Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

Represent groupings gravel deposits local areas valleys in which the water and be this sediment usually varying in thickness and may extend for great distances, and is affected by the form of granular greatly influenced by a direct process of being transferred and the length of time it took the transfer process and the nature of the rocks that descended to add to the impact of the quality of the prevailing climate when been deposited , gravel formations differ among themselves in terms of their physical properties and chemical from one place to another depending on the circumstances of their presence and origins and the factors that led to collected and depositions. The most gravel quarries in the study area are depositions of fan floodplains and mostly fall within the standard Iraqi No. (45) for the year 1980 adopted in the construction of roads, bridges and other construction works.

The study is about the Middle East economic conferences. It consists of three parts and conclusion :
First part: The concept and meaning of Middle East , Most famous theorists of this project and the most important agreements were exposed.
Second part: It is about the economic conferences in Middle East and North Africa.
Third part: the most important results of economic summit conferences were explained.
Conclusion indicated to the economic political results achieved by Israel from these conferences on account of Arabic economy and people.

City/society are two sides of the same coin takes created by Urban and cultural identity of the model, which is reflected on the urban development of the city in order to achieve the human/community quality of life and housing.
The subject of this paper revolves around one of the problems plaguing the ancient city, which is a problem of urban renewal and development, which refer to the software re- development and improvement of large tracts of neighborhoods in different areas of the main cities.
Kadhimiya city is one of the cities of the Islamic world, it suffer from slow disintegration investigator. It is therefore necessary to examine in order to explore the city and the reality of the situation and draw a picture of the causes of morbidity in the facilities and buildings.
Through study and research in a manner of urban renewal, it was concluded that the long history of the city of Kadhimiya goal of sanctity and the content of the architectural heritage of civilization, making the orientation of scientific schematic of the city, is moving towards the development of schemes aimed at urban renewal.

The hotel is a social and economic phenomenon is very old industries have emerged, hotels in early times as one of the exploits of civilizations, especially in the ancient Middle social system based on free hospitality to its reputation for hospitality community at the time, and this so-called hospitality unpaid
Does not show variables uniformly or tight, but shows a significant difference and variation on the extension spatial these variables on the map is the research problem contrast spatial patterns spatial variables hospitality in Iraq for the year 2008, that the process of interpreting this difference and spatial variation of patterns spatial variables hospitality in Iraq depends on the assumptiontake the spatial relationship to economic activity for Hospitality mainly in her eulogy spatial, was the study area political borders of the Republic of Iraq at the level of 18 provinces, either temporal boundaries of the study has been the 2007 data for the hotel industry and research found to a set of conclusions

The aim of stuyding the book is to evaluate the book of history for the fifth literary class from the teachers point of view and education specialists.
To achieve this instrument which was formed including (70) items including six areas (introduction of the book , contents of the book , educational aids , evaluation,activitiesof the book) .
This study reached to the powerful and weak sides in the history book ,some of the powerful points are : the introduction of the book gave a brief idea about each chapter of the book ,all the pages are suitable with the time specified for teaching it , the educational aids are connected with the educational objectives for the history book ,being empty printed mistakes , each chapter is ended with enough number of questions and the activities of the book urge to more from the knowledge.
As for the weak points ; here are some of them the introduction of the book didn’t contain any general recommendations or suggested ways for teaching it , it didn’t vary in displaying the inner material and there were no basics elements for the maps.

