Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences

Background: The anatomical complexities and curvature in mesial
canal represent the challenges in the shaping and cleaning during
canal preparation Aim: The purpose of this in-Vitro study was to
evaluate and compare between two different shaping system
MicroMega (2S Shape) continuous motion system and Dentsply
Wave-One Reciprocate (Dentsply, Sirona) reciprocation motion
system during the preparation of mesial root canals for
mandibular first molars, including changes of canal volume,
canal area, occurred during the preparation using a µ-computed
tomography scan (μ-CT). Materials and method the mesial canals
of thirty extracted mandibular first molars with a root curvature of
< 25 degrees according to Schneider’s method, were randomly
divided into two groups (Group I:2S Shape; Group II: Wave-One
Reciprocate), with a total sample size of n = 30. All coronal
segments were respected at the cement-enamel junction (CEJ) and
subsequently evaluated with μ-CT before and after preparation.
Statistical analysis: Kolmogorov-Smirnova for normality, paired
T test. Results: The results showed increasing in all the tested
parameters, significant differences were observed between groups
regarding changes in the canals volume and canal area (p<0.05).
Conclusion: the application of two different shaping systems
showed increasing in all canal diameters during the preparation,
while WO. Reciprocate showed less canal change compared to
continuous motion.

Background: Resin-based dental restorative materials release
residual monomers that may affect the vitality of pulp cells and
gingival tissue. Aim of the study: The purpose of this study was to
evaluate and compare the cytotoxic effect of the resin composite
on human dermal fibroblast normal (HdFn) cells. Materials and
methods: In this study we evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity
of six light-cured restorative materials, respectively (Activa
Bioactive_restorative, Beautifil II, G-aenial (anterior), Kluzer,
Palfique Omnichroma, and Briliant EverGlow). We light-cured
samples of the materials and directly placed them in contact with
cells for 24, 72, and 168 hours. Human dermal fibroblast normal
(HdFn) cell lines were seeded in 96-well (1×10⁴) plates and
incubated for 24 h at 37°C with the obtained extraction medium.
Cytotoxicity tests assess the cell number and growth before and
after exposure to that material. We commonly perform the
cytotoxic assays using 3-(dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2Htetrazolium bromide (MTT). The percentage of viable cells in
each well (MTT test) was calculated relative to control cells,
which were set to 100%. Results: All the composite materials
tested caused a decrease in cell number and growth after 1 week
(168 h). Conclusions: The different cytotoxic effects of dental
composites should be considered when selecting an appropriate
resin-based dental restorative material for operative restoration.

Objectives: The presented work explored the applications of
laceback in fixed orthodontic therapy, as well as the benefits,
modifications, drawbacks, and their impacts on the movements of
the molars, canines, and incisors. It also looks at the data
supporting its use.
Methods: About the laceback up to December 2023, a manual
search and searches in numerous databases, including Science
Direct, PubMed Central, Cochrane Library, Wiley Online
Library, Textbooks, Scopus, Research Gate, and Google Scholar
were conducted. After removing duplicate and irrelevant papers,
twelve relevant studies were included in this review
Conclusions: The impact of laceback on canine retraction has
been studied, and it appears to be helpful in the initial phases of
treatment by creating a space for the alignment of incisors with
regulated retraction. However, anchorage control procedures for
posterior teeth are necessary

Chemo-mechanical endodontic treatment aims to eliminate
microbes from the root canal. Applying intra-canal medicaments
between visits enhances the disinfection process. Herbal
compounds are a new medicinal trend. The study aimed to evaluate
the antibacterial efficacy of chia seed oil when used as an
intracanal medicament against E. faecalis. The antibacterial
efficiency of chia seed oil against E. faecalis was assessed in two
sections using different concentrations. The first section was done
on the agar, using two methods: agar diffusion and vaporization.
The second section was done on the extracted roots contaminated
with E. faecalis for 21 days to form biofilms and includes two
methods: direct contact and vaporization. Bacterial swabs were
taken before and after medication for 3 and 7 days. The canal
contents were swabbed using paper points kept for 1 minute in the
root canal, and the collected samples were diluted and cultivated
on blood agar. Survival fractions were determined by calculating
the number of colony-forming units on culture medium after 24
hours. The oil's minimum inhibitory concentration and minimal
bactericidal concentration against E. faecalis were determined
using the micro-broth dilution method. The tested oil demonstrated
antibacterial efficacy in different concentrations and levels. The
MBC was 45 µl/ml. Tricresol formalin induced powerful
antibacterial action, while calcium hydroxide exhibited less
effective antibacterial action as compared to 50% chia seed oil on
extracted roots. Within the limits of this study, chia seed oil
exhibits strong antibacterial activity against E. faecalis biofilm that
has been cultivated in the root canals.

