Bilad Alrafidain Journal of Humanities and Social Science

Artistic activities are regarded as an effective means in the improvement of communication skills on the part of autistic children as they face challenges and difficulties that negatively affect the process of mixing with their peers and their families. This, however, accounts for the importance of this study which tackles the development of communication skills on the part of autistic children through engaging them in art activities prepared by the researcher. The present study consists of four chapters. As for chapter One, it addresses the research problem, its significance, objectives, and limitations, leading to the definition of the terms used in the study. Chapter Two, the theoretical framework begins with introduction to art and its origins. It then discusses the social, cultural, and educational role of art. This chapter then addresses art therapy as one of the effective methods for treating psychological disorders and emotional disturbances in children -The researcher then moved on to define autism spectrum disorder, presenting its Various forms, methods of diagnosis, and the theories un underlying its diagnosis. At the end of the chapter, the researcher selected one of the previous studies that aligned with the title and objectives of the current research, which was entitled - Plastic Art and the Development of Fine Motor skills and Visual perception in Children with Autism, conducted by the researcher Wafa' Farghali Abdel Hafez. Chapter Three, however, presented the research procedures, which intended a definition of the research population and sample, the research methodology adopted and the tool used for data collection. The chapter also provided a brief overview of the Al-Sadaga Centre for Autism. Finally, Chapter Four presents the results of the study based on the results of statistical analysis using the TTS program for two independent samples and pre- and post-tests. This chapter also contains recommendations and suggestions by the researcher. At the end of the study, the researcher reviews the sources and references used in the research.

The Ottoman Navy is one of the Ottoman army institutions that helped them extend their influence in the sea areas in Europe, the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, even the Arabian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. The Ottoman Empire was able to establish a naval fleet that soon surpassed and jumped to the ranks of the fleets of the major countries، as it proved to possess the elements of a maritime state, so it built ships of various types, including commercial and military.

Semantic development is considered one of the most important phenomena related to language, especially the Arabic language, for it is one of the most distinctive features of our language, as it is one of the living and renewable languages, and this is what makes it resemble a living being that grows and matures and then reaches the stage of senility. Words develop according to the social and cultural development of that linguistic environment. The sensory meaning may move to a new meaning, due to the development and refinement of the human mind, and it may be the result of the agreement of a subgroup that uses different cultures when using some words in meanings that align with concepts appropriate to their culture and profession, thus leading to narrowing the general meaning of the term, or the opposite. Due to the importance of the topic, the research dealt with the words of crimes and punishments and their semantic development, parallel with what was mentioned of these words in the Holy Qur’an. The methodology of the research required dividing it into topics preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion that included the most important results.

The literary form of prose reflection (Fayed Al-khatir by Ahmad Amin) represents a modern genre characterized by eloquent expression and distinctive stylistic features. Although the khatira lacks a firmly established place in the classical Arabic literary tradition, it has garnered scholarly attention in the post-Amin era due to its significance in the evolution of contemporary literary expression. Its departure from traditional rules and classical poetic meters aligns it with the aesthetics of modern literary thought, in which imagination، subjectivity, and language are central pillars. This study explores the aesthetic framework of the khatira as a modern prose art form by examining its defining features، typologies, and impact on contemporary Arabic literature. The study also clarifies the distinctions between the khatira and the essay، given the frequent overlap between the two forms. The first section analyzes formal elements such as linguistic style, rhetorical techniques، and the emotional and musical dimensions of the khatira. The second section focuses on its intellectual significance and its role in fostering literary consciousness and critical awareness.

In our borderless digital world, indecent acts are no longer confined to behaviors occurring in the physical realm; they have extended to find a new and more complex stage in cyberspace. This study delves into this phenomenon within the Iraqi context, where rapid technological advancement collides with deep-rooted social values and traditional legal frameworks unprepared for such novel crimes. By comparing general penal texts, drafted in an era when the internet was not a reality with modern cybercrime legislation, the study reveals a troubling gap. The old law struggles to adapt to an offense that leaves no physical trace and transcends geographical boundaries at the click of a button, while the new legislation, despite its importance, attempts to keep pace with the evolution of the crime itself. This research aims not only to analyze texts but also to understand how the Iraqi judiciary confronts this challenge and how a balance can be struck between protecting public morality and safeguarding personal freedoms in a virtual world that has become an integral part of our daily lives.