1 - What is the level of cognitive distortion among secondary school students, and is the level of cognitive distortion different according to sex and academic specialization or interaction between them?. 2 - What is the predominant style of experiential learning among secondary school students and whether different the nature of styles depending on sex and academic specialization?. 3 - What is the order of the big five personality factors among secondary school students and whether the variables of sex and academic specialization or the interaction between them have any role in the arrangement of these factors?.
4-What is the relationship between cognitive distortion and both learning styles and the big five personality factors?
The research aimed to find out:
First: the level of cognitive distortion at the Students of preparatory Stage. Second: learning styles among the Students of preparatory Stage. Third: The big five personality factors among the Students of preparatory Stage. Fourth: the relationship between cognitive distortion and learning styles among the Students of preparatory Stage. Fifth: the relationship between cognitive distortion and the big five personality factors among the Students of preparatory Stage. Sixth: statistically significant differences in the level of cognitive distortion among the students of preparatory Stage depending on the variables:: A-Sex. B - Academic specialization. Seventh: Statistically significant differences in learning styles among the Students of preparatory Stage depending on the variables: A - sex. B- Academic specialiation. Eighth: Statistically significant differences in the big five personality factors among the Students of preparatory Stage depending on variables A - sex. B - Academic specialization.
In order to achieve the aims of the research, the researcher used three foreign scales are:
1-Cognitive Distortion Inventory ) Yurica & DiTomaso, 2001).2- Learning Style Inventory (Kollb, 2007).3- Big Five Inventory (John, et al, 1991).
Researcher regarded sample statistical analysis to extract the sample results. By using Pearson correlation coefficient, the correlation coefficient (Baacyrial), the t-test for one sample and two independent samples, Z-test, "chi-square" for good conformity and independence, and analysis of variance and bilateral interaction. The most important results as follows:
1- The sample has a low level of cognitive distortion, and perfectionism factor was most visible factor among the members of the sample. 2 - divergent learning style is the most preferred style among the Students of preparatory Stage "research sample". 3- According to the respondents, the order of the big five factors of personality appearance is (open-mindedness, Extraversion, Agreeableness Conscientiousness, neuroticism) respectively. 4 - There is no relationship between cognitive distortion and learning styles among the Students of preparatory Stage. 5 - There are statistically significant positive relationship between cognitive distortion and factors neuroticism, and Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness. There is no relationship between cognitive distortion and open-mindedness and extraversion. 6 - There are differences in the cognitive distortion variable depending on the academic specialization, and there are no differences in cognitive distortion depending on sex, or depending on the interaction between sex and academic specialization. 7 - There are no differences in learning styles depending on the variables of sex and academic specialization. 8 - There are no differences in the big five personality factors depending on sex, or academic specialization or the interaction between them, except the difference that has emerged in Extraversion factor depending on the sex variable.

The Heritage holds originality, giving it a culture, a communication with the past, an ability to be contemporary and future development, it provides the humanity a lifestyle, and many types of behavior, values, customs and traditions, it is then a pure knowledge, depth of thinking, and endless richness. It is a firm foundation for everything new, the educational thinking is one of the important scopes which may achieve a direct impact in forming people believes and directions. So the interest in heritage today became weak, this led to a real intellectual crisis in our contemporary education, thus, the significance of this study became clear which is to study the educational philosophy of the martyr Imam Zeid bin Ali (may peace be upon him).
Indeed the study has found out several results which are:
• Imam had been investigating the high-end implications either in the intellectual, or educational, or political, or social, or moral field, and exploring the concepts, theories, and strong opinions, which is undoubtedly the richest path of Islamic thought.
• The thinker (Imam) had paid a lot of attention to an important section of society who are scientists and he had given many of instructions to the scientists.
• Imam had stressed on the educational and moral aspect to protect the society from corruption in all its forms and staying away from the bad actions which may affect the true work.
• Imam had presented a good picture of martyrdom and explained that the Jihad does not aim to get cheap worldly benefits for himself and his relatives, but rather seeks to spread Islam and highlights the word of Allah and extension of Islam.

Sought researcher to try to find a solution to its problem of confusion large and many questions for researchers whoever they are about the right size for samples at Mqaaashm , and whether the sample sizes in the literature of psychometrics fixed and can be adopted always , or is it you need to test the statistical and ensure its accuracy and validity of results and quality in achieving building accurate the sound of the scale , and began seeking procedures to achieve the goals of research identified three different scales in the concepts and the number of paragraphs and number of alternatives for experiments statistical analysis and extract the most important two properties in building standards honesty discriminatory and sincerity of internal consistency , after applying the standards of this on the sizes of the samples building standards , according to the literature of psychometrics any size of which is the best in the improvement in the accuracy of Statistics paragraphs standards and achieve the best results for the genuineness and sincerity of discriminatory internal consistency of the results were as follows:
1 . Results varied experiences statistical analysis between the two samples of the three metrics , and results varied between grades as well as the pieces of the two extremes in giving clear results unreliable.
2 . Results between the two samples proved that the size of the sample ( 400 ) individual best number in the improvement in the accuracy of Statistics to give discriminatory sincerity and genuineness good internal consistency for the construction of scales , from the size of the sample is equal to ( the number of paragraphs of any scale * ( 5 ) members each paragraph ) .
3 . Unresolved results of any degree cut from grades three segments (25 % .27 % .33 % ) , according to the literature of measurement is the best between the two extremes for my sample construction in giving good results to improve the accuracy of statistics paragraphs , and finally recommended that the researcher has proposed recommendations and proposals of several serving studies and theoretical literature measurable psychological .