Hot or cold food and drink consumption causes temperature
fluctuations in the oral environment. A dental prosthesis fitted in
such environments might thermally expand or contract in
response to heat fluctuations. A significant difference in thermal
expansion characteristics between various denture parts (denture
bases, artificial teeth, etc.) might result in the development of
interfacial stress, which leads to a shortened denture shelf-life.
This study aims to assess the effects of incorporation of titanium
dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs) into 3D-printed denture base
resin on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the
degree of conversion (DC%). TiO2NTs with a dimeter of 30-
70nm and length of 2-4μm were incorporated into the 3D-denture
base liquid resin at 0.0wt% (control), 1.0 and 2.0wt% groups.
Total 30 digitally printed samples for coefficient of thermal
expansion with (n=10) samples were tested for each subgroup and
were analyzed by a Thermomechanical analyzer. Attenuated Total
Reflectance -Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was
performed to analyze degree of conversion utilizing total 26
samples with (n=6) for each of the photo-polymerized 3D-printed
groups samples (control, 1.0wt.% and 2.0wt.% TiO2NT
composite) and uncured 3D-printable liquid resin samples as
baseline. The results showed that increasing TiO2NT
concentration enhance the coefficient of thermal expansion and no
significant differences for degree of conversion. The clinically
significant is that: The improvement in the coefficient of thermal
expansion of 3D-printed resin owing to the addition of TiO2NTs
could diminish marginal weakening at the border between
different denture parts, resulting in extended denture shelf-life.

Background: The most frequent procedure a dentist performs is
dental extraction, which involves removing the diseased tooth
without harming the surrounding tissue to promote the best
possible healing.
Aims: The goal of the current study was to estimate the impact
of local application of hyaluronic acid gel treatment on soft
tissue healing following mandibular molar extraction.
Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in the
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the University
of Tikrit's Faculty of Dentistry; the trial was conducted from
February to May 2023. The research included a total of 30
healthy patients with asymptomatic teeth at the time of extraction
(nineteen male and eleven female) between the ages of 18 and 35
were included in the study. Patients were split into two groups at
random; Group one received an extraction site treatment of Perio
KIN Hyaluronic 1%® gel (1% hyaluronic acid and 0.2%
chlorhexidine) while Group two (control group) received no
treatment. A numerical periodontal probe was used to grade the
patients at the first and seventh postoperative days.
Results: Buccolingual width were maximum on the first
postoperative day and then progressively declined in the seventh
postoperative day for both the Control and hyaluronic acid
groups. On the seven postoperative days, the buccolingual
widths of the Control and hyaluronic acid groups differed
significant statistically.
Conclusions: The study's findings demonstrated that hyaluronic
acid accelerated soft tissue healing subsequent tooth extraction.

Background: The most crucial structure supporting the retention
of maxillary complete denture is the posterior palatal seal area
PPS. If it isn’t properly recorded, the seal could break. Purpose:
To find out the perception for materials techniques that
employed for recording PPS and its importance among dental
practitioners. Methods: 15 questions in a questionnaire about this
area were prepared. 75 participants from different places. The
data were analyzed using Excel for Microsoft 2013. Results:
Percentages of answers about significance of PPS were showed
85.4%of participant lack the knowledge of how to locate vibrating
line.70.6% they said that the anterior vibrating line triangle in
shape. 60% answered positively about if soft palate classification
affects the prognosis of the case. 41.4% were preferred
conventional technique, 54,6% said that fluid wax technique is the
least accurate technique and 76% said that between immovable
and movable part of the soft palate is the position of posterior
vibrating line, 46.6% preferred orb end of (dental T-burnisher),
68.6% said that they can do re-posdaming. 76% used indelible
pencil, 48%said that CL I is the most common variation of soft
palate. 58.6% said that retention increases with greater post dam,
34.6% selected hamular notch as the most compressible area,
50.6% said that the antero-posterior width of posterior palatal seal
is 5-8mm. Finally, hamular notch and post palatal seal tale 65%
for the question about the region of the PPS area. Conclusion:
Techniques and materials for PPS registration differs between
participants . The most favorable was a conventional method.

Aim: this study aims to evaluate the effect of sesame oil
extract on skin healing clinically by measuring wound
contraction and histologically by measuring epithelial
thickness and vascularization.
Method: Twenty-eight male albino rats were subjected to general
anesthesia, excisional wound was induced below the shoulder
blades, then animals were divided into two groups:
1. Control group (cont.): fourteen rats were left to heal normally
2. Sesame oil group (SO): fourteen rats were treated with oil
extract of sesamum indicum diary. Scarification was done in two
periods: 7 and 14 days. Wounds were examined clinically and
histologically.
Results: wounds treated with sesame oil showed significant
faster wound contraction. The epithelial thickness and
vascularization were significantly higher in sesame oil group
when compared with control group.
Conclusion: treatment of wounds with sesame oil enhances
wound healing and facilitate wound closure.

