journal of kufa studies center

The present study seeks to identify the role that the self-abilities of employees can play as an intermediate variable between effective leadership and performance quality, and its importance lies in the fact that it sheds light on the problem of improving the performance of employees, two variables that can have an important positive impact on achieving better public service performance, and the element of leadership is the most important axis in the success of any organization that seeks to achieve its mission and strategic goals, that the quality of performance is reflected in the performance of employees, and it has adopted the descriptive analytical approach in building The data were collected through the distribution of the questionnaire that was designed based on a set of contemporary literature, with (58) paragraphs distributed on the three variables, and the sample consisted of (210) individuals to whom the questionnaire was distributed, and (194) forms were retrieved, and a set of statistical methods such as (Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and regression analysis) was used through Use of Application Software (SPSS. V.20, SMART PLS) to analyze and process the data, and it has reached a number of conclusions, most notably.

Applied sciences have been introduced as utilitarian sciences in the field of natural sciences, and have been employed by application and laboratory experiment as one of the means that other sciences can resort to, i.e., the natural sciences are not inert sciences that are self-employed, but they are overflowing with utility and interact with other sciences, so I call them applied sciences whenever they apply their theories and principles in the realm of practical experience. The positive interaction of the natural sciences has prompted the criminal law to enter into an objective relationship with them regarding some Vocabulary of the general theory of criminal law with the aim of scientific inference of aspects of the material and moral entity of crimes. Indeed, we have found the objective space in which applied sciences can operate in the realm of criminal law, especially within the scope of forensic theory of proof, whether it is forensic chemistry, forensic mathematics, or forensic physics. We concluded the research with a number of results and suggestions that were found in applied sciences that are of a procedural nature that made them belong to the procedural section of the criminal law and have a positive impact on criminal evidence.

The research in this topic deals with the concept of national unity and the importance of strengthening it in the country, as it is considered a basis for development and political and economic stability in countries. To achieve national unity, it requires the integration of society, the promotion of national values and national belonging, and the transformation from individual and collective affiliations to a single belonging to the homeland. The research discusses the basic dimensions on which this unity is based, which constitute the main components of any successful building of national unity, and points to the importance of national leadership and governments in strengthening national unity through the adoption of National policies and programs and promote dialogue among all segments of society. The research also addresses the obstacles that hinder the achievement of national unity and the resulting effects.

The future of the Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the most hot topics in the field of Iranian studies, and the study of the future of political development in this system presents an important aspect of the future of this regime. To study the future of economic development in Iran, this research employs the method of causal gradient analysis, which is one of the standard approaches in forward-looking studies and is adopted in social and political studies. The economic reality in Iran in the short and medium term will remain the same, as there is no progress or further regression and collapse.

Mass Graves: A mass grave is defined as the site that houses a large number of buried human remains
Whereas under Iraq's national law, a mass grave is defined as the land or place that contains the remains of more than one martyr who have been permanently buried or concealed without following the legal provisions or the human values that must be observed when burying the dead and in a way that is intended to conceal the features of a genocidal crime committed by an individual, group or organization and constitutes a violation of human rights, the Baath Party, upon taking power in Iraq, practiced the most heinous forms of repressive crime; In order to prevent individuals from carrying out acts that threaten its criminal regime, the most horrible forms of violence have been represented by the victims of many Iraqi people, represented by executions and the liquidation of religious authorities and scholars.

The research examines the most important stage in the history of US-Iran relations, which is the Cold War stage, during which Iran became a victim of the strategic interests of major countries, by virtue of its strategic and economic position, and during this period, the role of the United States of America emerged as a great power on the international stage following the British withdrawal from the Persian Gulf in an attempt to compete with the Soviet Union in gaining a foothold. He was presented to it in Iran, during which time there was a strong competition for influence between the Soviet Union and the United States, who tried to appear as a defender of Iran's rights.

The study aims to analyze the morphometric characteristics of the Naren Gay basin, represented by the cadastral characteristics, dimensions of basins, form, cadastral and topography, as well as the characteristics of the water network based on the digital elevation model (DEM) with an accuracy of (30) meters, and on topographic maps with a scale of (1/50000) to identify the basins located within the study area, as well as the use of information systems software (10.4 ARCGIS) through which the cadastral characteristics and basin dimensions of the area are found using a tool (Arc Hydrology Tools) The study area was characterized by the presence of a number of geological formations represented by formations (Al-Fatha, Muqdadiya, Anjana, Bai Hassan, Madmalkat) as well as the sediments of the quadruple time that occupy a very small area of the study area, and the area was characterized by the variation of its area and morphometric characteristics, and this is due to the difference of natural characteristics represented by the rocky nature, climate, and slope factor, as well as the effect of vegetation, all of these factors had an impact on the shape and area of the basins.