The significance of the present research in the necessarily of skills and abilities development to student that give him success in all his life especially through NLP skills that’s made student overcome good and pad thinks in internet world wherein he become able to internet controlee because this world made hem suffer from serious problems. The study aims at the following 1- Measuring NLP2- Measuring internet abuse3- Identifying the relation between the degree of internet abuse .And to learn information the research instrument used are:1-An Instrument to measure Internet abuse The research sample was selected in purposive method from Baghdad university students to college of education/Ibn –Rushed and the number of the students was (100) males and (100) females. The NLP scale it consisted of (30) items , the internet abuse scale consisted of (15) items The t- test was used for the equal separate groups . the Pearson correlation coefficient . the findings of the research were as follow:
1- the students have middle level of NLP skills
2- The female have lease level of internet abuse .
3- research shown negative relation between the NLP and Internet
In the light of these findings the research has mad suggestion and recommendations.

Aims Current search to know the level of performance expressive writing creative year with fifth grade students secondary science and literary branches and both sexes Boys and girls in Maysan province, and also aims to know the significance of the difference statistically between the level of performance expressive writing creative year among the students of the fifth grade intermediate in Maysan province.
according to the variables of specialization and sex, And is determined by current research students of the fifth grade secondary science and literary branches and both sexes Boys and girls in secondary school affiliated to the Directorate General for Education in Maysan province /study day (center), and the semester first the academic year 2013-2014, and the three themes of topics written expression creative.
The researcher followed the research methodology descriptive and analytical, and consisted of a society of this research from the Secondary school affiliated to the Directorate General for Education in Maysan province, for the academic year (2013-2014), of which there were 17 secondary schools, the rate of (9) secondary school for boys, and (8) secondary school for girls, and fifth grade students secondary branches of scientific and Literary- study Morning- totaling (7657) students, the rate of (4114) students, and (3543) Student, are divided on the branch of scientific and literary reality (3584) students in the scientific section, and (4073) students in the literary section.
The number of sample applied from secondary school for this search (4) Secondary school, by (2) Secondary school for boys, and (2) Secondary school for girls, and the number of respondents applied for fifth grade students secondary science and literary branches (200) students, by (100 students), and (100) students, are divided on the branch of scientific and literary reality (100) students in the scientific section, and (100) students in the literary the current results indicate low level of performance expressive writing creative with the fifth grade students secondary.
science and literary branches and both sexes Boys and girls, and the superiority of the students the scientific section statistically.
the students of literary section, as well as the superiority of the students on the students' average year for test scores written expression of creative three.

The study aims at knowing the importance human resources management and its importance if the central library of university of Al-Mustansriya. The descriptive approach was followed (the case study). The data were collected through interview with the Secretary of the library and the questionnaire form distributed to the sample of 64 employees.
The answers were analyses and the percentage was used in the statistical analysis. The study comes up with many findings like:
1- There is no section of division to manage human resources and development, but there is the Staff Unit which is changed into Human Resources Management later.
2- There is a clear dysfunction in the choice and appointment as it was found that the highest rate of the staff are the B.A. degree holders of 47%m while the holders of primary education 16% and the least rate are holders of high degrees (MA and PhD degrees).
3- There is weakness and deficiency in the active administrative specializations in the library of university. Only 4% rate of the total staff are active in the library(see table 4).
The Study Recommends:
1- The necessity of devising a new department for the Human Resources Management and Development for the proportion of the Central Library of University.
2- The necessity of devising a new department for accounting and finance of the library as a self-existing cultural foundation with a balance.
3- The necessity of giving and expanding the authorities of the secretary of the library with absolute authorities and to raise the level of the central library.
Key Words :
1- Directors
2- Modren Scientific management
3- Human Resource .management
4- University Libraries .

يتميز العصر الفكتوري في الأدب الإنكليزي بهيمنة الرواية على الأجناس الأدبية الأخرى . فقد ظهر في هذا العصر العديد من الروائيين الكبار الذين يمثلون شتى المدارس الأدبية و يضمنهم عدد من الروائيات مثل الأختين برونتي ( شارلوت 1816- 1855 و أميلي 1818-1846 ) وجين أوستن ( 1775-1817 ) و جورج اليوت ( 1819- 1880 ) التي تحتل مكانة متميزة بينهن . تنتمي جورج اليوت الى التيار الواقعي في الرواية الإنكليزية . كتبت جورج اليوت عددا من الروايات لكن ( ميدل مارش ) التي نشرت عام 1872 هي الأكثر شهرة يل أن بعض النقاد يرون أنها واحدة من أعظم الروايات في تاريخ الأدب الانكليزي . تصور ( ميدل مارش ) – من خلال الشخصيات المتعددة و الحبكات المتداخلة – الصراع بين المثالية والواقع في المجتمع . وتتصف شخصيات الرواية الرئيسية ( وخصوصا الفتاة الثرية دوروثيا بروك والشاب ليدسلو ) بقدر عال من المثالية و الطموحات الكبيرة لكنهم يتعرضون للفشل و خيبة الأمل نتيجة مثاليتهم وعجزهم عن فهم قيم الحياة الحقيقية في المجتمع من حولهم .

