journal of kufa studies center

In this research, the concept of variable selection method was studied by employing penalty methods in the multiple linear regression model. Four methods of organization (penalty) were addressed, and these methods are (Ridge method, Lasso method, adaptive lasso method, and elastic net method). Each penalty method was also clarified by studying its mathematical formula as well as the most important characteristics and disadvantages of each method.
In order to study these methods, one simulation experiment was conducted in this research, assuming the existence of a real vector of the parameters to be estimated in order to measure the accuracy of the work of each method, this experiment was conducted assuming the generation of different sample sizes, where the observations of the explanatory variables were first converted to the standard values to decipher the correlations between them, in addition to the conversion of the observations of the response variable to centering values. In other words, the study assumed that there are different values of correlations between the explanatory variables. The results in the simulation experiments indicated that the Elastic Net method showed the lowest value of the quality criterion of estimating the parameters called the mean absolute difference average, and therefore this method can be considered as the best method in terms of the accuracy and interpretation of the model.
In order to show the efficiency of the work of the above-mentioned penalty methods, real data collected from Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital were analyzed to represent a sample of patients with stroke, considering that the response variable in this study represents the size of the stroke and a set of (17) explanatory variables, and the relationship between the clot size variable and the explanatory variables is represented by a multiple linear regression model in order to identify the most important factors or variables that affect the size of the stroke. The results also showed that the Elastic Net method is the best rewarding method at the level of variable selection or at the level of the interpretive power of the model.

The importance of the study is highlighted in the fact that it deals with a real phenomenon that is one of the most influential problems on the reality of urban structure, as most cities in developing countries suffer from the problem of the spread of slums, and its negative effects on services, substantive structures, and the planning aspect, as well as the effects on land uses in cities, hence this study came under the title of (Sustainable Urban Development as a Framework for the Development and Neighborhoods of Poor Areas (Kufa - Case Study) This phenomenon was studied in four chapters, the first chapter included the conceptual aspect of the subject of the study, the second chapter was concerned with the reality of the phenomenon of the spread of slums in the city, as it included the most important geographical factors affecting the spread of the phenomenon and its geographical distribution, and the third chapter focused on the study of the spatial patterns of the phenomenon of informal housing in the city of Kufa, as it included the analysis of the urban, social and economic patterns of the city's slums, while the fourth chapter dealt with the most important negative effects on the city, and also included the presentation of suggestions To address this prevalence, which still exists until now, and to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the field study method to collect data and information .
The study relied on several variables to highlight the size of the prevalence, its urban, economic, and social patterns, and the emergence of slums, and the study concluded several results, including:
The spread of informal housing in the city of Kufa came as a result of the suitability of the natural characteristics of the city's location and location with its religious importance, which attracted the attention of immigrants to it and the establishment of informal residential communities, in addition to the growth of the city's population and the high rates of migration accompanied by the lack of housing stock, as well as the unorganized spatial expansion of the city, as the researcher concluded. The study also proved the possibility of addressing the phenomenon of informal housing in the city of Kufa through the use of some methods such as the method of complete and partial removal and the method of developing slums, and then the research came out with a set of recommendations.

Since the pre-Islamic era, the Iraqi land pilgrimage route was used as a trade route between two Arab cities, Kufa and Hijaz, and in the eras that followed, it was used for Hajj to Mecca, where they built stations for the rest and accommodation of pilgrims on it, in addition to digging wells to supply water, and in the Ottoman era, in addition to its religious importance as a route for pilgrimage, it was used in the economic aspect, as some pilgrims who went to the Holy Lands were merchants and accompanied with them their goods to trade in them on the way, in Najd and Hijaz. Most of their trade was done with the inhabitants of Hail, especially during the reign of the Al-Rashid family.

In this research, he presented the most important jobs and tasks entrusted to Aziz Jassim Al-Hajiya during his military service, who was selected to carry out these tasks without other officers, due to his service to sports, especially the military ones, as he was a teacher of violent training courses during the beginnings of his affiliation with the military corps, and then he was selected To become a successful administrator for a number of tasks assigned to him, whether he is the president of the weightlifting federation, a deputy of the swimming federation, or an administrator of one of the Iraqi swimmers and their external participation in this field.