Journal of the College of Islamic Sciences

Praise be to Allah who taught us the fundamentals of Islam, and enlightened us with the objectives of faith, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad who was given the most comprehensive words, and spoke them with the most eloquent tongue and most expressive statement, and upon his family and companions who demonstrated the spirit of the Sharia through their behavior among mankind:
The fundamental rules are of great importance, because they facilitate the control of jurisprudential issues and differences, and benefit from the knowledge of the predecessors in applying these rules, and clarify the importance of this knowledge to them, and their frequent use of them, which develops the ability to apply them in the calamities of the era, and clarify the supremacy and loftiness of the Sharia, and the flexibility of its rules and rulings, the importance of the book Al-Tawdih Al-Darri, especially the fundamental issues contained in it, and the attempt to apply the fundamental rules to it; to highlight them on the ground, and that applying the fundamental rules to the issues of jurisprudence and its branches helps to realize the objectives of the Sharia, and to care for the fundamental rules and know them; because they represent an important scientific foundation, as they facilitate dealing with new developments, and facilitate the process of ijtihad and deriving rulings.
What prompted me to choose the topic: No book, message or thesis has been devoted to this topic, according to my knowledge and insight, to the need to highlight the fundamental applications in the jurisprudential issues mentioned in this book to facilitate their knowledge, and the most important reason is to highlight the book to the scope of study and demonstrate the author's brilliance in applying the fundamental rules in the issues of branches, even if he did not refer to that, and the thesis included the chapters of jurisprudence from the chapter of purification to the chapter of sales.
Among the results I reached: The jurisprudential rules agree with the fundamental rules in that each of them is a general issue and general principles under which multiple branches and details fall, and that they share in serving the Islamic religion.
The jurisprudential rules differ from the fundamental rules in that the fundamental rule exists first, then the jurisprudential ruling is extracted, and that it relates to the words and their indication of the rulings, while the jurisprudential rules relate to the sizes themselves and to the actions of those charged, and other differences that were mentioned. The fundamental rules are of great importance because of their great benefits and many advantages, including: they gather many branches and details in one framework that is easy to remember, and they make a person know the secrets of the Sharia and understand its objectives. Through my study of this book, I recommend completing this work in which the fundamental rules are gathered as well as the jurisprudential rules and jurisprudential theories in its chapters and sections, until the book is complete and collected and printed as one book that is added to the Islamic scientific library to spread the benefit among peop.

Any system is formed according to acceptable and cohesive relations and in a complete balanced logic. Out of these systems is the linguistic one. It is arranged and structured, starting with phonology, morphology and syntax respectively. The system is arranged into three binaries including all the linguistic elements. These binaries are similarity, differences and similarity-difference. The linguistic relations are specified according to the principles of adjacency when met in speech.
The similarity refers to the common features between linguistic units in description, types. As for the difference, it refers to the dissimilarity between utterances. So, with similarity, no need for changing the utterance. Or the similarity can be different so it changes from the original to a different forms. Sometimes, two different forms might be similar as such no need to change from the origin. The meaningful similarity and difference of three binaries are specified through meaningful relations, so the utterances become almost similar due to the similarity of the letters or to the differences of the letters or the utterances become different due to the similarity of the letters.

This study aims to analyze and establish the concept of feedback and its application methods in the Prophet’s teaching practices. It explores how the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ employed feedback when guiding his Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, and seeks to highlight the educational benefits that can be derived from these prophetic methods in contemporary teaching contexts. The study reviews a selection of Prophetic traditions and educational situations, analyzing them to extract their pedagogical insights and implications.
The findings reveal that the Prophet ﷺ utilized various types of feedback, including immediate and delayed forms, reflecting the depth and effectiveness of his educational approach. The study recommends adopting these types of feedback in modern educational settings due to their positive impact on improving both teaching and learning performance.

This study aims to examine the aesthetics of the figurative image in the poem "The Nursing Widow" by the poet Ma'ruf al-Rusafi (1875–1945), as a prominent example of employing rhetorical imagery to express human suffering. The research analyzes the visual structure of the poem and explores its artistic and emotional dimensions that convey themes of poverty, hunger, misery, and oppressed motherhood. It also highlights al-Rusafi's ability to skillfully utilize classical Arabic rhetorical devices—such as simile, metaphor, and metonymy—to construct vivid, dramatic scenes drawn from real life, effectively communicating the plight of marginalized individuals in his society. Furthermore, the study demonstrates how these images enhance the poem's social message and reformative purpose, while also showcasing the aesthetic and artistic sensitivity in al-Rusafi’s poetry. The research seeks to analyze the figurative images in "The Nursing Widow" from a rhetorical and aesthetic perspective, emphasizing their emotional impact within the tradition of socially conscious poetry.