Introduction: Duran foil is a type of bio-star foils which utilized in
splint therapy as a supernumerary material to acrylic resins.
Prosthodontists frequently wish to fabricate and deliver a splint
shortly instead of having them made up in a dental lab when
treating patients with tempromandibular joint disorders.
Aims: compare the hardness and roughness of bio-star sheets and
acrylic resins after immersion in tea, coffee, and Pepsi for 15
days. Materials and methods
80 samples were fabricated in total. 40 acrylic samples
constructed using plastic patterns (65mm length X 10 width X
2.5mm thickness). The other 40 were made from Duran sheets
using a bio-star device. Then samples were immersed in coffee,
tea and Pepsi for 15 days. Surface hardness and roughness tests
were conducted using a shore D hardness tester and TR220
portable roughness tester. Data were analyzed using SPSS v 24
and comparisons were made using ANOVA and Tukey tests.
Results: there was an increase in the roughness of acrylic groups
compared to bio-star groups. The ANOVA test revealed
significant differences (P <0.05) among groups. Regarding
hardness, there was an increase in the hardness of acrylic in
comparison to bio-star groups. Furthermore, ANOVA test showed
significant differences (P <0.05) among groups.
Conclusion: Acrylic samples had a higher hardness than bio-star
samples. Acrylic samples had a rougher surface than bi-ostar.
Acrylic resins are considered the preferred material for removable
orthodontic retainers because of their outstanding mechanical
properties. It is recommended to assess other mechanical
properties such as tensile strength.

Aim: The investigation was done to evaluate the cytotoxicity of
two concentrations of chitosan-nanoparticles (0.2% ,0.5%)
_incorporated with sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) and
chlorhexidine (2%) at different time periods. Methods: For
evaluating cytotoxicity, human periodontal fibroblast cell lines
were exposed to different endodontic irrigation solutions.
Cytotoxicity was assessed immediately, after 24 hours, after 72
hours and after 168 hours, using Methyl Thiazol Tetrazolium
(MTT) assay. Result: According to the result of this study, sodium
hypochlorite 5.25% was the most cytotoxic solution (lower cell
viability) followed by chlorhexidine 2%, nano-chitosan 0.5%
while nano-chitosan 0.2% was the lowest cytotoxic irrigation
solution (higher cell viability). After mixing of sodium
hypochlorite and chlorhexidine with nanoparticles we noticed that
incorporating the nanoparticles lowers the cytotoxicity of these
irrigation solutions. Conclusion: This research demonstrates that
chitosan nanoparticles can improve cytotoxicity of 5.25% sodium
hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine when they mixed together.

Background: Dental anxiety and uncooperative behavior among
pediatric patients can reduce the delivery of preventive dental
care. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) sedation is recognized as an effective
behavior management tool; however, its unavailability in public
healthcare centers in Iraq makes families seeking the service in
private clinics, increasing the overall treatment cost.
Objective: To assess the economic impact of nitrous oxide
sedation on dental treatment costs. Methods: A cross‐sectional
survey conducted between January and February 2025 among
private dental clinics in Baghdad specified via social media. Out
of 45 clinics contacted, 38 participated. Clinics provided selfreported data on the base costs for (fissure sealant, tooth
extraction, filling, and pulpotomy) and the additional fee for
administering N₂O sedation. The economic burden of sedation
was calculated as the cost increase ratio using the formula:
(Cost Increase Ratio=N₂O Sedation Cost/Base Procedure Cost).
Descriptive statistics (mean, SD), inferential statistics (One Way
ANOVA) were used for analysis with SPSS. Results:
Mean base procedure costs varied significantly, with tooth
extractions averaging 32,370 Iraqi Dinar (ID) and pulpotomies
59,870 ID. The mean cost of N₂O sedation was 101,973 ID. The
tooth extraction has the highest (3.4 x), while pulpotomy has the
lowest (1.7 x) cost increase ratios.
Conclusions:Nitrous oxide sedation markedly inflates the costs of
dental treatment in private clinics in Baghdad, potentially restricts
families from seeking necessary dental care. These findings
highlight the need for policy interventions to integrate sedation
services into public healthcare, ensuring more equitable access to
pediatric dental care.