The principle of good intention is one of the fundamental principles of law, meaning acting with integrity, honesty, and respect for mutual rights and obligations during the course of legal proceedings. This principle requires that the parties to the lawsuit act in good faith, without deception or fraud. The procedural legislator has guaranteed the right to litigation, as it is a fundamental right of every person, but it is stipulated that if recourse is had to the courts, this right must be exercised in good faith. It cannot be used merely to harm or damage the other party or to obtain unlawful rights. Although the legislator in the current Iraqi Law of Civil Procedure has not taken any notable or specific position on the duty of good faith in the areas of litigation or the enforcement of judicial decisions, compliance with this principle is considered a general duty imposed by procedural law on the conduct of the opponent, the judge, or his assistants in any procedure stipulated by law during the stages of civil proceedings. It is an irreplaceable legal principle for the arrangement of its legal effects and the positive repercussions it embodies within the framework of society. Adherence to the principle of good faith is a public duty imposed by procedural law, and the parties to the lawsuit, the judiciary, and their assistants must adhere to it. This includes the duty to adhere to good faith in civil litigation to ensure the application of judicial rulings for the proper administration of justice and to achieve stability and organization of judicial proceedings. In order for good faith to have legal effect, certain conditions, elements, and provisions must be met, and it is not sufficient to rely solely on its moral meaning. A person’s good faith has a significant impact on their liability under procedural law, as it is considered one of the effects resulting from the parties to a lawsuit carrying out procedural acts in good faith. For instance, the plaintiff, when notifying the defendant, may fail to act in good faith, depriving the opponent of the opportunity to attend hearings and defend against the allegations made. Therefore, the conduct of litigants and court officers must not be associated with fraud, deception, or gross negligence

The development of the Islamic East played a major role in public life in the Arab Islamic state in all its aspects, clearly in scientific life and more clearly in the field of pure sciences. A large number of these scholars excelled in the fields of medicine, pharmacy, and mathematical sciences such as mathematics, algebra, geometry, arithmetic, and astronomy. These scholars have played a major role in serving the state and society alike, without any discrimination or differentiation between the people or the cities they moved to in various parts of the Arab Islamic state, from treating people or dispensing medicines to them. A large number of them also created theories and solutions to many matters in life. People to facilitate their affairs in their various daily dealings, most notably construction matters and precise engineering calculations for that. Many of them also had good relations with the Caliphate for those of them who were in Baghdad, and with the governors, princes, and leaders of those who were in the regions and cities. The research touched on the subject of pure sciences and included medical sciences such as medicine, pharmacy, hospitals and medicines, and highlighted those who practiced these humanitarian professions. And their writings, as well as the mathematical sciences and the most prominent scholars who studied them in their various types, and the writings that they classified and remained studied for many centuries in Europe and other countries, without any change in their contents. The research included the title and introduction, followed by a summary in Arabic and English, while the first section included the role of Levantine scholars in the sciences of medicine and pharmacy, and included the most prominent doctors and pharmacists, the most important hospitals they opened and worked in, and the most prominent pharmacy stations, while the second section included scholars of pure sciences, including mathematics, geometry, algebra, arithmetic, and interviewing. The scholars highlighted their most important works, the observatories and scientific centers they established for the public service of the state and the people.

