AL-Mawrid Journal

This research falls within the attempts that sought to explore the approach followed by the author of the most famous book in Arabic, namely Sibawayh (180 T H) Since the book was popular and circulated among scholars after the mysterious death of its author, it has been the preoccupation of everyone who researches the language of the Holy Qur’an
The preoccupation of all who dealt with research in the language of the Holy Qur’an. Perhaps one of the most important issues that stopped researchers, especially the hadith scholars among them, is the methodology that Sibawayh followed in his book, in terms of tabulation, branching and division, terminology, definitions, explanations, and the way in which a single topic was presented and issues were addressed.
And because this great book is the first book that reached us completely in the grammatical, morphological, phonological, and semantic sciences of Arabic language, it had to show signs of systematic disorder at times; Because he did not follow a previous pattern, perhaps, and he may have chosen a method that was consistent with his purpose in writing the book on the one hand, and the way he understood the linguistic issues of his time.
The topic of (adverbs) is one of the important grammatical topics in Arabic grammar, and we have chosen it as a model for studying the Sibawayh approach. Its importance stems from its frequency on the tongues first, and the complexity of its issues and structures second.

The book of Sibawayh - Al-Kitab - is considered the oldest book of grammar that has come down to us, as it is the first book in which issues of grammar and morphology were written down. Thus, it was the unique basis from which all the studies that came after it were launched, in which its author spoke about several issues in grammar, morphology, language, and phonology

The book was written in a well Arabic language and was characterized by an accurate understanding of issues such as grammar, morphology, phonology, and some issues that are related to rhetoric. Sibawayh classified his issues chapter by chapter, and put for each one a name that indicates and guides him. He put more than one evidence in order to strengthen his opinions, and clarifies his meaning, and many of the sayings that Sibawayh used were referred to his teacher, Al-Khalil.
I tagged this intervention with: “Arrangement of the Book’s Chapters – A Systematic Study – and I started from a problem based on the following question: Why didn’t Sibawayh arrange the Book’s chapters? Why did put some of them at the beginning? Why did he confuse the chapters on grammar, the chapters on morphology, and the chapters on phonetics? I deliberately looked at these chapters contemplating their implications looking for their secrets and the secrets of their arrangement. Then I traced what the commentators and critics said in those chapters, explaining and arranging, so I proved what I found to be correct and added what I saw worthy of addition, and I commented on some of the opinions that were said about the chapters in the past and present.

Logic in Studying Arabic Grammar as Proposed by Sybawayh is a piece of research conducted to explore the credibility of Sybawayh’s approach and his accuracy in terms of defining and classifying the Arabic grammatical rules. This study refutes the myth which says that the Arabic grammar was affected by the previous studies conducted by grammarians of the old civilisations.

Through this research, we try to identify the applications of Sibawayh’s pragmatic theory in the light of Idris Maqbool's analyses, as the Arabic grammar that sibawah spoke about is based on taking care of the extralinguistic elements in constructing linguistic structures and directing their communicative connotations by the speaker and the speaker within some conversational context.
Moreover, this research poses the problem of accessing the meaning based on the use of deliberative foundations in grammatical analysis with representation of them in many expressive phenomena that are based on usage.
We are presenting:
-Interpretation of the pragmatic perspective of Sibawayh.
-The intentional and contextual dimension in Sibawayh's analyses.
-Dialogue imperative and the rules of the principle of cooperation.

Duality is a kind of inseparable relationship, in combining something with its opposite and what matches it or what complements it, and the duality of thing has two parts, and the opposite duality: is the relationship between the opposites combined in a duality, so that one does not negate the other, but rather they are complementary and do not contradict and enter into a relationship of parallelism [Oppositors 15-16]

Sibawayh linked the binary of parsing and construction with the parts of speech, and justified what he found correct with fixed signs for the constructive and the variable for the syntax. And he justified the opposing one for his door by resembling his opponent from the other, and interpreted it according to what is his counterpart, and thus opened the door to appreciation based on what he distributed and what he used in terms of origin and branch
This is in the beginning of the book, after the first chapter, the chapter on speech divisions, and he made the naming of the signs of the endings of words eight, divided into two different groups, and the basis was the origin and the similarity, so the principle in letters is that they are built, and what was built from the names because it resembles the letter.