The research aims to identify the rates of the disabled population and the most important causes that led to disability in Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate, and to detect the spatial variation of these reasons, and to achieve this, the descriptive, analytical and quantitative method were used, and the data were classified in statistical tables and converted into rates and percentages to compare them at the level of administrative units, and the standard score was used, which is one of the most important statistical techniques used in classifying the phenomenon and the spatial variation generated by it in its distribution. In addition to the use of maps For the same purpose, the research relied on the data of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, the Authority for the Welfare of Persons with Disabilities, the Center for Guidance and Care of People with Special Needs, Najaf Branch for the year 2021, and the field study for the year 2022.
The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is the existence of spatial disparity in Najaf Governorate and at the level of its administrative units in the rates of disability and its causes, and the rate of disability in the research area reached (49.8) per thousand of the population, and the district of Al-Hurriya came with the highest rate of (196.7) while the lowest rate was recorded in the center of Al-Manadhira district and reached (25.1) per thousand of the population, and the cause of birth disability topped the ranking with relative importance of (47.9%) and the psychological cause came in the last place with a percentage of (2.5%), and the causes of disability varied spatially on At the level of administrative units, Al-Qadisiyyah district recorded the highest percentage of disability due to war and medical error amounting to (18.5% and 7.4%) respectively, and the genetic cause and the cause of aging came with the highest percentage in the network district of (50.0% and 16.7%) respectively, and the Najaf District Center recorded the highest percentage of disability due to illness (22.6%), and the Al-Mashkhab District Center came with the highest percentage of disability due to psychological disability (4.6%) and the percentage reached (64.6%) due to the cause of congenital disability in the Manadhira District Center.

The research aims at the necessity of developing surface water resources in Muthanna Governorate due to its location within the arid desert region and the severe evaporation to which it is exposed as well as the waste resulting from poor water management, the study focused on surface water in the governorate in all its forms, and the results of the research concluded that the use of modern irrigation techniques (drip – sprinkling) is a scientific and economic necessity to address the water crisis and to ensure the sustainability and increase agricultural production and increase the economic return of farms compared to the old irrigation methods that lead to wastage Water due to runoff, high rates of evaporation, and its lack of uniform distribution to plants, as well as the degradation of soil, salinization, and waterlogging, thus decreasing the productivity of the land, and the research ended with a number of results and suggestions.

This research is concerned with the analysis and study of the most important climatic characteristics and their monthly and annual trends, as the period of the general time study (1970-2021) has been divided into four minor climatic cycles, each of which is 13 years, in order to reach a scientific and accurate analysis of climate changes and their trends during the climatic cycles and the general study period, and at the level of monthly and annual rates of relative humidity and the amount of rainfall received in Iraq, because of the great importance of these two climatic elements in human life and various activities. The first climatic cycle was for the period (1970-1982), the second (1983-1995), the third (1996-2008) and the fourth (2009-2021) and for five climatic stations, namely (Mosul, Baghdad , Al-Rutba, Al-Hayy, and Basra), and this research includes two topics, the first of which illustrates the analysis and study of the monthly and annual rates of relative humidity, and the second topic is the analysis and study of the monthly and annual rates of rainfall received in the study area .

The study showed that the cases of abuse and trade in Al-Qadisiyyah Governorate are constantly increasing, although they fluctuate from year to year, whether they are artificial or natural, and the most commonly used are hallucinogenic pills of various kinds, crystal , opium, opium and Captagon.

The study aims to assess the reality of the quality of urban life in the city of Al-Manathira according to a number of objective social and subjective indicators related to the degree of societal satisfaction with it, and then to stereotype it in spatial regions in order to improve the quality of life in the city.
To achieve this strategic goal, a number of functional and analytical scientific approaches have been adopted to provide the requirements of induction and inference in a way that enables the treatment of the disease and the positive enhancement of it, as well as a number of statistical methods and field work that serves as the backbone of geographical studies.
The study reached a number of conclusions, including :
The study was able to stereotype the indicators of life under study in four spatial patterns or regions as a result of the combined social quality of life , and these patterns varied between residential neighborhoods.

