Journal of University of Babylon

In this paper, the concept of patience in the Holy Quran is examined on a pragmatic basis meaning how the different speech acts of directives, commissives, expresses, representatives and declaratives influence how believers perceive and practice patience. Basing on the theory of speech act by Searle, and classical Islamic exegesis, the paper will examine important verses in the Quran in order to show how the text, in addition to teaching about patience, actually embodies the message of the necessity of showing patience by its commands, promises, and statements of divine support. The results show that patience is introduced as a moral necessity of persevering in hardships as well as a source of spiritual and social development. Through the study of language as used in the Quran to instruct, inspire and comfort the believers, this study points out patience as a dynamic virtue, which goes beyond merely enduring, and eventually cementing faith, bonding communities, and gives hope of divine reward.

This study presents a rhetorical and artistic analysis of a sermon delivered by Imam ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Peace be upon him), with particular emphasis on the theme of asceticism (zuhd) and the warning against attachment to the transient world. By portraying earthly life as a perishable abode and its pleasures as fleeting, the sermon articulates a moral vision grounded in both Qurʾānic discourse and Prophetic traditions. The research highlights the rhetorical strategies employed by Imam ʿAlī, including interrogative, declarative, antithetical, and simile-based constructions, in order to achieve his pedagogical and admonitory aims. Furthermore, the study explores the semiotic relationship between the title and the content, examining how the sermon resonates with the intellectual and cultural context of the Imam’s era. The findings demonstrate that Imam ʿAlī strategically juxtaposed the imagery of this world and the Hereafter to enhance the persuasive force of his message, thus reinforcing its enduring educational and spiritual impact on the audience.

This study aims to explore the role of modern technology in education in Sudan, focusing on its benefits, challenges, solutions, and factors affecting its use, as well as teachers’ and students’ attitudes toward its integration into the educational process. The findings indicate that technology contributes to improving educational quality and increasing student engagement and interaction, yet its implementation faces challenges related to infrastructure, professional training, and digital resources. The study recommends developing educational policies, enhancing technological and administrative infrastructure, providing specialized training programs for teachers, and improving access to digital devices and the internet to ensure effective integration of technology in Sudanese education. The study also identifies future research directions aimed at optimizing the use of e-learning and modern technologies across different educational levels.

The study aimed to investigate the mechanisms for promoting environmental citizenship among school students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as well as to design a proposed framework for activating these mechanisms. A descriptive survey method was employed, using a questionnaire as the primary research tool, which was administered to a sample of 386 male and female teachers across Saudi Arabia. The findings revealed a high level of agreement on the suggested mechanisms. Environmental ethics ranked highest, with an approval rate of 80.67%, followed by environmental justice at 80%, environmental responsibility at 78.36%, and environmental participation also at 78.36%, all reflecting high levels of agreement. Additionally, the study found no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 significance level in the questionnaire responses between male and female participants. However, statistically significant differences were observed among respondents with varying educational qualifications, favoring those holding doctoral degrees, and among different levels of professional experience, with differences favoring individuals with 10 to less than 20 years of experience. Based on these findings, a proposed framework was developed to activate and promote environmental citizenship among school students within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

This research aims to identify the effect of the “Learn Together” and “Information Recycling” strategies on creative writing and cultural dialogue among fifth-grade science students. To achieve this, the researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control and a post-test for three groups, two of which were experimental and the other a control group. The researcher randomly selected (Ibn Al-Sikkit Intermediate School), the center of Babylon Governorate, and in the same way, Section (B) was chosen to represent the first experimental group with (31) students, Section (C) was chosen to represent the second experimental group with (34) students, and Section (A) was chosen to represent the control group with (33) students. The researcher prepared behavioral objectives, and prepared daily plans for teaching the research groups. He also prepared the research tools. He prepared a test for creative writing consisting of (18) objective and essay paragraphs, and prepared a cultural dialogue scale consisting of (28) paragraphs. The researcher relied on The five-point Likert scale was included in the scale. After statistically analyzing the results, the researcher concluded that: The students of the first and second experimental groups, who studied the reading material using the “Let’s Learn Together” strategy and information recycling, outperformed the students of the control group, who studied the same material using the traditional method, in the creative writing test and the cultural dialogue scale. In light of these results, the researcher recommended the necessity of using the “Let’s Learn Together” and “Information Recycling” strategies in teaching reading topics, due to their positive impact on improving students’ learning.