One of the most popular biomaterials, particularly in dentistry, is
acrylic resin, often referred to chemically as polymethyl
methacrylate, which is used to make dental restorations. Recent
research indicates that adding glass fiber to acrylic resin materials
has enhanced the mechanical and biological characteristics of the
polymer. The study's goal was to ascertain how various glass fiber
concentrations affected the heat-cured acrylic resin's surface
hardness and color change. The main objective of hardening the
acrylic resin that was used to make the denture base was to reduce
smoothness loss, pigmentation, plaque retention, and aesthetic
problems to extend the denture's serviceability. Ten samples of
acrylic resin were made for each of the four groups. The
grouping was based on glass fiber concentration in the resin
(Control, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 5%). The present study's results
indicate significant variations across surface hardness and color
change test groups. Glass fiber reinforcing materials improved the
hardness of acrylic resin that has been heat-cured compared with
specimens that had no glass fiber added to them (control group).
Also, glass fibre has significant results on the color change of
PMMA materials and allows light transmittance efficiently.

Clear aligners are a popular aesthetic orthodontic treatment, but
they are costly and complicated due to the manufacturers'
involvement. To address this issue, dental practitioners have
adopted in-house 3D printing technology as a cost-effective
solution. To solve the limits of conventional manufacturing
techniques, recent efforts have been undertaken to directly 3D
print clear aligners utilizing a biocompatible material. The
workflow for designing and printing aligners involves error-prone
steps that require meticulous analysis and examination through
scientific study. Testing is necessary before replacing of
traditional thermoformed aligners with 3D-printed alternatives. It
is possible to tailor aligners to meet individual clinical
requirements owing to the adaptable design features of printed
aligners. This review outlines the effect of aging on the
morphological and optical properties of directly printed
orthodontic aligners. Publish articles about the topic from 2010 to
2025 were around 27 articles. The future of clear aligner therapy
looks promising; still, there is a need for additional advancement
in materials and appliance design before 3D-printed aligners can
fully satisfy clinical expectations and replace the thermoforming
workflow.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the
supporting structures of the tooth. An individual's smoking status
and daily cigarette consumption directly influences periodontitis
by increasing severity. Smoking is associated with increased risk
of the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. The
foundation of periodontal therapy is Non-Surgical Periodontal
Therapy (NSPT), comprised of scaling and Root Surface
Debridement (RSD), aimed to reducing inflammation and
improving clinical parameters such as Periodontal Probing Depth
(PPD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Bleeding On Probing
(BOP), and Plaque Index (PI). Nevertheless, the effectiveness of
NSPT might be affected by several factors, including smoking.
The purpose of this review article is to assess the effects of NSPT
on periodontitis patients, emphasizing the comparison of the
results between smokers and non-smokers. Smokers have a high
risk of periodontal disease recurrence and experience negative
effects on the outcomes of NSPT. Compared to nonsmoker
periodontitis patients, smokers with periodontitis tend to respond
less favorable to NSPT.

Background: Silane monomers like 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)
propyl methacrylate (3- TMSPMA) are commonly used in
composites to promote bonding between a filler and the
surrounding matrix in composite. Aims: This study aims to
use a silane monomer in different concentration as a dilute
to prepare photo-cured composite adhesive and evaluate the
properties of the composite adhesive. Adding 0.1 wt.%
graphene gives the best mechanical properties in a previous
study; therefore, the same percentage was added in this
study. Materials and methods: The silane monomer, 3-
(Trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (3- TMSPMA), was
added at different weight percentages to Bis-phenol A
glycerolate dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) -0.1 wt.% graphene,
photocured, and nanoindentation mechanical properties
determined. Results: of the tested concentrations, it was
found that 40wt.% Bis-GMA GMA yielded the largest
increase in hardness and indentation modulus while
decreasing the viscosity. Tunable viscosity is a valuable
characteristic of adhesive components designed to be
applied in narrow spaces, such as dental cavities. While the
mechanical properties which are represented in loaddisplacement curves indicate at the same concentration
presented the lowest plastic deformation (high elastic
deformation) with low viscosity.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common
endocrine condition affecting fertile women. It is a complicated
illness that affects both general and oral health. The current study
was conducted in order to evaluate the state of gingival health in a
group of women suffering from a condition called polycystic
ovarian syndrome and to establish the correlation between
gingival health and the levels of salivary protein carbonyl in
unstimulated saliva. Material and Method: The cross--sectional
comparison analysis was executed at Al-Zahraa specialty
hospital/gynecological outpatient clinic in Al-Miqdadiyah city,
Diyala ,Iraq. The sample consist of 80 women (40 with polycystic
ovary syndrome as a study group and 40 women as a control
group) was between ages of 25 and 30 with a BMI of 18.5-24.9
(normal weight). Under standard settings, the salivary protein
carbonyl concentration was determined in unstimulated saliva.
Results: In the present study salivary protein carbonyl (PC)
concentration and mean value of(PI,GI) were higher among study
group than in control group (P<0.05). Likewise the association
involving salivary protein carbonyl and plaque with gingival
indies in the Polycystic ovarian syndrome group was a positive
significant correlation (P<0.05.). Conclusion: The females with
polycystic ovarian syndrome expressed higher gingival
inflammation and oxidative stress than the females without the
syndrome ,so it is important to concentrated effort toward
preventive and educational oral health activities to improve the
gingival health of the females with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Aim: The current study aimed to compare the fracture resistance
between prefabricated Exacto glass fiber posts and customized
Ribbond fiber posts at two different post lengths and assesses
their interfacial adaptability. Materials and Methods: Seventy
extracted human mandibular first premolars were collected,
standardized, and mounted with simulated periodontal ligaments.
Teeth were categorized into three groups: control (no post) and
two experimental groups (Exacto fiber post and Ribbond fiber
post) with two post lengths (12 mm and 8 mm). Endodontic
treatment, preparation post space and ferrule effect, cementation
of the post, and core build-up were performed. Fracture resistance
test was assessed using a universal testing machine while the
interfacial adaptability was evaluated utilizing field emission
scanning electron microscopy. Data were gathered and examined
statistically through one-way analysis of variance and Post Hoc
Tukey HSD tests at P ≤ 0.05. Results: A significant difference in
fracture resistance and interfacial adaptation was presented
between the two post types, while there was no significant
difference in fracture resistance between the posts of length
12mm and 8mm Conclusion: Customized Ribbond posts
demonstrated greater fracture resistance and interfacial adaptation
than prefabricated Exacto posts. In the examined post systems,
lengthening the post was not substantially improved fracture
resistance of teeth that treated endodontically.