The urban form is the pattern in which elements are formed, arranged and organized in the urban area, as the pattern of the urban form refers to many schematic and design qualities and characteristics. The urban form consists mainly of physical elements and spatial elements or characteristics, these elements interact with each other to form the usual patterns of the urban form. Several problems have emerged in urban areas and due to the difficulty of identifying the defects or the causes of these problems, Therefore, when finding clear relationships between physical and spatial elements, it is possible to diagnose these problems and identify their causes easily. The research found that the importance of physical elements starts from the social and economic need of individuals, which in turn affects the land systems mainly (their forms, sections, and uses), and the ease of access in the urban area is related to the efficiency of the road or street network, while the efficiency of filling depends on the types of buildings and their suitability for the social and economic needs in the area Urban.

The research is concerned with the study of grammatical methods in the explanation of the Sajjadi newspaper by Al-Ameli Al-Jabai, and this study enters the framework of grammatical research in grammatical methods, and Sheikh Al-Amili dealt with grammatical methods to explain the intention of Imam Zayn Al-Abidin in his supplication, because the Arabic language is a set of different styles, each style is a different means of expression that we use in our daily lives, and it has a specific purpose that is different from the other style.

Tawheed is the first of the principles of religion, and the fundamentals are what the religion is based on, i.e., these are the beliefs that every Muslim must believe, and it has been mentioned in a narration by Al-Fadil ibn Yassar that the denial of the magnitude of Allah (swt) is that His personal attributes cannot be described and how can they be described, because He is the One in whose hand is everything, there is no description of power, life, knowledge and greatness, because they are unlimited and do not limit a certain amount and do not stand at a certain time and time without limits. It limits it or prevents it, or walls stand in its way, the knowledge of the Almighty cannot be described as weak knowledge, or it is an imitation or a copied science, and its knowledge cannot be described as decreasing or increasing because its knowledge is eternal and has no end.

The Quranic text has sided with its miracles at all times, and the masters of Quranic miracles have not been left wandering or mentioned in the Holy Quran except to look at it carefully, and it has been a point of contemplation and consideration, and this is also one of the fruits of the Quran and the abundance of divine mercy.
One of the elements of the miracle of the Quranic text is the comma, and the Quranic comma is one of the mabahiths that attracted scholars of the past and the present, and they wrote more about it in order to reach the secrets of its miracle.

The researchers sought to identify the cognitive representation of information among middle school students through a set of objectives represented in identifying :
1. Cognitive Representation of Information among Middle School Students .
2. The Significance of Statistical Differences in the Cognitive Representation of Information among Middle School Students According to the Variables of Gender (Males and Females) and Specialization (Scientific and Literary ).
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, a scale was prepared to measure the cognitive representation of information in its final form consisting of (31) items, after verifying its validity and consistency and statistically analyzing its paragraphs on the statistical analysis sample consisting of 360 male and female students who were selected by stratified random method and proportional method . After completing the procedures of the research scale, the researchers applied the scale in its final form to the research sample of (400) male and female students who were selected by the random stratified method and the proportional method, the research reached a number of results, including :
• Middle school students have a cognitive representation of information.
• There is no difference between middle school students in the cognitive representation of information according to the gender variable (males, females) and there is no such difference according to the specialization variable (scientific, literary).
In light of the above, the researchers can determine the problem of their research by answering the following question :
Do middle school students have a cognitive representation of information?

There is an important and prominent role for investment projects for the development and development of the agricultural sector, including projects related to afforestation, due to the importance of these projects and their desired goals in providing food to the population, reducing the effects of climate change and drought, confronting the phenomenon of desertification and improving the environment, hence the importance of planting trees resistant to harsh climatic conditions and encouraging investment in this field and its importance to society, and the basic requirements that must be met for the establishment of the pistachio farm project in the city of Najaf Al-Ashraf have been determined. and the costs of operating it, the labor required for it, and all other requirements .
The study showed the reality of agriculture in Iraq and the importance of afforestation and pistachio trees, and the pistachio tree is considered one of the best perennial fruit trees that are resistant to harsh climatic conditions and the desert environment, due to its low need for water, its tolerance to high temperatures, and its dense vegetative total, and its ability to grow in the poorest soils, and it is characterized by its high economic return, the high prices of its fruits, and its achievement of good profits in the medium and long term. In addition to its contribution to improving the environment, tempering the climate and stabilizing the sand dunes, the importance of the unique project in the region has emerged. The research reached results that proved the success of the project and its high profitability, as well as its positive effects on the environment, and the research recommends the importance of supporting and encouraging agricultural projects and afforestation projects.