Just as researchers were interested in the phenomenon of the clever scoundrels in Islamic society, we also notice that there is a social interest in this phenomenon or movement, as some researchers call it, as people began to pass on their news, memorize it, and tell it in the form of stories and novels because of the events and anecdotes they contain that people admire and are eager to hear. Therefore, we chose the title for this research “The Image of the Scoundrels and the Scoundrels in Baghdad Society in the Third and Fourth Centuries AH.” Through the events carried out by these scoundrels, we can arrive at an impression and image of these scoundrels in Baghdad society, whether positive or negative. Therefore, I divided my research into an introductory introduction about the scoundrels and the scoundrels. In it, we talked about the scoundrels and the scoundrels linguistically and technically. We also researched the reasons and motives that led to the emergence of this movement, as well as two sections. The first section included the most prominent events and activities of the scoundrels and the scoundrels in the third and fourth centuries AH. As for the second section, we talked about the image of the scoundrels and the scoundrels among the people of Baghdad. Finally, we concluded We concluded our research with a conclusion in which we reached the most important results of this research.

Abstract:
Jurists throughout the movement of Islamic jurisprudence (both ancient and modern) have been concerned with the rules of morphology, and have paid great attention to it. Although morphology is a second division of grammar, and is concerned with the study of words, their forms, and their structures, for jurists it is not a purely linguistic science. Rather, it is a tool for understanding Islamic texts and controlling their meanings, because Many of the legal rulings depend on understanding the forms and structures of words. Changing the structure of a word leads to changing its meaning, and thus to a difference in the legal ruling resulting f rom it. This is what we saw clearly in the meanings of verbs and derivatives, and others during the study. The result: what Abu Nasser wrote Al-Mutarzi's comments and discussions of the jurists' words from a morphological perspective are worthy of attention and care, and this is something we have not overlooked, as we have benefited greatly from it - as we imagin.

Abstract
This study explores the phenomenon of intellectual distortion in understanding Islamic texts by analyzing the hadith: "I was sent before the Hour with the sword", a narration frequently misused to link Islam with violence, The research defines the concept of intellectual distortion and identifies its primary causes, such as selective reading, neglect of legal objectives, and interpretations influenced by ideological or emotional bias ,The hadith is examined both in terms of authenticity and the controversial claims surrounding it. Its meaning is then evaluated through the lens of sound hermeneutical principles, demonstrating that the issue lies not in the text itself but in distorted readings that disregard context and the broader goals of Sharia , The study concludes by emphasizing the need to reform interpretative frameworks and revive the balanced, objective methodology rooted in the foundational sources of Islam.

A contemplative reading of Qur’anic diction reveals that one of its defining characteristics lies in the precision with which words are employed. Qur’anic vocabulary is imbued, both on the surface and in depth, with literal as well as contextual connotations; meanings that only unveil themselves upon reflection and are indispensable for a sound understanding and interpretation of the sacred text.
This study has explored the deployment of words of gentleness and mercy in contexts of severity and punishment within the eschatological scenes of the Qur’an, together with the rhetorical significance of such usage. The findings indicate that invoking the language of mercy amidst scenes of torment is not incidental but profoundly rhetorical: it mirrors the delicate balance between the Divine attributes of justice and mercy, reminding humankind that punishment is neither arbitrary nor vindictive, but justice enveloped in compassion. The recurrence of such vocabulary within contexts of divine warning constructs a holistic image of God’s attributes, endowing the Qur’anic discourse with a pedagogical depth that keeps the horizon of hope open even in the shadow of threat.
Moreover, this rhetorical device serves to temper the awe-inspiring depictions of the Day of Judgment by weaving mercy into the fabric of those scenes. Such integration produces a dual psychological effect—instilling both fear and hope—thus realizing a deliberate rhetorical equilibrium aimed at fortifying true faith in the hearts of believers while establishing irrefutable proof against the disbelievers who spurned God’s mercy despite its vastness.
The study concludes that Qur’anic expressions of mercy are not confined to contexts of grace and blessing; rather, they extend into the very heart of severity and retribution, signifying that divine punishment itself is never severed from mercy. In this way, the Qur’an unveils a profound rhetorical miracle through the subtle precision with which words are chosen and distributed, affirming the inseparability of justice and compassion in the Divine order.