Background: The biological process of wound healing involves
four well organized stages: hemostasis, inflammation,
proliferation, and remodeling. Licorice root oil is commonly
found in skin care products and is said to have remarkable
calming characteristics. Licorice Root Oil is also frequently used
in serums due to its soothing effects. Objective: Histological
evaluation of the effect of topical application of licorice oil on the
healing of facial skin wounds in rats. Methodology: Sixty male
healthy albino rats that weigh about 250- 300 gram were utilized
in this research. The experimental part of this study done in a
private veterinary clinic in Al-Najaf city from 10/12/2023 to
18/12/2023. An incisional surgical wound to the full thickness of
skin of about 20 mm length were done in cheek skin of all. The
animals were divided randomly into the following groups: Control
group: thirty rats, surgical incision was created at cheek right side
that left for spontaneous healing without any treatment.
Experimental group: thirty rats, surgical was created at cheek left
side, received once daily local application of 30 um of licorice oil.
Wound contraction, epithelial thickness and the number of
inflammatory cells were assessed. All animals were scarified
according to the healing periods that 15 control and 15
experimental were sacrificed for each healing period (three days
and seven days), and samples required for the histological section
had been collected. Results: It was observed that there is rise in
the wound contraction and epithelial thickness, and decrease in
inflammatory cell count from 3 to 7 days having a significant
difference which is higher in the experimental group as compared
to that in the control group. Conclusion: Results showed that local
application of licorice oil improves healing of wound in rats.

Although the idea of 3D printing was originally presented
before the 1980s, the technology's basis was not established
until the beginning of 1980s through patents. Since then,
different methods have been created to imprint a vast assortment
of materials. In recent years, the restorative dentistry field has
profited considerably from the quick and automated threedimensional (3D) archetypes of dental materials and
restorations. Unquestionably, digital dentistry has forward
actually in the last ten years, particularly with the introduction
of CAD/CAM imaging and milling equipment, that have
practically invented a different clinical dental procedure.
3 D printing is central to the most current technical advancement
in digital dentistry. This has been especially true because major
privileges that had protected miscellaneous 3D printing
companies and methods for several years have expired.
They are now more reasonably priced, making them accessible
to a larger range of makers and end users. Due to their rapid
growth, new 3D printing techniques and commercially
accessible goods are popping up in the marketplace and in
academic journals.

Natural antioxidants present a viable option for instant bonding by
counteracting free radicals and reinstating composite to bleached
enamel adhesion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact
of varying application durations (10, 15, and 20 minutes) of two
types of natural antioxidants ethanolic extracts (Moringa oleifera
and Salvadora persica) on Shear Bond Strength (SBS) of resin
composite to bleached enamel. Methods: the 108 extracted
premolar teeth were randomly allocated into nine groups:
unbleached enamel (control), bleached enamel with delayed
bonding (one-week post bleaching), and six groups treated with
Moringa oleifera or Salvadora persica extracts for durations of 10,
15, or 20 minutes. The shear bond strength was evaluated with a
universal testing machine, failure mode analysis done by using a
stereomicroscope. Results: Bleaching significantly diminished
shear bond strength (SBS) in comparison to unbleached enamel
(6.39 MPa vs. 26.22 MPa) at (p≤0.05). The delayed bonding
group demonstrated partial SBS recovery of 17.43 MPa. The
utilization of natural antioxidants markedly enhanced shear bond
strength, with prolonged exposure durations resulting in increased
bond strengths. Moringa oleifera (19.00 MPa at 20 minutes)
surpassed Salvadora persica (17.51 MPa at 20 minutes). Failure
mode analysis revealed heightened cohesive failures in the
antioxidant-treated groups, refereed to the enhanced bond
strength. Conclusion: Natural antioxidants promptly reestablish
SBS post-bleaching, presenting a clinically feasible alternative to
deferred bonding. Moringa oleifera exhibited enhanced
effectiveness, indicating its promise for prompt restorative
interventions following bleaching. Subsequent research ought to
refine application techniques and investigate the long-term
impacts on bond durability.