This research aims to highlight and reveal changes in agricultural land use in the Al-Manathira district, as well as changes in crop types and their geographical distribution. It also seeks to determine the size and direction of crop growth and development by comparing two agricultural seasons: the baseline season (2012) and the comparison season (2022). Furthermore, the research aims to identify the impact of geographical characteristics (both natural and human) and their correlation with these changes and distribution. The main research problem lies in understanding and revealing changes in terms of both area and crop type. To achieve this, the regional, fundamental, and crop-based approaches were employed, along with quantitative analytical methods. To verify the hypothesis, modern technologies were used to create a database, relying on remote sensing techniques within Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

Noise in residential areas is an environmental problem faced by urban communities around the world, as is the case in the study area, as this noise arises as a result of the influence of a range of sources, such as traffic, construction works, industrial activities, and recreational activities, as continuous noise (continuous exposure to noise) affects the physical and mental health of the population, as it can lead to sleep disturbances, increased stress levels, lack of concentration, and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, and noise affects the deterioration of the quality of life, as it can lead to Reducing comfort and recreation in homes and the immediate surroundings, and noise in residential areas is an important challenge to improve the quality of life in urban communities, and requires joint efforts from local governments and professionals in the field of environment and urban planning to reduce this problem.
The research dealt with the residents of the Kufa district center and knowing their population density and population growth in order to compare it with noise levels, as well as knowing the noise levels spatially and temporally according to the residential neighborhoods of the study area .

The research aims to determine the impact of informal housing on the archaeological tourist sites in Al-Manadhira district, and the research includes the problem, hypothesis and goal, as well as the boundaries of the research area, as well as the distribution of archaeological sites and axes of urban expansion, and the negative effects resulting from human activities that directly and indirectly, such as the decrease in the area surrounding the archaeological site related to the development of the place and the construction of tourist facilities for it, in addition to the inflation of real estate prices in cities, which represents one of the main reasons for the spread of the phenomenon of random construction and Especially near archaeological sites.

Aging and urbanization are two prominent processes in this era, as the percentage of the elderly has increased with the growth of cities, and several theories have emerged that address this subject, but the Islamic religion was the first to pay attention to them. By knowing the common characteristics between the elderly, religious narratives and theories, we see the importance and nature of this category, and thus the first axis ends with the planning requirements and the determinants of healthy and social living for them, while the second axis deals with the practical aspect of research in the study area, which is the old city of Najaf.

This research deals with the concept of miracle and dignity that occurred at the hands of the prophets (peace be upon them), which was mentioned in the Holy Quran, and the impact of these extraordinary events on changing the cultural reality of the people of these prophets (peace be upon them).

The research talks about the definition of the Jewish religion and the distinction between the names that have been given to the Jews throughout history, whether based on what has been mentioned in their holy books or relying on the linguistic origin of those names, in addition to the role of the geographical, political and historical impact of the origin of the name, then we are exposed to the Sheikhs criticism of the Jews and his definition of the meaning of Jews and Zionism, as well as the Sheikhs historical criticism of the Jewish religion at the beginning From Adam to the prophets of the Children of Israel, mentioning the most important tyrants of the Jews, and the Jews were able to gain power after they were oppressed and ruled in the countries in which they lived, then the emergence of their own kingdoms that expanded in the countries, the outbreak of wars between them, the fall of their king at the hands of (Nebuchadnezzar), then the appearance of the Messiah and their salvation at his hands, and the research presented the issue of corporeality among the Jews and the sheikhs conclusion that the Jewish religion is not suitable to be for all human beings and in all times. He also referred to the danger of Zionism to the Muslim countries and the whole world, and mentioned the factors of the failure of Muslims in the face of the factors of the progress of the Jews, and mentioned the crimes of Zionism and the role of the West in supporting them, and the ability of the Jews to launch raids on the countries specified for them, contrary to what was expected, and the Arabs were content to condemn and protest.

The research tagged "Evidence for the prohibition of the crime of murder in Imami jurisprudence and Iraqi law - a comparative study" revolves around self-assault by murder, and the definition of this crime and the evidence for its prohibition in Imami jurisprudence and Iraqi law.
Several Qur'anic verses have warned against the crime of murder, and murder is considered one of the most heinous crimes in the eyes of Islam, and therefore its punishment was very severe.
In the research, we dealt with the concept of murder in Imami jurisprudence and its evidence, and we explained the concept of murder in Iraqi jurisprudence and its evidence according to its paragraphs and articles, and ended with a comparison between the Imami jurisprudence and the ethnic law and the comparison between them, and finally we reviewed the results of the murder in the Imami jurisprudence and Iraqi law in a specialized way, then the results of the research, the footnotes and the sources.