Las onomatopeyas son palabras que imitan un sonido del mundo real y que se encuentran en la mayoría de lenguas, incluidas el castellano. A diferencia de la mayoría de palabras, las onomatopeyas están motivadas fonéticamente. La formación de las onomatopeyas no es arbitraria, sino que entre significado y significante existe una relación muy estrecha, puesto que su pronunciación pretende imitar un sonido, que constituye a su vez su significado. Aunque su referente (esto es, el sonido que imitan) es el mismo para todas las lenguas, las onomatopeyas difieren enormemente de una lengua a otra porque están determinadas tanto por factores lingüísticos como extralingüísticos. En este sentido los elementos más importantes son: los órganos vocales del hombre, la cultura y manera de pensar de cada pueblo y los distintos sistemas lingüísticos, que operan en el proceso de lexicalización de estas unidades lingüísticas y las dotan de cierto grado de arbitrariedad.
La palabra onomatopeya proviene del griego “onoma”, es decir, “nombre” y “poieo”, “hacer”. Podemos consultar su definición en el Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia (en internet):
“Es decir, son todos aquellos vocablos o grupos de vocablos cuya pronunciación imita el sonido de aquello que describen. Dentro de esta definición se incluyen toda una serie de elementos de muy diferente carácter, por ejemplo, verbos como zumbar (zzz), y el origen de la palabra bárbaro (bar bar), etc.”
En nuestra investigación tratamos este fenómeno lingüístico como un medio literario moderno quien los autores adoptan para reforzar su estilo y expresar sus opiniones en cierto sentido que atrae la atención de los lectores.
Nuestra obra contiene tres capítulos: el primero estudia los aspectos de la onomatopeya y sus tipos. En el capítulo secundo tratamos la vida y obra de Mario Vargas Llosa y en el capítulo tercero estudiamos la obra de Llosa que se llama (los cachorros) como ejemplo del abundante uso de los onomatopeyas

Cette recherche prend l'analyse et la discussion du concept de la traduction interactive à la lumière de signification et d'un symbole. Nous avons adopté les résultats d'une simple comparaison de concept de Latour Bruno et de Michèle Callon dans la théorie de la sociologie. Nous avons traité, dans les deux concepts, le concept de l'acte. La traduction comme un moyen de communication moderne a des genres et des concepts variés. Il est à supposer qu'il y ait une existence d'un certain nombre d'éléments de structure pour l'interaction de traduction, et quel était le nombre des travaux de ceux qui travaillent dans ce domaine sur le terrain de l'importance de l'acte dans la traduction. Nous avons mis la lumière sur la recherche des concepts de Taylor et d'Austin et nous avons aussi relié, même si dans un concept significatif, le dévèloppement des théories et des travaux dans un état de comparaison

David Herbert Lawrence was a prolific writer. He was one of the first great novelists of England in the 20th century who made use of the science of Psychology in his novels. Obviously influenced by Dr. Sigmund Freud and his theories about the unconscious mind, D.H Lawrence wrote Sons and Lovers which is a pure depiction of this theory. The main characters in this novel are Mr. and Mrs. Morel, Paul, Miriam and Clara. The author develops the plot by portraying the relationships between these characters and each relationship ends tragically.
This paper analyzes the reason that led to the catastrophic consequence of obsession from a new angle—over-possession, that’s to say, the desire of holding or having something as one’s own or under one’s control. This paper proves this view from the spiritual and physical possession; the possession of the mother to her sons and the possession of two girlfriends to their lover.

This study aims at (1) identifying and analysing Iraqi EFL undergraduates' performance in using open-class prenominal modifier sequences in English, (2) finding out the sources of students' errors in using such sequences and (3) outlining some pedagogical recommendations relevant to their teaching. It is hypothesized in this study that Iraqi EFL undergraduates do face difficulties in using open-class prenominal modifier sequences in English.
After reviewing the literature available on the topic, a written test comprising thirty items has been constructed and administered to a randomly chosen sample of third-year college students from the Department of English in the College of Education/ Wasit University. The analysis of the subjects' performance on the test has confirmed the above-mentioned hypothesis.