Purpose: To examine the effects of various commercially
available coffee products on the dental enamel surface staining, as
well as the effect of sodium fluoride varnish (%5) NaF applied
before the coffee immersion cycle.
Methods: The study used seventy-two bovine permanent incisors.
Coffee, coffee milk, ice, chocolate, coffee creamer, and control
groups were the main groups into which enamel blocks were
separated. Two subgroups were formed from each of the main
groups: subgroups A samples were not exposed to NaF prior to
the coffee immersion cycle without fluoride varnish (WOFV).
Subgroups B samples were given NaF prior to the coffee
immersion cycle with fluoride varnish (WFV). To assess the tooth
discoloration a spectrophotometer was used.
Result: After pure coffee immersion cycles, there was a high
statistically significant increase in color change ΔE for A
subgroups WOFV; after ice coffee and coffee creamer immersion,
there was a statistically significant increase in color change ΔE
(less than that of pure coffee); and after coffee milk and chocolate
coffee immersion, there was no statistically significant increase
color change ΔE. For B subgroups WFV, following pure coffee
immersion, there was a statistically significant increase in color
change ΔE for B subgroups WFV. However, following ice coffee,
coffee creamer, coffee milk, and chocolate coffee immersion,
there was no statistically significant increase in color change ΔE.
Conclusion: Simply relying on the current study's color change
∆E mean results. Coffee milk and chocolate coffee had very little
color change increase, followed by ice creamer, coffee creamer
and coffee in that order.

Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin has emerged as a promising
therapy for regenerative periodontal treatment. This liquid
formulation offers several advantages over traditional Platelet-rich
fibrin and platelet-rich plasma. It exhibits a higher concentration
of growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor ,
insulin-like growth factor, and transforming growth factor , which
are crucial for tissue regeneration and bone augmentation. Current
studies have demonstrated Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin's
regenerative potential in encouraging fibroblast movement
enhancing collagen production, growth and specialization of
bone-forming cells. In Addition, to its ability to reduce
inflammation by lowering inflammatory substances and boosting
the production of anti-inflammatory agents. Its ability to fight
bacteria is linked to blood cells and antimicrobial proteins,
contributing to reducing bacterial load and preventing infections.
Clinical studies have reported positive outcomes regarding
surgical and non-surgical periodontal treatment, tissue
regeneration, reduction in pocket depth, and improvement in
clinical parameters. However, further research is needed to
standardize protocols, determine optimal concentrations, and
assess long-term outcomes. Despite these considerations, the
current evidence suggests that Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin
holds great potential and may become a widely used therapy in
regenerative periodontal procedures.

Background: Obesity is a major healthcare challenge and
orthodontic treatment need is steadily increased thus it is
necessary to understand the response of teeth and their
supporting structures of obese subjects, to the applied
orthodontic force, by noninvasive analysis of inflammatory
biomarkers in saliva. Aim of current study: This prospective
biochemical study investigated the levels of the inflammatory
mediator myeloperoxidase (MPO) during orthodontic tooth
movement in obese and normal-weight individuals undergoing
routine orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Patients and
methods: Sixty patients with mean age 14.5 (SD, 1.8) years and
body mass index (BMI) mean of 30.75 (2.46) kg/m2
in obese and
19.48 (2.12) kg/m2
in normal weight groups were followed
before fixed appliance placement till 60 days. Data collection
included unstimulated mouth saliva (UMS) sample at: (T0)
baseline (before appliance placement); (T1) 1-day and (T2) 7-
days following appliance placement; (T3) 60-days. MPO levels
were measured in UMS between T0-T3.
Results were analyzed by Friedman and Mann Whitney U test.
Results: The level of MPO was significantly greater in UMS of
obese patients at baseline (T0) and all subsequent time-points
(T1-T3). Within each group, MPO level increased from T0 till
T3 with no significant difference between T2-T3 in obese group
and between T0-T1, and T2-T3 in control group.
Conclusion: The level of MPO was significantly greater in UMS
of obese patients at baseline, consistent with a systemic proinflammatory state of obesity. Orthodontic treatment induced
increased MPO levels in UMS within both groups. MPO levels
can be reliably determined in saliva.