This research examines theatrical discourse as an interwoven fabric that integrates both aesthetic and social structures through the employment of the concept of soft power, regarded as one of the most influential indirect tools of impact grounded in emotion, symbolic communication, and subtle expressions. Such a discourse contributes to shaping public opinion and reinforcing cultural and human values away from coercive and violent means. Theatrical discourse is not confined to dialogic texts; rather, it unfolds through the scenographic system-lighting, décor, music, and performance techniques-that highlights psychological, emotional, and intellectual dimensions, engaging the audience and persuading them through aesthetic and symbolic strategies capable of fostering trust and producing the intended effect.
From this perspective, the study investigates the play Lorca’s Women as an applied model that embodies the discourse of soft power in theatre. The director employed text, direction, performance, and scenography to construct a symbolic aesthetic discourse inspired by Lorca’s legacy while projecting it onto the reality of contemporary Iraqi women. The play reveals their suffering under repression, isolation, and deprivation, while expressing a profound yearning for freedom and a rejection of wars and their devastating consequences that have perpetuated marginalization, exclusion, and the silencing of women’s active social role.
Through this analytical approach, the research demonstrates that theatre possesses a unique capacity to reproduce the discourse of soft power, functioning as a cultural platform capable of consolidating collective awareness of human and social issues. Moreover, it transmits aesthetic and symbolic messages that transcend geographical and political boundaries owing to its emotional and affective impact-thus positioning theatre as an effective tool in shaping attitudes and reshaping cultural and social visions.

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of the E. Turban model on mathematics achievement among second-grade intermediate students in schools of the General Directorate of Education in Babylon.
To achieve this aim, the following null hypothesis was formulated:
"There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05)between the average scores of students in the experimental group, which was taught according to the E. Turban model, and the control group, which was taught using the traditional method, on the achievement test."
The research community was identified, and Yahya bin Zaid Intermediate School was intentionally selected. The research sample consisted of (68)second-grade intermediate students, (34)students in the experimental group and (34) students in the control group.
To collect data for the research, an achievement test was constructed. The test, in its final form, consisted of (36) items, (28) of the objective type and (8) of the essay type.
Appropriate statistical analyses were conducted, and a t-test was used for two independent groups. The results indicated that students in the experimental group, who studied according to the E. Turban model, outperformed students in the control group, who studied according to the traditional method, on the mathematics achievement test.

The current research aims to identify:
1. The role of teachers in promoting moral and social values among students.
2. The impact of certain variables on the role of teachers in promoting moral and social values among students (educational stage, academic qualification).
To achieve this, the researchers used a questionnaire as a tool to collect information and data for the current research. The questionnaire was administered to (212) public education teachers in Deir ez-Zor city. These teachers were randomly selected from the total teacher population to ensure a diverse representation of the educational environment.
The results of the current research revealed the following:
1. The research results showed that (80.4%) of teachers emphasized the importance of promoting moral values among students in the educational stages (first and second cycles) of public education.
2. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the average scores of teachers' responses to the questionnaire based on the educational qualification variable.
3. There were statistically significant differences between the average scores of teachers' responses to the questionnaire based on the educational stage variable, in favor of first cycle teachers. The research concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals.

The study aimed to identify the challenges of using artificial intelligence (AI) applications in the educational process according to the following dimensions: technical infrastructure, physical infrastructure, training and qualification, concerns and resistance, and curriculum integration. It also sought to assess the extent of these challenges and to examine differences based on country, gender, academic qualification, scientific specialization (humanities vs. sciences), and years of experience.
To achieve the study’s objectives, a special questionnaire was developed to measure these challenges across the mentioned dimensions. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 400 high school teachers from Baghdad (Republic of Iraq) and Aleppo (Syrian Arab Republic). The results indicated the following:
1. The relative percentage weight of AI adoption challenges in education was as follows: Technical infrastructure (86%), Physical infrastructure (79%), Training and qualification (82%), Concerns and resistance (64%), and Curriculum integration (79%). This indicates that the overall level of AI adoption challenges is high and exceeds the average level.
2. The most significant challenges in using AI applications in education were: Difficulty in accessing modern technologies (e.g., augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR)), Challenges in updating hardware and software, Difficulty in securing necessary funding, Concerns that AI reduces students’ social and emotional skills, and The lack of clear strategies and guidelines for AI integration into the curriculum.
3. No statistically significant differences were found in AI adoption challenges based on country, specialization, years of experience, and academic qualification, except for the training and qualification dimension, where significant differences were observed.

