Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

Ibn al-Atheer of the famous historical figures in the Islamic civilization, obtained the status of his books and perhaps the most famous full book in history, which kept us news about that time period of the history of the Islamic world, and from those news, the important information about Salah al-Din Ayyubi, which was an important source for Studying the life of Salah al-Din.

It appears to us through our study that Ibn Khaldun's circumstance and his continuous moving's, and being close and in touch with the kings and princes of his time, and his acquaintance of the cities books, which he had visited, gained his experience and maturity of mind and stored information's burst to cover the pages of his introduction .After he settled in Egypt for ten successive years to be free to writings. It becomes clear to us now, that Ibn Khaldun is the founder of sociology and nearly seven branches of it from him. August Comte and scientists of sociology obtained their ideas in the modern stage about this science which was named by Ibn Khaldun the science of human construction. He had a preced foot in studying the social phenomenon through the historian events, He put laws to explain the social phenomenon through comparisons that is counted on the man societies. He also assured on the question of social changes about humans according to the circumstances that surround them. He divided them into two kinds, Gradual and fast, accompanied by a change in man's natures and behaviors. The socialists got those opinions from his book to build their detailed theories on in this field .
In the field of history and its philosophy the great credit was on the European history philosophers, at the head was Voltaire. He was the first to use the idiom philosophy of history .
To find a complete understandings to the basic aim of studying the comprehensive history of the world. He presented bases and laws included by the writer to purify his subject of lies, tribalism, hypocricy and courtesy of the sultans that penetrate history books. Ibn Khaldun was beyond dispute the founder of the philosophy of history and civilization. Many European philosophers, historians pursue the same way, precisely in the geographical factor to explain history, periodical successive of civilizations, the state's age, the stages that it undergoes, factors of the state's power and weakness to be the guide to all European philosophers without any exception to put their private theories to civilization and the cause of establishing and removal. So he is the illegal father to their mental and philosophical production, while his sons and grandsons of Muslim Arabs didn’t continue his journey because they entered the stages of stagnation (inactivity) and repeating the mental civilization God almighty said the truth I have made you peoples and tribes, so that you may know that I will honor you with God. .
Here getting acquainted means to know each other and means the exchange of civilization among the peoples, so what the Greece had started is completed by the Arabs and developed by the west and picked up it's fruits.

The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "The head of Islam, the pillar of prayer, and the height of his Sunnah is jihad." This Hadith clearly shows that Islam gave Jihad a great status in order to spread religion to the people of the land in its suburbs and its lands. (Peace and blessings be upon him) with this task in his life and then took command after the death of his beloved companions (may Allah be pleased with them) then the followers. And then came after them until the conquest and spread of Islam from the borders of China eastward to the ocean to the west and south-west Europe (Andalusia) and has carried out this noble goal and the leadership of the armies to complete the conquest of the leaders of bones and characters entered the history of the widest door, but they were nevertheless different from Where the opinions of historians about them, some of whom find his biography and conquests and puzzles in the most books of the biography and Mgazi such as Qatibah bin Muslim Bahali and followed by Ben Nafie Fahri and some of it passed by the historians and the people of Sir and Mgazi passage despite the fact that what they provided is not a little of these leaders and the adventurers is Abu Muhajir dinars Ben Abi Di Nar, which is the subject of our research and we have tried through this research statement of his biography and his mandate on Africa and his combat efforts in the arrival of Islam to some areas of Morocco and we have used some sources and references and God reconcile.

The historical studies that dealt with peaceful co-existence between Muslims and the people of the world , varied . This subject has a most importance effect from the social side. Therefore , the researchers and historians of ancient times shall study this side , then their interest increased over time as a result to risk and severity of the challenges that the world faced in general and Arab world in particular .
In the period preceded the establishment of Fatimid State , Copts enjoyed a high status in the Egyptian society where they had a freedom in work in different position of the state as they enjoyed free of exercise their religion believes and building their own worship places .
After Fatimid Caliphate extended to Egypt and Levant ( 358 A.H- 567A.H \ 969 A.d – 9179A.D) Fatimid caliphs followed the policy of religion tolerance with all people of the State and not only with Copts , they allowed all people to participate in service this State in different fields , provided that the person shall have honesty and loyalty to the state , as well as ability and efficiency .
This policy had its results on Egypt which enjoyed calm and stability , Copts Muslims participated in their religion celebrations which was attended by Fatimid caliphs and senior state officials , they were spending a lot of money to secure supplies of that celebrations of food , drink and other . They were providing a necessary protection to Copts of soldiers and others in anticipation of any emergency ,where they followed them till the celebrations and religion rites ended and they did not prevented them only in very poor cases and for particular reasons as misbehavior made by group of Copts and other reasons. They were briefly prevented and then allowed to celebrate their holidays again , The Copts also participated Muslims in their holidays and religious celebrations as Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr, al-Adha, the Prophet's birth and the tenth of Muharram , the Copts also participated in the celebration that was held on the occasion of the creation of the plugs, which is an important event in the Egyptian society.
The Copts shared with the rest people of the society in the tribulations that were going through the country, especially low levels of Nile or the illness of a princes, they went out with Muslims to pray carrying their holy books and beseeching to Allah to lift their distress.
It is possible to say that the policy pursued by the Fatimid Caliphs and their attempts to find a peaceful atmosphere for all their subjects was a key factor in the enjoyment of freedom by the Copts and other sects and lived together in harmony.
The research showed the situation of Dhimmis before the extension of the Fatimid caliphate to Egypt and their situation after the coming of Fatimids and their participation in the Muslims in their holidays and celebrations . As they participated Muslims Copts in their holidays , occasions and freedom enjoyed by the Copts in the construction and renovation of their churches and performing religious rituals.