The research dealt with the study and investigation of a footnote on the interpretation of Al-Baydawi (may God have mercy on him) by Imam Muhammad Effendi Al-Siwasi (may God have mercy on him) (d.1114 AH) (of Surat Al-INFITAR) in the interpretation, which is considered one of the most famous interpretations

Abstract:
This research aims to examine the role of objectives in the application of Islamic rulings. It emphasizes the importance of ensuring that Islamic rulings are not merely texts to be applied rigidly. Rather, there must be a deep understanding of the objectives and goals that Islamic law seeks to achieve.
Maqasid aims to apply Islamic rulings in a manner consistent with contemporary reality, taking into account the jurisprudence of the context and a thorough understanding of the context to which the Islamic ruling will be applied, including the social, economic, and political circumstances of both the general public and the private sector. It also balances benefits and harms by assessing the potential positive and negative effects of applying a particular ruling and making decisions based on the prevailing interest.

This research aims to study the "penalty clause" in contracts, by stating its ruling and controls in Islamic jurisprudence, and comparing it with the legal regulation in Iraqi legislation. The researcher followed the comparative analytical method, relying on approved sources of Islamic schools of thought and law books.
The research found that the penalty clause is permissible according to Islamic law and legal law with controls, and that Iraqi law agrees with the preponderant opinion in Islamic jurisprudence in many provisions, with some differences in details. The research also recommended the necessity of adhering to legal controls when formulating penalty clauses.

I studied the hadiths that were mentioned in the Al-Ain book by Al-Farahidi and judged their chains of transmission until the correct statement is made from others, as it is one of the most important Arab books and the graduation of his hadiths under the title ((Hadeeths of the book Al-Ain - the letter Al-Jim - collection, study and graduation) ).
In this lies the importance of the topic and the reason for choosing it.
The hadith cited by al-Farahidi came out from its original sources and with the wording cited by al-Farahidi, I studied the narrator, giving weight to what al-Hafsan al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar said in their book (Al-Kashef and Taqreeb al-Tahdheeb) I judged the hadith after studying the men of the bond and explaining their condition by referring to the books of Mutal, then I judge on the hadith The attribution of the hadith with the rules of the hadith scholars if it fulfills the conditions of authenticity and its goodness or weakness, and I look in the books of graduation, then I quote the sayings of the scholars, if any, and I put them in judging the hadith, then add my opinion, then I explained the meanings of the strange words mentioned in the hadiths based on the books of strange hadith

This research comes after an extensive study that sheds light on a prominent and important figure in the sciences of hadith and other disciplines, the eminent scholar al-Hafiz Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali (may God have mercy on him), and one of his important works, "Al-Takhwīf Min al-Nār." The study covers his personal life from birth to death, as well as his political, social, and religious life. It demonstrates his importance among scholars and the breadth of his knowledge. He was raised in a scholarly family, represented by his father and grandfather (may God have mercy on them all)..

Due to the importance of the Book of Ills by Ibn Abi Hatem and its scientific position among the books of hadith, and in particular the science of ills, I wanted the topic of my research to be (critical sayings in the communication of chains of narrators and hearing among narrators in the book of ills by Ibn Abi Hatim / book of zakat, charity, rituals of Hajj, etiquette and reward / critical study) In it, I dealt with (4) issues that included the words of doubt and possibility in the judgment of Abu Hatim and Abu Zara’ah, may God have mercy on them, on the hadith. Graduation and research in the conditions of the narrators to say the closest to the truth.

This research delves into the field of morphological-semantic studies, using the poem "Al-Hamziyya" by Imam Sharaf al-Din al-Busiri (d. 696 AH) as a case study. It aims to elucidate the semantic meanings inherent in the structures of augmented verbs and how the poet employs them to enrich poetic meaning and achieve his rhetorical aims within the context of praising the Prophet. The study primarily relies on the descriptive-analytical method. The analysis begins by identifying the morphological structures of augmented verbs, then moves to analyzing them within their specific textual contexts in the poem. The goal is to uncover the meanings derived from each structure, which may extend beyond their basic literal meaning to contextual meanings imposed by the nature of the poetic composition. This research is limited to studying the structures of triliteral verbs augmented by a single letter, which are the most semantically diverse structures in the language. These include: (the form (أَفْعَلَ): augmented with a hamza), (the form (فَعَّلَ): augmented by doubling the middle radical), and (the form (فَاعَلَ): augmented with an alif. We will study these in detail in the following sections.

