been obtained from this new preparation of scientific and therapeutic
uses.

Information about the shape of the Earth\'s surface are required for several tasks
like the creation of orthoimages or flood modeling. Digital elevation model (DEM) is
generated by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and used in this paper. A
digital elevation model (DEM) is one of the fundamental pieces of information needed
to understand and manage the land. In its original release, SRTM data contains regions
of no-data (voids), specifically over large water bodies, such as lakes and rivers, and in
areas where radar-specific problems prevented the production of reliable elevation data.
In many cases, these voids must be filled using void filling process. Therefore, a void
filling procedure has been applied to provide a continuous DEM. In this paper we
applied the void filling algorithm for two cases. The results indicate that the statistical
parameters are maintained for both cases, and they were in a good agreement with the
original digital elevation model. The histograms obtained also shows identical results.