And building verbs that did not take place in the present tense. And the noun was forbidden from tanween because of its weight similar to the weight of the verb, because of this similarity it is unable to use the noun. And the syntax of present verbs because they are similar to the nouns that are parsed, (the nouns of the participles match the noun of the subject due to their combination in meaning).
This was the constitution of the Sibawayh book stage, the stage that departed from the quadratic division of diacritics and moved away from it, in a new division, which does not belong to the stage of establishing Arabic grammar.

Grammarians, especially the early ones, have always searched for the , the place where the words was said from which the sentence resulted, because they were sure that sentences are depending on the situations, and that proper grammatical analysis should have a great share in the external context. The clearest manifestations of paying attention to the , the place where the words was said of the grammarians are evident through their definition of speech as "what is useful, whether it is a word, a mistake, a sign, or what is uttered by the tongue of the case." That is, the meaning of speech and gaining benefit from it is not only in words, but may be in gestures, facial expressions, or signs that accompany the verbal situation.
And if we want to enter the world of linguists and grammarians, then the spectrum of Abi al-Nahwah, Sibawayh, must appear to us, as he hinted with his brilliant genius that speech is subject to the influences of the external environment. The limits of his linguistic research did not stop on matters of the factor theory, but rather we see him draw contexts for the sentences he quotes from the Arabs, and then he explains it in the context of the place in which it was said, or from which he imagines that it resulted from it.
Sibawayh was often appalled by the position, the circumstances surrounding the speech, and the elements of the position, so he depicted for us the social situation in which the speech was issued by the speaker, as if we were in this depiction in front of a fully representative scene, in which all the elements come together to clarify the meaning and remove confusion.
This research will try to show how the elements of the place affected the grammatical analysis of Sibawayh.

Linguists differed in allowing Islamic and Umayyad poetry to be cited in issues of language and grammar, and they set controls for assimilating their poetry, including: gender, time, and the moral and environmental control, and many of them refused to imitate the poetry of those they called the Moulidin. As for Sibawayh, he was the most knowledgeable in grammar after Al-Khalil bin Ahmed Al-Farahidi, and they considered his book the Qur’an of grammar.

In the Arab Library there are commendable attempts to enumerate the studies that dealt with the great book of Sibawayh, but these attempts are defective in that they are few, and that they did not understand - for many reasons - the authorship around the book of Sibawayh, and that they only adhered to the alphabetical order, and above all, the authors of these attempts did not see the studies that they counted and they did not know the relationship between the later and the previous!
Hence the value of the research, which is evident from its title: (Authorship on Sibawayh's Book: The Brilliance of Extension and the Problem of Repetition), which is an attempt to make an objective bibliography about Sibawayh's book. It reveals the brilliance of extension and the problem of repetition.
The search revealed images of defective redundancy. As the titles were repeated verbally and in text; This calls for the cessation of any study on Sibawayh. Until the completion of a comprehensive objective bibliography.
The research pointed to some of the service of the Sibawayh writers who had more than one participation in the book, and also pointed to some of the early topics that the book needed, which is the first of any repeated work.

The Arabs tried to understand the word of God Almighty, so they composed investigations and literature on the language and defined its sciences. And with the mixing of the non-Arabs with the Arabs and the spread of the melody, the linguists had to set controls and laws to protect the language, and singled out for it literature that preserved it. One of the most prominent linguists who appeared was "Sibawayh" Who wrote a huge book in which he collected the sciences of the Arabic language, from linguistic sounds, morphology, grammar, syntax, and rhetoric, which made it described as the language encyclopedia and was called (the book), and it was received great care by linguists and researchers; They dealt with it by explaining and commenting, which made it become a basic starting point for every author who wanted to write in language and grammar. From this, this research paper deals with concepts and definitions about Sibawayh and his book (The Book) to be more familiar.

After this wandering in the research tagged with (Athar Sibawayh in the Book of Ignorance by Abu Ali Al-Farsi (d. 377 AH), I can say:
This research deals with two great scholars: Sibawayh and Abu Ali Al-Farsi, may God Almighty have mercy on them. He benefited a lot from it through his book The Ignorance, and his statement is clear through the following:
1- Benefiting from it in phonetic issues, such as: the phenomenon of declination in the (alif) in the name of Allah, and the prohibition of the declension of the noun of the genitive subject sealed with (ra’a), and the prohibition of the declension of the supplicated person if he is (lama) and the (Ayn) is (ra’a).
2- Benefiting from it in morphological issues such as: deleting the (Hamza) in the present tense (Afa’al), and in the morphological weight of the word (maesha) and plurals.
3- Benefiting from it in grammatical issues, such as: deleting the (noon lidn), and adding the noun the reduced open noon, the composition of the (len), and the adverb of the (waw) for the plural noun, and others.
4- One of the issues in which Abu Ali was transferred most from Sibawayh are grammatical, morphological, and phonetic issues.
5- The reason for Abu Ali Al-Farsi's influence on Sibawayh is due to the great status of Sibawayh's book, as well as Persian, which combines these two great sciences.