This research explores the life and scholarly contributions of Imam Abdul Karim Al-Rafi’i, one of the prominent Shafi’i jurists of the 6th century AH. It focuses on his scholarly stature and his major works, particularly Fath al-‘Aziz Sharh al-Wajiz. The study also examines his methodology in juristic preference (tarjih) through an applied analysis of the issue of Riba al-Nuqood (usury in currency exchange), where he favored the view that the underlying cause (‘illah) is the general concept of thamaniyyah (monetary value), based on the strength of its evidences and in consideration of the wisdom behind the prohibition of usury. The research concludes that Imam Al-Rafi’i was among the most distinguished scholars who systematized the Shafi’i school, and that his writings—especially Fath al-‘Aziz—became foundational references for later jurists.

This research examines the three pillars of valid readings of the Quran, which are tawatur (transmission), the script of the Mushaf, and conformity to the Arabic language. It explores the objectives and purposes behind the stipulation of these conditions for accepting or rejecting a reading, as well as the practical implications of these objectives in our recitation of the Quran with its various readings. The study also addresses the meaning of tawatur, whether the script of the Mushaf was established by the companions of the Prophet (may Allah be pleased with them) or if it was divinely mandated by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Additionally, it discusses why the Arabic language complements the first two pillars and presents the opinions of scholars on these matters.

This research examines the three pillars of valid readings of the Quran, which are tawatur (transmission), the script of the Mushaf, and conformity to the Arabic language. It explores the objectives and purposes behind the stipulation of these conditions for accepting or rejecting a reading, as well as the practical implications of these objectives in our recitation of the Quran with its various readings. The study also addresses the meaning of tawatur, whether the script of the Mushaf was established by the companions of the Prophet (may Allah be pleased with them) or if it was divinely mandated by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Additionally, it discusses why the Arabic language complements the first two pillars and presents the opinions of scholars on these matters.

The research titled "The Impact of Smart Applications on the Jurisprudence of Prayer: A Foundational Jurisprudential Study" examines the role of smart applications in facilitating the performance of prayer and understanding its legal rulings. It aims to trace and establish the jurisprudential foundations related to prayer while analyzing the impact of modern technology in enhancing religious adherence. The study highlights both the benefits, such as easing the learning of prayer rituals and determining the Qibla, and the challenges, including overreliance on technology or the provision of incorrect information. It also discusses the legal and ethical guidelines for using these applications to ensure their reliability. The research employs an inductive and analytical methodology and offers a balanced perspective that integrates jurisprudence and technology to guide the optimal use of these tools in serving Muslims.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon our Master, his family, his companions, and those who follow his path and trace his footsteps until the Day of Judgment. This research, entitled (The Impact of the Differences in Qur’anic Readings on the Objective-Based Adaptation of Contemporary Jurisprudential Issues: An Applied Study of Financial Transactions), has shown that the difference in readings is not merely a linguistic or performance phenomenon. Rather, it is a chapter of legislative miracles, carrying within it renewed connotations that open broad horizons for the contemporary jurist. It has become clear that when the objective adaptation is based on the various Quranic readings, it is closer to the objectives of the Sharia and more likely to achieve the interest and prevent corruption, especially in modern economic life, with forms and transactions that were not known before. The research plan is based on an introduction, two chapters, and four points. The first section includes the theoretical framework for the difference in readings and the purposive adaptation. The first requirement: The difference in Quranic readings and its effect on the diversity of meanings. The second requirement: The controls for purposive adaptation and its conditions in investing in readings. The second section includes contemporary applications of the difference in readings in purposive adaptation. The first requirement: The second section examines the differences in readings on issues of usury and banking transactions from a purposive perspective. The second section examines the impact of differences in readings on emerging issues of contracts and transactions. It concludes with the most important results, and the applications presented demonstrate that invoking readings in light of purposive objectives restores the vitality and capacity for comprehension to the Qur’anic text, and confirms that Islamic law is valid for all times and places.