This paper discusses the portrayal and depiction of Western Muslims in Leila Aboulela's novel "Minaret." Using diaspora factors, the study examines how the novel's protagonists deal with their nostalgia and cultural memory as Muslims living in a Western society, while taking into account the constraints imposed on them by Western society due to the stereotypical image produced by political Islam. Through a focused and careful reading of the novel, the paper argues that Aboulela presents a comprehensive and very accurate portrait of Muslim immigrants. This portrayal emphasizes immersion in the community and the diversity of productive and interconnected experiences with the other society. The characters in the novel are portrayed as struggling and exerting effort with a set of issues related to identity, migration, and nostalgia for the homeland, forcing them to choose between preserving their identity or embracing tradition and modernity. The research discusses prejudice, discrimination, and negative portrayals of Islam in the media, as well as so-called Islamophobia in the West, regarding the reality of Muslims. Through a sense of cultural memory and nostalgia for moral considerations as Muslims, we forge an identity that challenges the reality of the dispossession of our old identities. Abu Al-Ala emphasizes the importance of belonging, the diversity of experiences, and Islamic identity in light of the global campaign against Islam and Muslims in the West. She also emphasizes the need to move forward in preserving their culture and identity, which must influence their social roles.

The research aims to know the nature of smart applications, determine the requirements for employing smart applications in social works, and diagnose the most prominent challenges that may face the process of employing smart applications in social works, in addition to knowing the statistical differences at the level of (0.05) between the arithmetic and hypothetical (theoretical) means on the scale of requirements for employing smart applications in social works according to the variables (gender - age - academic achievement - precise specialization - length of job service). This research is one of the descriptive analytical researches that used the comprehensive social survey method for (92) social researchers within the Social Protection Department in Diyala. The researcher built a scale form (requirements for employing smart applications in social works), which consisted of (35) paragraphs, after subjecting them to the necessary statistical tests to verify their validity. The research concluded that the degree of requirements for employing smart applications in social works appeared in a (high) manner from the point of view of social researchers working within the Social Protection Department in Diyala, and the degree of human (cognitive) requirements, technical requirements, skill requirements, and value requirements appeared in a (high) manner, and the degree of knowledge of the challenges of employing smart applications in social works appeared in a (medium) manner from the point of view of the sample members, and the research found that there is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the arithmetic and hypothetical (theoretical) means on the scale of requirements for employing smart applications in social works.

This research aims to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in Daquq district during the period 2012–2022, relying on meteorological station data and employing geographic information systems (GIS). Daquq district is characterized by a diverse terrain, including the Shay Valley, the Hamrin Hills, and the Tuz Khurmatu Plateau, which contributes to the diversity of rainfall rates and their variation from one region to another. The study results showed that rainfall is concentrated during the winter, especially in January, while drought prevails during the summer. The seasonal and annual analysis also revealed clear fluctuations in rainfall rates, with an average of 121.6 mm, with an absolute deviation of 37.9 mm, reflecting significant variations in rainfall from year to year. The highest rate was recorded at Daquq station, especially in the colder months. The study also demonstrated the effectiveness of GIS systems in accurately mapping rainfall distribution and highlighting areas of abundance and deficiency, which contributes to supporting decisions related to agriculture and water resource management. The study highlights the need to enhance the integration of climate data with agricultural and irrigation projects to ensure resource sustainability. Its importance lies in its role as a scientific reference for environmental and agricultural planning in regions with changing climate patterns.