The Public utilities, through their tasks and the services they provide, whether sovereign, economic, service-related, or even professional, aim to achieve public benefit through these services. These services may also meet various financial obligations, meaning that public utilities collect cash sums in exchange for the services they provide. Therefore, these services cannot be left without legal protection for the resulting debts owed by the recipients of these services, which are called utility debts, or what is known as "public utility debts." These are debts owed to public utilities, such as municipalities, ministries, and state-owned companies. which are collected in accordance with specific laws and regulations. These debts are often characterized by rapid collection procedures. These funds are owed to government institutions and agencies, and may include (taxes and fees) amounts due for services, or any other debts arising from dealings with these utilities. Public debts are subject to special laws and procedures, which are often faster and more stringent than regular debt collection procedures. These debts contribute to providing the necessary funding for public utilities to provide their services to citizens, thus preserving public funds and ensuring that they are not lost. Therefore, we find that the Iraqi legislator has provided legal protection, whether in public or private law, for these debts in many laws. This protection is represented by private and public protection, which is the focus of our research, which is represented by administrative protection of debts and criminal protection.

The aim of the research is to identify the reasons for female students' reluctance to attend physical education classes. The researcher conducted this study on a sample of (30) female students representing Sheikh Ahmed Al-Fayyad Mixed Secondary School, affiliated with the Baghdad / Rusafa First Education Directorate. The researcher used the questionnaire form that he prepared after it was presented to experts. It contained (13) paragraphs representing (5) topics, which are (administrative, female students, psychological, Social, health) , and the researcher used the weighted average and percentage weight in order to analyze the data and discuss the reasons for reluctance to study physical education, and the researcher concluded that the reasons for reluctance were represented by the school administration's lack of interest in studying physical education in terms of providing appropriate facilities for it and also sufficient time for it, as well as the factor of fear among female students of injury and social traditions, and the health and psychological aspect played important roles in female students' reluctance to attend physical education classes regularly.

The study aims to clarify the concept of populism, as well as to clarify the definitions of the most prominent thinkers and researchers in the same field. Despite the multiplicity of these definitions, there was no comprehensive definition of this concept, and how populism began historically, through research into the stages of the popular stage. It also explains how populism has affected Western democracies through the effects that the phenomenon of populism has had on those democracies, whether political or economic. In order to explain those effects, models of the impact of populism on Western democracies were addressed. Two models were studied: the American model and the European Union model.

Disciplinary punishment is a measure that the administration takes to suppress certain punishable acts. It is either carried out through the decisions or procedures of the supreme presidential authority (purely disciplinary means) or through disciplinary court rulings and individual procedures (judicial means). The aim of this punishment is to harm the public employee who committed a disciplinary crime, so that it reflects the harmful and painful nature of these crimes and also affects the employee's profession by reducing its advantages. Unlike disciplinary crimes, disciplinary punishment is determined exclusively and is therefore subject to the principle of legality (no punishment without a text). It is also influenced by ideas and principles that govern criminal punishment. Nevertheless, we cannot deny that disciplinary punishment has its own concept and purposes.

The current research aims to examine (The Book of Opposites by Abu Bark in al-Ansari: A Descriptive Study). The researcher followed a descriptive historical approach in her research, dividing the research into an introduction and three chapters, each of which included material on opposites. The research comprised three sections on the biography of Abu Bark in al-Ansari. The first section addressed the meaning of opposites, and the second section presented a general description of in al-Ansari’s book (Opposites), including the reason for its composition, his approach to the book, his methodology for arranging words, and his methodology for commentary. The third section examined the types of opposites in the book by Abu Bark al-Ansari, including (opposites in nouns, opposites in verbs, opposites in letters, opposites in sources, opposites in letters, opposites in pronouns, opposites in sounds, opposites in names, and opposites in colors). At the end of the research, the researcher reached several conclusions, some of which can be summarized as follows:
1- The phenomenon of opposites is an Arab heritage that originated with the language and was nurtured within it. It has been spoken by Arabs. It cannot be denied, as every Arab heritage has its own sanctity and the right to be preserved.
2- The research demonstrated in al-Ansari’s great scholarship and high culture.
3- The research revealed scholars' attachment to the Arabic language and their defense of it. In al-Ansari is a prime example of this, as he wrote his book in defense of Arabic and those who attacked it.
4- In Al-Ansari paid attention to listening and analogy, and he relied on them in his book, providing a source of many Qur’an evidence, the Noble Hadith, and poetic verses.