It is really important to mention the fact that the study, annotation and commentation of books ,manus cripts and works on heritage keep such works from loss . To do this maintenance , and needs to renew old books with the due rules of dictation and or thogrophy.This manuscrip , however, shows the basice of ascetism as well as the relation of the ascetic with his Lord . In this study , many expression and vocables used by the ascetics(sufis) are being included . Moreover, such vocables are derived from cosmic occult sciences such as astronomy and astrology
The study is divided into tow sections
The first section indudes the translation of the anther , his life, his education , his upbringing ,his sheiks and students besides his feats and exception deeds as well as his death . the sccond section touohes upon the annotation and insight into the monuscript itself

A number of sources considered the definition of economic policy as a set of political, economic, legislative and social measures aimed at influencing the course of national economic activity, or controlling it to develop it according to a specific philosophy, style and speed, through taxes, fixing prices, creating jobs, of other procedures. Accordingly, the Yugoslavia government sought economic development through the optimal investment of natural resources, increased labor productivity, the development of technical industries, and the formation of capital by increasing domestic savings, thus contributing to economic stability and development in all sectors.
The research focused on the economic policy of Yugoslavia since the 1965 Economic Reform Act was introduced to the global financial crisis of 1971 and its reflection on the Yugoslavia economy, which forced the government to amend the constitution. The first was a geographical and historical overview of Yugoslavia and the nature of its economic system up to 1965. The second axis addressed the economic policy of Yugoslavia, which focused on the self-management system after the elimination of Soviet domination and its impact on the labor force and the local market. While the third axis concerned the study of the most important economic, agricultural, industrial and commercial resources of Yugoslavia, and their impact on guiding the general economic policy of the years (1965-1971).

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the best messengers Muhammad and all his family and companions. Islam is the only religion that gave women rights and privileges and did not give them before or after legislation or system. Islam gave women their full rights on a basis consistent with their personality, abilities, efficiency and aspirations. And the role of the president in life has been combined texts of the Koran and the Sunnah of the Prophet on the respect and good treatment of women, and that the treatment of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) to the wife of a wife and a girl and how it was better treatment for them and allows them to express feelings of love and anger and jealousy, and urged Muslims to pity Women Vchbiha them Balquarir this magnificent metaphor, which suggests the beauty of the look of the Prophet (may Allah bless him and his family and him) for this fairer sex.

The regime of Emir Bashir Shihabi II and his conflict with the Shihabi family are considere the Shihabi family are considered basic parts in the history of Lebanon. His regime is known of its instability and of the continuous struggle with everyone tried tried to take over the authority. On one hand, emir Bashir made use of his allies’ support. On the other hand, he followed a severe taxation policy in order to please the governor of Acre by offering money.
The Prince’s policy is not only known of the conflict with the Shihabi in 1790, but it exceede to abolishing the latter’s proponents and followers.
Hence, the abolishing of his managers—Jirjis Baz and Abdul-Ahad Baz. This matter is evident if one considers the many battles that Emir Bashir had fought against those proponents just for keeping the authority for himself.

Most of the women and men tombs of the early dynastic period at Ur and Kish contained cosmetic shells or cosmetic pigments. The cosmetic shells were also made of gold or silver. It seems that cosmetic pigments in Khafajah were preserved in stone jars. In the royal cemetery of Ur especially in the tomb of queen Puabi precious cosmetic boxes and cosmetic containers were discovered. The cosmetic pigments indicate the white, red, blue, green, purple and black or black brown. The pigments were used to decorate the eyes, eyebrows, lips and the cheeks. The main point behind using the Khol or the eyeliner was to enlarge the eyes, because the big and open eyes signify life compared to the closed eyes, which indicate death. The using of Khol and other cosmetic pigments show the power and vitality of the person. Mirror was the most important items of cosmetic equipments. Mirrors were made at the beginning of polished Obsidian, and then from copper. Several mirrors were discovered at Ur, Tello, private houses at Kish, at Khafajah, Khorsbad and also in Nimrud. Mirror is only one time attested in relief from the Neo-Assyrian period on bronze plaque. The Mirror in the ancient near east may have served as a divine attribute. Combs also were very important in Mesopotamian for both men and women. Combs were discovered in both men and women graves, and were placed above the knee or near the head. Often made from ivory, the comb was decorated with geometric motifs or ceremonial scenery. Besides cosmetic shells, cosmetic pigments, mirrors and combs, metal kit, razors, blades and other cosmetic equipments were also discovered.