Autism is a severe disorder marked by social impairment, poor communication skills, and repetitive stereotyped movements. Autism affects people of every race, ethnic group, and socio economic background. Its severity varies from a child to another. The present paper focuses on lingual and social problems of autistic children in Erbil city. The researcher has chosen "Autism Centre" for conducting the field research. Ten children are chosen as data for the present study. Autism ranges in severity. Thus, the researcher has divided the children into two groups: children with mild autism and others with severe autism disorder. The language use of these children, their social interaction and behavior will be compared to those of normal children of the same age, gender, and socio economic background.
The researcher has observed that children with severe autism cannot speak at all, and those with mild autism rarely speak, while all normal children have a clear language. The researcher has observed that children with autism whether 'severe or mild' lack awareness of others. They cannot build friendships, and they never play in groups. They cannot use facial expressions, they do not exchange emotion, and all of them have repetitive behavior. Comparing the normal children with autistic children, the researcher has found out that the main factor which differentiates the two groups is social interaction. Each autistic child lives in an isolated world where there is no place for others. Autism disorder is not curable, but appropriate treatments can help the children overcome life difficulties and carry on their daily needs.

Linguistic complexity is one of the currently most hotly debated notions in linguistics. The importance of a language to its users has overtime, motivated linguists and researchers to study and analyze its patterns and structures. A morphological and phonological analysis is crucial for the analysis and understanding of the patterns and structures of a language.
Morphologically, English permits the appropriate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. As far as the internet' texts under analysis are concerned, common suffixes include: s, ed, ing, ly, and tion. The suffixes s, es, ed, and ing account for almost two-thirds of the words in the internet texts under analysis. The morphological analysis shows that an English word permits up to four morphemes at the end of a word, whereas the use of a prefix is rare. This process creates unlimited number of complex words. Such complexity depends on the number of components (morphemes) that can be added. Increasing the number of these components contributes to lengthening the word to which they are attached, which creates a complexity in pronunciation, reading, spelling and even parsing as part of the morphological analysis.
Phonology plays a central role in restrictions on stacking up affixes in multiplying complex words. The relevant complexity measures are three metric variables: the length of morphemes in terms of the number of phonemes, the number of morphemes and the length of words in terms of the number of morphemes. Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters, or phonology and the number of phonemes. From a phonological point of view, the phonological restriction is higher in terms of derivational affixes than inflectional affixes where the stress non-neutral suffixes such as (ion, ity, ist, ian) play a crucial role in affecting the prosodic context of a complex word and consequently in restricting the combinability of suffixes and their order in words. A case that shows a relative complexity in the 'internet' language. Thus, it is relatively complex language in its morphology and phonology.

This research paper deals with Arnold Bennett's The Old Wives' Tale (1908). It aims at showing how meaningless and futile it is to revolt against the iron grip of circumstances , whether social or economic , that shape or determine people's lives and precisely speaking the lives of the Baines sisters , the heroines of the novel . It sheds light on the differences between those sisters and the gap in the degree of their consciousness of the world they live in . It also points to the destructive effect of time upon them and their great effort to adjust themselves to their environment .

Learning foreign languages is a very important phenomenon to see the outside world, and find new and interesting benefit of the country, that would be insurance through translation.
In modern times, the objectives were chosen to coat the translated text with an equivalent to the original literary expression, resulting in problems related to housing suitable text translated into plausible literary and linguistic niches of the host language. Equivalence in translation must always rely on the socio-semiotic plane and one of the resources used for housing the translated work is in these niches intertextuality or use of words and phrases that refer to certain texts of authors well known by the reader , in order to awaken in him a specific resonances.
We have chosen the translation of the story Al-Musafer (The Traveller) Dra.Luz Castanon who translated the great writer Mahmud Al-Y̑indari his collection of short stories is titled "The Siege".
The translation of Dr. Luz Castañón succeeded, especially in the form of grammatical Kana defective verb plus verb in the present that is widely used by the author of the tale, equivalent in Spanish using the imperfect past tense, because we have used this case in this investigation.
Índice:

This research study aims at exploring the role and the effect of linguistic politeness on everyday communications and to explain the power and effectiveness of linguistic politeness in requesting speech among human beings, especially in cross-cultural communications which affect the linguistic competence of foreign language learners. The first part of the study is the introduction which consists of the objectives of the study and the hypothesis. The second part deals with the past studies which are related to the phenomenon of linguistic politeness. The third part reveals the findings of the study, which show the effects of linguistic politeness on human conversation and the types of linguistic politeness forms in different cultures and the conclusions which refer to the importance of including politeness forms in foreign language textbooks.