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of the overlapping wave’s strategy on the achievement of second-year intermediate students in biology and their critical thinking. The experimental design with partial control was adopted. The research community was represented by second-year intermediate students in the morning secondary schools affiliated with the Diyala Education Directorate / Baqubah District. The research sample was selected from Al-Sham Secondary School for Boys randomly and consisted of (76) students, who were distributed into two groups, as the students in the experimental group consisting of (38) students and the control group (38) students. The researcher verified the equivalence of the two groups in the variables (chronological age, intelligence, and previous information). The achievement test was prepared, which included (20) items, and the critical thinking test, which included (20) items about biology, according to the "Costa and Kallick" scale. Their validity and reliability were verified. The SPSS system was used in statistical analysis and extracting psychometric properties to arrive at the research results. The results showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in achievement and critical thinking by a statistically significant difference. Accordingly, conclusions, recommendations and suggestions were presented.

This research aims to investigate the impact of a counseling program based on cognitive restructuring in reducing the level of intellectual extremism among university students. The research started from the need to address manifestations of extremism prevalent among university youth through cognitive counseling methods that help modify illogical ideas and extremist beliefs and promote rational thinking and intellectual openness. The researcher adopted the experimental method with a two-group design (experimental and control) and a pre- and post-test. The research sample consisted of (14) male and female students from the College of Basic Education at Diyala University, with (7) students in the experimental group and (7) in the control group, ranging in age from (19–21) years. The researcher used an intellectual extremism scale specifically prepared for this research, and a guide program consisting of (12) guidance sessions based on the cognitive restructuring method, which aims to correct distorted ideas and replace them with more logical and tolerant ideas. The data were statistically analyzed to test the hypotheses, and the results showed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups on the post-test, favoring the experimental group. This indicates the effectiveness of the guidance program in reducing the level of extremist ideology among university students. The results also demonstrated the program's continued impact after the follow-up period, further reinforcing its effectiveness and the sustainability of its positive effects. The research recommends implementing cognitive guidance programs in universities to enhance critical thinking, instill values of tolerance and intellectual openness in students, and prevent extremist tendencies.

This research addresses the topic of sustainable development in universities and its impact on achieving sustainable competitive advantage. It highlights the importance of integrating environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainability within higher education institutions as a fundamental requirement for ensuring their continuity in an ever-changing and rapidly developing academic and research environment. The researchers explain that universities are no longer limited to teaching and research, but are also expected to fulfill social responsibility, contribute to community development, and adopt principles of good governance and efficient resource management. Furthermore, the research underlines that achieving sustainable competitive advantage requires universities to adopt long-term strategies that embed sustainability across all academic and administrative activities. This ensures enhancing institutional reputation, increasing the ability to attract students and faculty members, and strengthening cooperation with local and international institutions. The findings suggest that universities embracing sustainability can create long-term added value, thereby enhancing their position in the higher education market.

This study examines the role of public opinion in promoting democracy and political participation in Iraq since 2003. It focuses on citizens' ability to influence decision-making and monitor the performance of government institutions. The research problem stems from the need to understand the extent to which Iraqi public opinion influences public policy in light of security, political, and economic challenges. The study aims to analyze the role of the media, peaceful demonstrations, and public debates in shaping attitudes toward national issues and achieving community oversight. The study relied on a descriptive-analytical approach by examining political and field events after 2003. The results showed that Iraqi public opinion has become an active partner in formulating public policy, playing a significant role in combating corruption, improving public services, and participating in reviewing economic policies. The study concludes that after 2003, Iraqi public opinion has become an effective force influencing political decision-making, particularly in areas related to public services, combating corruption, and economic policies. In addition, the development of modern media and technology and the rise in the level of education will contribute to strengthening the influence of Iraqi public opinion, reinforcing the principles of democracy and the rule of law and enabling citizens to participate politically in an organized and effective manner.