The current study examines the translation of English financial idioms (EMIs) into Arabic using artificial intelligence translation (AIT) via DeepSeek Translate (DST). The main objectives of the study are to determine the extent to which English financial idioms (EMIs) are preserved in English translation by DST and to show whether Baker's (1992) strategies for translating idioms (BSFTIs) which are a similar meaning and form, a similar meaning but a different form, translation by paraphrase, or translation by omission were applied during the translation of EMIs into Arabic. The current study employed a qualitative descriptive approach
in both data collection and data analysis. The source of the study samples: 20 EMIs and their Arabic translations through DST. These samples were selected based on specific criteria to achieve the study objectives. After comparison, the selected samples were analysed according to Baker's strategies. The novelty of this study lies in its focus on translating EMIs into Arabic. The results of the study revealed that the meanings of some EMIs generally differ in the target language, resulting in the chosen texts intended meaning being lost. This is due to the nature of EMIs and the English language. The study also showed that the meaning of some texts was preserved through accurate translation, which bodes well for overcoming these difficulties by feeding the machine with EMIs in both languages, enabling the DST program to find an accurate equivalent in Arabic without adding or deleting any elements. Finally, knowledge of bilingual idiom may help the DST program recognise any change or loss in the meaning of EMIs or their equivalents during the translation process.

The research aimed to understand the concept of biophilia as a spontaneous human desire for nature, and how this desire is represented in the design of theatrical scenography. This desire is a creative process that reflects the aesthetic expression of nature through its technical elements, with the aim of enhancing the aesthetic experience of biophilia for the recipient, given that theater is considered a mediator between the recipient and nature, and a bridge for translating their sense of natural beauty. The current research consists of four chapters, the first of which includes the methodological framework of the research problem: The research problem is framed by the following question: (What is biophilia and its representations in the design of theatrical scenography?) The importance of the research lies in identifying biophilia and its aesthetic concept, and linking it to theatrical art to expand the scope of the impact of visual simulation on reconstructing the human relationship with nature through design creativity inspired by nature, thus achieving the research objective, which helps identify biophilia and its representations in the design of theatrical scenography. The research boundaries are: the temporal boundary is the year 2002, the spatial boundary is Iraq, and the thematic boundary is the study of biophilia and its representations in the scenography of a theatrical performance, with the play "The Handkerchief" as a model. The second chapter (the theoretical framework) consists of two sections that focus on the study of biophilia in terms of concept and its representation in the design of theatrical scenography. The chapter concludes with indicators of the theoretical framework. The third chapter presents the research procedures, while the fourth chapter includes the results and conclusions, including: Biophilia is represented in the scenography of the theatrical performance by conveying a stimulating theatrical image to the recipient's mood by feeding them with elements of direct and indirect diversity that mimic the natural environment. The scenography elements in the biophilic theatrical performance contributed to creating a collective visual image by taking into account the desire to interact with nature and other life forms. The chapter then concludes with a list of sources.

The masses are influenced by unilateral discourses directed at them by the ruling authority, carrying messages and objectives aimed at changing behavior for specific benefits, including political, economic, religious, social, and psychological ones.
The research comprises four chapters, the first of which includes the methodological framework and the research problem, centered on the following question: What are the features of propaganda in theatrical texts? While the importance of the research was evident in identifying the features of propaganda in the theatrical text, and it sheds light on the media and propaganda proposals that support the features of propaganda, and benefits students, researchers and specialists in institutes, colleges of fine arts, colleges of media, and journalism institutes and institutions. The research aims to identify the features of propaganda in the theatrical text. As for the limits of the research, it was limited to theatrical texts between (2001- 2003). The chapter concluded with a definition of the basic terms. The operational definition that the research followed was political propaganda with unilateral speeches directed by the ruling authority or any individual, group or institution loaded with messages, goals and objectives with the aim of changing the behavior of the group for specific benefits, including political, economic, religious, social and psychological benefits in the body of the theatrical text. Chapter Two, the theoretical framework, comprises two sections. The first examines propaganda, both conceptually and mechanistically, while the second examines propaganda within the theatrical text. The chapter concludes with the indicators revealed by the theoretical framework. Chapter Three includes the research procedures, including the community and sample, which the researcher intentionally selected to align with her research topic, problem, and objective. As for the research methodology, the researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, basing her research tools on the indicators of the theoretical framework. Chapter Four contains the results and conclusions, the most important of which are:
1. The government's constant justification and arguments for wars and arbitrary repressive measures, and the resulting effects of these wars through radio discourse to persuade the masses.
2. The media, both before and after the war, reaps its benefits in terms of expansion and public approval. This is what America uses in its Bosnian campaign and its interventions around the world.
Finally, the chapter includes the conclusions, followed by a list of sources and references.