Background: The veneer chipping from zircon core is one of the
elements driving ongoing research. Two types of 3Y zirconia is
mostly used as a core in both anterior and posterior region
according to their indications, covered by veneering ceramics and
need strong bond force.
Aim: To reveal effects of the surface treatments on the shear bond
strength and hardness of 3Y zirconia to veneering porcelain.
Materials and methods : 80 zirconia samples were used in this
study , 40 samples of (Dentaldirekt DD Z ) 3Y high-alumina
zirconium core, another 40 samples were made of (Dentaldirekt
DD ZX ) ,3Y low-alumina. Each type were subdivided into two
groups: 20 micro-rods (5*25*1.5 mm) in size were created for
hardness test , 5 samples for each type of surface treatments(5
samples laser, 5 samples acid etching ,5 samples for sandblasting
and 5 samples as a control group). The other subgroup zirconia
specimens (diameter of 7 mm\ height: 3 mm) for shear bond
strength test, 5 for each type of surface treatments. 6W
Er;Cr:YSGG as a laser surface treatment was used and 9.5 %
Hydrofluric acid was used as acid etching. 120 µm alumina used
for sandblasting.
Results: Hardness test was showed no statistical difference
between surface treatments groups and control group. While shear
bond strength test was showed that laser and acid etching a rise in
shear bond strength.
Conclusion: Surface treatments did not affect the Hardness while
laser and acid etching improve zirconia shear bond strength to
veneering ceramic.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the modifications in
surface micro-hardness & roughness of zirconium restoration
after exposure to different types of beverages (coca-cola and red
bull).
Material and methods: Twenty specimens of Yttrium partially
stabilized zirconium disc-shaped with identical size of 10 mm
diameter and 1 mm of thickness were made by using of
stereolithography file and then milled and sintered. They are
divided into two major groups depending on the immersion
beverages types (coca-cola and red bull). After exposure, they are
subjected to hardness test by using a digital tester and roughness
test by using a profilometer device.
Results: The outcome of the current study represent there was a
highly significant difference in the hardness and roughness value
between both of the major groups. The highest mean value of
hardness was for Red bull group which was (355.860 mm), while
the lowest mean value was for coca cola group which was
(313.810 mm). On the other hand, the highest mean value of
roughness was for coca cola which was (2.2702mm), while the
lowest value was for red bull group which was (0.9060mm).
Conclusions: The red bull drinks with a (50 ml) had a positive
effect on both surface hardness and roughness of zirconia
restorations rather than a (50 ml) of coca-cola beverages.

Background : Periodontal disease is a complex chronic
inflammatory condition primarily initiated by an uncontrolled
inflammatory response to bacterial colonization of the tooth
surface. The subsequent degeneration of periodontal tissues
results from the host's inflammatory reaction to the microbial
challenge. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to examine
the quantitative of inflammatory cells in clinically confirmed
states of periodontal health and disease based on the recent
periodontal classification criteria.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 88
systemically healthy individuals, divided into two groups based
on their periodontal status (healthy periodontium and
periodontitis). Gingival tissue samples were obtained from them.
Thorough periodontal measurements, such as bleeding on
probing, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss, were
documented. Tissue samples were fixed in paraffin and then
processed to quantify the population of inflammatory cells.
Results: a significant difference (p-value < < 0.0001) was found
in the scores of the inflammatory cells between periodontitis and
healthy periodontium tissue samples. However, there were no
significant variations in the number of inflammatory cells among
different stages of periodontitis (p-value=0.528). Notably, the
number of dendritic cells differed significantly between the two
groups.
Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the quantity of
inflammatory cells is markedly higher in periodontitis-afflicted
individuals than those with healthy periodontium. Notably, the
number of inflammatory cells did not show a significant
correlation with the stages of periodontitis. These findings shed
light on the immune response dynamics in periodontal disease and
underscore the importance of understanding inflammatory cell
profiles in periodontal health and disease management.

Background: Theobromine is a natural alkaloid of cocoa beans of
plant origin. Theobromine found in chocolate and a number of
other foods, such as tea leaves. Aims: Give summary of
theobromine effects on tooth structure, describe the studies
looking into how they affect the surfaces of enamel and dentin,
and point out areas that need more research. Data: By using Pub
Med, Google Scholar, and Research Gate databases. Keywords:
"Theobromine", "cocoa extract", and "remineralization". Study
selection: 48 papers were selected between 1983 to December
2023. Conclusions: Theobromine is a nontoxic, organic, and an
effective agent on tooth structure that could be right for daily use.
Theobromine attracts calcium and phosphorus from saliva and
promotes the growth of four times larger unit hydroxyapatite
crystals. Theobromine can increase the micro-hardness of surface
of enamel. It improved the protection of tooth enamel against
acid. The use of theobromine containing toothpaste may cause
occlusion of dentinal tubules and their capacity for treatment of
dentin hypersensitivity.