In this article, Jean Patrick Guillaume delves into the concepts of "al-musnad" and "al-musnad ilayh," which were used by Sibawayh in his book "Al-Kitab." He highlights the genius of Sibawayh in devising a metaphor that conveys the functional meaning of these grammatical terms. The author examines their usage in both nominal and verbal contexts, justifying their autonomy from current distinctions. Additionally, the article explores their origins in Aristotelian tradition and sheds light on the significance of grammatical metaphors and their uniqueness among Arabic linguists.

Many scientists attribute opinions to time-advanced scientists on a matter, checking their words, terminology and purposes, and others attribute to those advanced scientists opinions that cannot be assured of being their opinions or trusting of the proportion of judgments to them, perhaps the reason for this - if we think well - is due to a lack of accuracy of the revision of the texts, or to a demonstration of scientific superiority in the field in which this carrier has excelled at the expense of the knowledge conveyed, and Perhaps the ratio of an association of the term AL (Kul and Ba’adh) to Sibawayh of this kind.
In these papers the statements of some linguists who are prohibited from associating Al with these two terms, and then the account of some of the grammarians statements in which the permissibility of such association is permitted. The research then draws on Sibaway's texts in which these two terms are associated with Al and guide this association. All praise be to Allaah.

This research is an explanation of one of the chapters of the book by Sibawayh, which is (the chapter in which it is permissible to be nominative what is accusative in knowledge); This word, which Sibawayh discussed the permissibility of making it nominative, is an indefinite word that comes after two defining nouns in an initial sentence, and Sibawayh presented four aspects of the permissibility of making this noun nominative, whether it was from the opinion of his Sheikh Al-Khalil or from his opinion, and it is a predicate of a deleted subject, or it is a second predicate of the subject itself, or the fact that the second knowing noun is a conjunction of the first, or instead of each of each of it. In the meantime, he presented other grammatical opinions on the plurality of the predicate, or the story in the sentence, the singular, and others.
This research has been responsible for explaining all of this in detail. Supported by evidence and grammatical sayings of grammarians, he came out with a set of general results about Sibawayh's style in grammatical presentation.

This work discusses the parsing aspects of the first chapters of Sibawayh's book: (This is the chapter of the science of what words are in Arabic), the scholars followed up this saying by searching the many possible inflections for it, among them (Ibn al-Nahhas), (deceased year: 338 AH), and they found that it has more than forty possible parsing.

This research presents an old manuscript of Sibawayh’s “Al-Kitab”; almost a piece of it is the oldest manuscript of the “Al-Kitab” dated until these days, which is preserved in the Egyptian National Library "Dar Al-Kotob" (139 grammar). Hence, the manuscript's story is summarized by more than one of those who studied the book - or the methods of its transcription and narrations to us - or who edited it. However, many researchers did not obtain benefits from it, and the manuscript's story was absent from others. Others hesitated and were uncertain about the validity of its dating, so this brief research came to describe the manuscript as a description based on the science of (Codicology), with benefits from other scientific fields that reveal the value of this original script, such as the science of (Paleography) and science of (Orthography).
Meanwhile, among the most prominent results of the research: This copy was likely copied from a copy written in the Majalis "sessions" of Al-Mazini (249 AH) explication of Sibawayh’s “Al-Kitab” (180 AH) recitation by Al-Mubarrad (285 AH) in the city of Basra, as it is an old piece that differs from the of Al-Mubarrad’s version. It gives a brief look at the old Majalis "sessions" of Sibawayh’s “Al-Kitab” and the manner of reading it.

In our time, obtaining information has become easy, but the difficulty remains in scrutiny, in order to avoid misinformation and falsehoods.
In this research, we collected the biography of one of the greatest ancient Arabic scholars, Amr bin Othman, named (Sibawayh), which we collected from biographies and translations. We have followed the historical method in it, tracing his biography in the sources, starting with his oldest translation in the third century, up to the later centuries, spanning about a thousand years.
The aim is that this direct access to the sources and their traceability helps to know the methods of historians, including biographers and translators, and to notice the similarities and differences between them in the transfer of information and the way they are attributed, which contributes to achieving the validity of the information contained in those translations.