The drug phenomenon is considered one of the most dangerous problems facing Iraqi society, due to its serious repercussions on the health, social, economic, and security levels. Iraq witnessed an increase in this phenomenon after 2003 due to the weak political and security conditions that the country witnessed during that period, in addition to weak border control. This, in turn, led to the expansion of trafficking and smuggling of these substances, as the rates of abuse of these substances increased, especially among young people, due to the association of this phenomenon with many factors, especially unemployment, poverty, and family disintegration, in addition to weak family control. This, in turn, led to an increase in the activity of organized crime networks. Accordingly, the ruling authorities worked to enact strict laws and impose severe penalties on traffickers and promoters of this phenomenon, in addition to strengthening the role of security services in monitoring the country’s border crossings and working to pursue smuggling networks. In addition, they cooperated with organizations and countries to limit the spread of this phenomenon, in addition to launching awareness campaigns in schools and universities to limit the spread of this phenomenon, in addition to establishing centers for treating and rehabilitating addicts. However, despite these efforts, this phenomenon still represents a real challenge, requiring the development of a comprehensive strategy that combines prevention, treatment, and awareness. Therefore, we conclude.

1-The phenomenon of drug proliferation in Iraq is a result of the interplay of social, political, and economic factors.
2- Current legislative measures still require updating and integration.
3-The role of non-governmental organizations remains limited but can be effective if supported by certain countries.

This research addresses the issue of arbitrariness in enforcement procedures, considered as one of the most serious manifestations of deviation in the exercise of procedural rights. This deviation directly impacts the balance between the creditor's interest in enforcing their rights and the debtor's protection from violation or restriction. The research aims to clarify the concept of arbitrariness in enforcement, its legal and jurisprudential basis, and then to clarify its legal and practical implications. The research begins by presenting the theoretical framework of arbitrariness, defining it linguistically and technically, and reviewing the jurisprudential and judicial trends that have defined its boundaries and standards. It also addresses the legal basis of this phenomenon, both in terms of tort liability and through the principle of the legality of the enforcement procedure. The research then moves on to examine the consequences of arbitrariness in enforcement, including procedural effects such as invalidating the procedure, rejecting, and restoring it before, or substantive effects such as civil liability and compensation. Finally, the research presents findings and recommendations that seek to regulate executive behavior and ensure non-deviation by strengthening judicial and legislative oversight and developing safeguards that protect all parties and achieve justice during the enforcement phase.

The research aimed to develop a proposed vision for the criteria for granting a professional license to practice the teaching profession from the point of view of educational supervisors in Iraq, in light of the experiences of some countries. To achieve this goal, the research used the descriptive approach, as it dealt within its theoretical framework with the concept of professional licensing to practice the teaching profession, then the importance and reasons for licensing, and presented and analyzed some previous experiences in this field. Then, it relied on building a questionnaire for the most important criteria for professional licensing, which included aspects (cognitive, skill, professional, personal, scientific) from the point of view of educational supervisors. The results revealed that most sample members agreed to include these criteria within the proposed licensing criteria for practicing the teaching profession. The research concluded by presenting a proposed vision for the licensing process as a mechanism that can be applied to practice the teaching profession. The proposal included the philosophy, objectives, and mechanisms of application.

Public political speeches have a significant impact on the economy and culture, drawing considerable attention due to their political influence. The quantitative content analysis explored the journalistic stances of Emirati news towards Israel and Palestine before and after the UAE and Israel formally signed a normalization agreement on September 15, 2020. The current study utilized an appraisal theory tool (attitude system) to analyze data from the Al Bayan news. The discourse analysis involved breaking down the discourse into several sentences and analyzing them to identify Appraisal Devices and the types of Attitudes used. Analyzing the data, it could be inferred that the speech employed three kinds of Attitudes: Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation. There were 400 clauses consisting of 166 Affects, 180 Judgments, and 54 Appreciations. The results showed that negative Judgment was most frequently represented in the newspaper, the Al-Bayan discourse regarding Israeli crime, which used an adverse reaction towards Israel before normalization. In addition, the attitudes of newspapers changed after normalization. The Al Bayan mostly used positive expressions towards Israel after normalization.