Rehabilitation of partial or complete edentulism with dental
implants is a well-documented treatment plan with a predictable
outcome up to date. The use of tilted implants for rehabilitation of
full or partial edentulous patients has been suggested by many
authors with several advantages, including immediate loading,
avoiding the anatomic limitations (maxillary sinus and mental
foramen), and as an alternative for complex surgical procedures
(sinus augmentation, and repositioning of inferior dental canal,
and others). Other advantages of this approach include increasing
implant length, engaging more cortical bone, increasing boneimplant contact, and thus increasing primary stability; in total arch
cases, this technique reduces the size of the anteroposterior spread
of the prosthesis and, therefore, better load distribution. The use
of tilted implants has gained popularity recently, so this review
aims to clarify the rationale, biomechanics, and applications of
tilted implants. In conclusion, in this review article, the
application of tilted implants in rehabilitation of partial or
complete edentulism provides a viable alternative to more
complex procedures, with the advantage of immediate loading
and a better survival rate, with no difference in bone loss,
compared to axial implants. Although the biomechanics of tilted
implants are different from that of axial implants in that there will
be greater stress concentration on the bone around implants; there
is more excellent distribution of the loads to the peri-implant bone
with tilted implants compared with vertical ones because of
increased implant length and thus "making the best use of
available bone".

Nanomaterials are defined as materials that have at least one
dimension with components smaller than 100 nm. In order to
discover and make use of the advantageous qualities that result
from these dimensions, nanotechnology is the science that deals
with matter at the molecular and atomic levels and studies matter
at the nanoscale level. Over the past few years, there has been a
notable growth in the quantity of dental nanomaterials. There are
numerous practical dental nanomaterials that are being studied. It
has been demonstrated that nanoparticles are more effective than
conventional materials and possess greater surface chemistry and
bonding abilities. Additionally encouraging are their antibacterial
properties, which are useful in numerous medical treatments but
especially in endodontics. Nanomaterials are a helpful tool in
dental clinics for a number of procedures due to their versatility,
such as pulp regeneration, medication administration, root repair,
Obturation, filling, and cleansing of the canals. By combining the
fields of biotechnology and nanomaterials, nanomaterials have the
potential to revolutionize oral health by offering diagnostic and
preventative tools as well as the ability to repair damaged teeth.
Nanomaterials are frequently employed in restorative dentistry to
create coating materials, bio-ceramics, bonding agents,
endodontic sealants, and nanocomposite resins. So this review
paper for demonstrates types, potential application of
nanoparticles in endodontic treatment.

Background: The VAT photopolymerization process is a potential
way to create complex and functional zirconia structures since it
allows for the fabrication of components with outstanding surface
polish and mechanical qualities. This technique involves layer-bylayer curing of liquid resin using a light source to produce the
desired zirconia product. 3D-printed zirconia is created via VAT
photopolymerization, which is a process whereby a light-sensitive
liquid resin is allowed to solidify in a vat. This study aims to
comprehensively analyze the theoretical and practical aspects of
Vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing technologies
utilized in creating dental zirconia. Methods: An electronic
systematic review was performed on multiple databases (Google
Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct on this subject and in a
manual search of the scholarly literature. The articles included in
this review were selected after searching for and reading relevant
published works from 2018 to 2024. A literature search for
publications published until now was conducted using internet
databases without regard to date. The review focuses on
the advancements in this area, illustrating the evolution of dental
zirconia fabrication techniques in additive manufacturing,
focusing on vat photopolymerization approaches. Findings: Until
recently, digital light processing and Stereolithography were the
only methods for producing dental zirconia in Vat polymerization.
The basic concept of this technology was the utilization of liquid
resin oligomers or monomers that undergo polymerization when
subjected to specific frequencies of light. By the technique of
laser curing, Stereolithography constructs three-dimensional
structures in layers. Digital light processing involves using a
digital micro-mirror device to project ultraviolet light onto a
surface, which is then reflected into a photopolymer vat. Due to
how efficiently digital light processing works, it promises to be a
3D printing technique for ceramics production. Conclusions:
Digital Light Processing is a faster and more accurate method for
manufacturing complex components compared to
Stereolithography. It can be used in top-down or bottom-up
manufacturing, depending on the building's structure. Bottom-up
systems require less slurry, making them more cost-effective.
Top-down printers can produce larger pieces.