Anyone who follows the civilization of Mesopotamia will find that this civilization was founded on multiple and diverse foundations, its body and was chosen by the man who lived in this given land. The ancient Mesopotamian man chose the features of his civilization with all that his experiences contained throughout the ages, starting from the stage of gathering sustenance to urbanization and urbanization, and during this journey, he left us his civilizational imprints in the ancient bellies of the hills to be a witness to this civilization, which was and still is a beacon for all humanity.
From his knowledge of agriculture and the ways of its development, he was able to establish the villages and cities in which he settled and began to expand in his life, and this expansion included all the joints of life, while economic documents were of great importance in knowing many methods of daily economic dealings among the members of the society, as well as reflecting the economic systems that prevailed at that time.
On the legal side, contracts were important in determining the extent to which individuals were committed to applying the law in daily life, and on the other hand, these texts were important in filling the gaps in the codified laws that we have received.

The Arabs are interested in the connotation of words and meanings, whether they are linguists, regionalists, speakers, or fundamentalists, they have been exposed to the definition of signification and its elements, which are :(signifier, signified, and signified), or they have called them other terms: such as (inferent, inferent, and inferred), and they have also talked about some terms similar to or accompanying the signification to: (evidence, inference, emirate, and sign), and we will deal with three demands in this research, which we have divided into three demands:
The first requirement: the definition of semantics in language and idiom, and the second requirement: the elements of semantics between linguists and fundamentalists .
The third requirement is the words that accompany the connotation between linguists and fundamentalists, and we support what has been mentioned by the fundamentalists, grammarians, and others.

The current research is a study in the semiotic significance of metaphor in (conceptual) art, as conceptual art is a pictorial art that harnesses the image to communicate and portray, on the one hand, and to influence the recipient on the other hand, it has many and varied connotations, including its artistic, aesthetic and expressive mechanisms (form and content), especially when it is related to semiotics and interpretation, to produce several meanings and functions, and the artist has employed metaphor in his pictorial surface, as a visual discourse that has an impact on the recipient, or the addressee, so that it makes him dive into those meanings that he carries, to make an impact on the souls of the From the perspective of change, and addressing the recipient to interact with the events of the world and the common destiny, contemporary artists have deliberately used a variety of methods and means, including visual and performative, to arouse people's minds and guide them to take serious positions in the face of political measures and unjust rights by presenting the idea of plastic political discourse as a tool of criticism, and confronting the direction of political events, at all local and global levels. The first chapter contained 1- the research problem, 2- the importance of the research and the need for it, 3- the purpose of the research, and 4- the definition of terms. The second chapter contained the theoretical framework, the first represented the artistic image and the production of meaning, and the second topic: semiotic connotations in political conceptual art, while the third chapter included the research procedures, then the fourth chapter included the research results, suggestions and recommendations, and the research also included sources and margins.

The study aims to analyze the relationship between transformational leadership and rational decision-making, and to address the research problem that the research company that the Middle Euphrates Distribution Company (one of the companies of the Iraqi Ministry of Oil) does not show much interest in transformational leadership, rational decision-making, the quality of competition in the market, and the nature and quality of the productive services offered in the market. The present study makes a preliminary assumption that all these obstacles are the result of the non-accreditation of the Euphrates Distribution Company. We also note that there is a lack of understanding and application of transformational leadership and what are the rational decisions through which the company can be in control and able to meet the needs of the customers in that market, and it has been possible to develop a hypothetical model that reflects the nature of the affective relationship between transformational leadership and rational decision-making, and the study adopted a main hypothesis that sub-hypotheses are sub-hypotheses that show the disparity between To test the validity of these hypotheses, the data related to the variables of the study model were collected by adopting a questionnaire prepared for this purpose, which was analyzed using a set of statistical methods and the results were extracted using the computer program (SPSS-2). The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: there is a significant impact of the independent dimension represented by transformational leadership in the adopted variables represented in rational decision-making. Based on the conclusions reached by the study, recommendations were made consistent with these conclusions, as well as recommendations adopted for future researchers in the topics of the current study.