Iraqi Journal of Oil and Gas Research

Understanding the stratigraphy and structure of the examined reservoir requires knowledge of the geological model. Moreover, the volumetric approach can be used to estimate the amount of oil that was initially present.
Modeling a reservoir in the form of a three-dimensional computer depiction that serves as a tool for integrating disparate disciplines and sets of data
To create a good representation of reality that is suitable for research purposes, 3D static modeling uses reservoir parameters such as facies, saturations, porosity, and permeability. Finally, all data from petrophysical, seismic, geological, and engineering sources are integrated into the model.
An integrated 3D static model has been constructed for Khasib formation in Amara field, which is considered one of the main reservoirs in this field. Wireline logging data for the eighteen wells, the core analysis information for three wells (Am-01, Am-02, and Am-03) and reservoir characterization information have been utilized to accomplish this study.
In the geological model, Khasib formation was divided into seven zones, where the reservoir units were represented by KH11, KH12, and KH2. The petrophysical property modeling and the net-to-gross model have been built using the SGS algorithm as a statistical method, and the rock-type model has been used as a guide for the distribution, indicating the improvement of property distribution in the north and west of the field and demonstrating that KH11 is regarded as the Khasib formation's primary reservoir unit, KH12 has a substantial oil concentration, and KH2 is recognized as the second reservoir unit that contains hydrocarbons.

Heavy fuel oil (HFO) is considered as a major fuel in steam power plant in Iraq. High viscosity and high energy requirements for fluid pumping are issues that affect the movement of crude oil via pipelines. A great viscosity is a serious problem in flow and combustion Viscosity reduction techniques can improve flow. The objective of this work is to reduce the viscosity and enhancing the flow characteristics of heavy fuel oil in pipes using different solvents the experimental includes oil pump, oil pipe (1.27 cm diameter and 2 m length), pressure gauge, magnetic stirrer, and Brookfield viscometer. Various types of solvents added to Heavy fuel oil to reduce its viscosity and improve heavy fuel oil characteristics; Kerosene (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 vol.%) and ethanol with same adding percent are tested. The experimental results showed that viscosity reduction achieved 26% using 20 vol% ethanol and 53% at 20 vol% of kerosene. This viscosity reduction improves the flow properties as Reynolds number and pressures where the Reynolds increased by 19.25% and pressure drop decrease by 22.58% at 20% of ethanol in addition when adding 20 vol% of kerosene the Reynolds number increased by 51.21% and pressure drop decrease by 56.68% the findings of this research is considered as a major contribute for heavy fuel oil pumping and hence reduce the environmental impacts. Also the results proved that the dilution at the use percentage is considered as economically feasible since kerosene and ethanol are available at low costs in Iraq.

In the context of hard rock drilling, it is observed that drill pipes utilised in oil well drilling operations may experience significant vibrations and exhibit torsional forces, leading to potential detachment or breakage. The phenomenon known as stick-slip has the potential to inflict damage onto drill strings and subterranean equipment. The management of vibrations is crucial in order to enhance operational efficiency and reduce expenses associated with drilling activities. This study focuses on the experimental investigation of mud drilling evaluation methods. The objective is to mitigate the friction factor by incorporating additives into the typical mud mixture, which serve as lubricating agents.
Several laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the impact of graphite alone and a combination of graphite and petrol oil as a mud lubricant on the rheology, filtration losses, and lubricity of drilling fluids when added to water-based mud. The objective was to evaluate and enhance the performance of the mud. A total of six samples were generated for each test, utilising water-based mud and either additional graphite (with a particle size of 38 μm) or a combination of graphite and gasoil.
The findings of this study indicate that the use of graphite, either alone or in combination with petrol oil, in water-based drilling fluids can effectively mitigate stick slide phenomena and improve the rheological characteristics of the fluids. findings of the experimental study, it was determined that the optimal quantity of graphite additive is 5 gm , resulting in the lowest friction factor value of 0.33.

This study investigates the potential of an economically viable and environmentally
friendly Geopolymer catalyst for cracking Vacuum Residual (VR) as a non-
traditional, renewable global transportation fuel. Hierarchically porous Geopolymer
was synthesized using two types of kaolin, comprising 60% Red kaolin geopolymer
and 40% Red kaolin geopolymer. Hydrochloric acid (2M) leaching was employed on
the geopolymer to assess its impact on the active site, crucial for
enhanced adsorption capacity and catalyst suitability. Characterization using XRF,
XRD, FTIR, and BET revealed significant differences in Si/Al ratios and iron content
between the two geopolymer compositions, influencing the cracking process. FTIR
spectroscopy indicated acid sites, while BET analysis confirmed distinct surface
areas: 38.24 m 2 /g for 60% Red kaolin geopolymer and 28.56 m 2 /g for 40% Red kaolin
geopolymer. Liquid products obtained from the 60% Red kaolin geopolymer catalyst
displayed a broad carbon range (C 5 -C 24 ) with notable concentrations of Dodecane. The
yields included 33% for gasoline (C 5 -C 10 ) and 53.42% for kerosene and jet fuel (C 10 -
C 16 ). Similarly, the 40% Red kaolin geopolymer catalyst yielded liquid products with
a wide carbon range (C 8 -C 24 ), featuring a higher concentration of 1-Tridecene (C 13 H 26 ).
Notably, the 40% Red kaolin geopolymer catalyst produced higher quantities of
gasoline at 23% yield and kerosene and jet fuel at 59.74% yield.
Overall, the study underscores the novel role of Geopolymer as an environmentally
friendly and cost-effective cracking catalyst.

In this work, the efficiencies of two combined anodic oxidation with photocatalytic processes (AO + UV/SnO2and AO + UV/TiO2) for treating petroleum refinery wastewater were evaluated and compared based on COD removal efficiency and energy consumption. Results revealed that increasing pH has adverse effect on the removal of COD as well as increasing the dosage of catalyst regarding to AO + UV/SnO2. The combined process using TiO2 was better than the combined with SnO2 or the process of photocatalytic using SnO2 alone. Dosage of SnO2 catalyst (0.1g/ L) was needed with initially adjusting the solution pH to 3 for getting a significant removal of COD (80.16%) during 150 min in which a specific energy consumption of 36.54kWh/m3was required for the AO + UV/SnO2 while using AO + UV/TiO2 gave better result in terms of removal (89.03%) at lower energy consumption (27.38 kWh/m3). This is an indication that TiO2 has better photocatalytic efficiency than SnO2. However, SnO2 considered as a more environment ecofriendly catalyst with possibility of reaching 90% removal in two cycle process.

Oil production poses significant challenges for the oil industry. During the primary and secondary stages of oil production, only a small fraction of the oil can be extracted, leaving large amounts of oil trapped within reservoirs. To address this problem, enhanced oil recovery techniques are applied. These techniques are aimed at increasing the efficiency of production and removing the remaining oil from reservoirs. One promising technology that researchers are currently studying is ultrasonic-based oil recovery. This technology involves using ultrasonic waves to break down the high viscosity of the trapped oil and facilitate its removal. The ultrasonic-based improved oil recovery method is a cheap and environmentally friendly approach that can be used in any type of reservoir. It protects the well from damage, prevents heat loss, and allows for stimulation. This study provides an overview of both traditional and unconventional enhanced oil recovery methods. The traditional methods include chemical, gas, and thermal procedures, while the unconventional methods include electromagnetic, microwave heating, and ultrasonic methods. The study gives a comprehensive assessment of the literature on ultrasonic wave application and advancements in improved oil recovery. It highlights the potential benefits of ultrasonic-based improved oil recovery technology and its role in addressing the challenges facing the oil industry.