Al-Bahir Journal for Engineering and Pure Sciences

The extensive usage of deodorants and antiperspirants raises concerns about the potential health risks posed by heavy metal content. This study quantified the levels of five heavy metals: Aluminum, Zirconium, Lead, Cadmium, and Chromium in 22 commercial products widely used in Benghazi, Libya, and assessed the associated health risks. Samples, categorized into gel, stick, and roll-on formulations, were analyzed using iCAP TQ ICP-MS. Al and Zr showed the widest concentration ranges, reflecting their intentional use as active ingredients. Al levels ranged from trace amounts (0.032 mg/kg) up to a maximum of 99.10 mg/kg, while Zr was found exclusively in gel and stick formulations, reaching 36.81 mg/kg. In contrast, the trace metal contaminants (Pb, Cd, and Cr) were consistently found at extremely low levels, ranging from non-detectable up to a maximum of only 0.013 mg/kg (Cd). Health risks were estimated for males and females at 50% and 100% bioaccessibility using the systemic exposure dose (SED), Margin of Safety (MoS), Hazard Index (HI), and Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR). The LCR values remained overwhelmingly within the acceptable range, indicating low carcinogenic concern. However, non-carcinogenic risk was suggested in a small subset of samples where the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and HI exceeded the threshold of 1. These results indicate that while the majority of products pose little overall health danger, continuous monitoring of specific high-Al and Zr formulations is essential to guarantee long-term consumer safety.

Electricity theft causes annual global losses exceeding $96 billion, severely impacting distribution networks. This paper presents a novel IoT-based system integrating current differential sensing, physical tamper detection, and edge-cloud analytics to detect energy theft in single-phase smart meters. The design employs three ACS712 current sensors to monitor Kirchhoff-compliant current flow at the grid pole, meter input, and load output, coupled with a PIR sensor for cabinet intrusion. A SIM800L GSM module enables real-time theft alerts and remote disconnection, while closed-loop control autonomously restores power after tamper resolution — a feature absent in prior GSM-only systems. An Android application provides geotagged notifications and remote reactivation. Detection thresholds are formalized using a sensor-fusion algorithm, and the system is validated through Proteus 8.6 simulations across 11 theft scenarios, achieving up to 98.7% accuracy in controlled simulations and 6.7–8.9 s response latency. These results demonstrate promise but also reflect the limitations of simulation-based evaluation. Comparative analysis highlights improvements over GSM-only and ML-based methods in robustness, response time, and coverage. To strengthen validity, field validation with ESP32 prototypes is underway to benchmark against commercial smart meters and confirm real-world performance

In the class of seemingly unrelated regression models, the dispersion nature of the dependent variable can greatly impact the efficiency and reliability of the parameter estimates for the model. Despite this, the seemingly unrelated Poisson regression model and seemingly unrelated negative binomial model are two most commonly used count data models for these class of regression models. This study introduces the seemingly unrelated exponentiated exponential geometric regression (SUEEGR) for modelling count data which might be equi-, under, or over-dispersed. Parameters estimation for the model was carried out using the method of maximum likelihood. A simulation study was carried out to assess the performance of the model under various conditions using certain evaluation criteria for the under-dispersed, over dispersed and when SUEEGR reduces to SU-geometric regression. The model was applied to datasets from Demography and Health Survey (DHS), the descriptive with scattered plot of the dataset were obtained and the results was compared with those obtained from seemingly unrelated Poisson regression. From the findings, it was observed that there is a significant correlation (0.1594) between the response variables and SUEEGR model appears to provide a better overall fit of the data than SUGPR because of the higher Log-likelihood, lower AIC and BIC of the model.

A prosthetic socket is essential for achieving comfort, gait symmetry, and overall satisfaction for amputees. Effective suspension systems are crucial for securely attaching prostheses, thereby optimizing comfort, functional performance, and long-term limb health. This study aimed to develop and evaluate an intelligent vacuum-assisted suspension system for transtibial prostheses to improve socket fit, gait stability, and reduce residual limb movement. The system integrates force-sensitive resistors (FSRs) and an inertial measurement unit (MPU6050) with accelerometer and gyroscope sensors, continuously monitoring interface pressure and limb motion. Real-time data from these sensors dynamically adjusts vacuum pressure based on the user's gait pattern .Quantitative gait analysis conducted with the G-Walk system under non-vacuum and vacuum conditions identified biomechanical deficiencies without vacuum, including reduced gait quality, decreased stride length, and asymmetrical pelvic motion. When the vacuum system was activated, walking speed increased from 0.88 m/s to 1.04 m/s (~18%), propulsion force improved from 5.5 N to 8.0 N, and the symmetry index rose from 74.7% to 83.3%, reflecting more efficient push-off, enhanced bilateral balance, and improved dynamic stability. These findings extend previous work, such as Gholizadeh et al. (2020) and Coburn et al. (2022), by not only confirming improvements in socket stability but also providing clear quantitative evidence of enhanced gait mechanics. Compared to Kent et al. (2024), who emphasized functional benefits of vacuum-assisted suspension, the present system demonstrates measurable biomechanical gains through dynamic, real-time vacuum regulation. Long-term functional measurements showed consistent improvements in stride uniformity and cadence, demonstrating the system’s efficacy in enhancing limb-socket interaction, dynamic alignment, and overall gait efficiency. Because this study is based on a single case, the results are still preliminary and require confirmation through studies involving multiple participants.

The expeditious growth of electronic commerce (e-commerce) fundamentally transformed business operations and consumer behavior by enabling businesses to reach a global market, streamline supply chains, and provide personalized shopping experiences. This shift necessitated reliable security measures to protect sensitive information during online transactions. However, existing approaches that combined encryption, steganography, and conventional compression techniques such as DCT and autoencoders were limited in preserving image quality and computational efficiency. To address this gap, the objective of this study was to integrate WebP compression into the cryptographic–steganographic pipeline in order to improve image quality, ensure payload integrity, and achieve efficiency suitable for real-time e-commerce systems. While cryptographic–steganographic pipelines combining asymmetric encryption, spatial embedding, and compression are well established, this study focused on demonstrating the comparative performance benefits of WebP compression over existing approaches such as the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and autoencoders. To achieve this, an enhanced model was developed and evaluated by integrating the ElGamal cryptosystem for encryption, Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography for embedding, and WebP for compression and optimization. In the developed workflow, transaction data was encrypted using ElGamal, embedded into cover images with LSB steganography, compressed using WebP, and at the receiver’s end the images were decoded, the ciphertext was extracted, and decrypted with the private key to recover the original data. This process ensured confidentiality, efficiency, and reliability in e-commerce communication. Empirical evaluation was conducted using key performance metrics, including Mean Squared Error (MSE), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and entropy. Results showed low MSE values, PSNR values exceeding 79 dB, SSIM scores of 0.9999, and minimal entropy loss, confirming both high image quality retention and strong payload integrity. These results demonstrate that the developed model achieved superior image quality, high structural fidelity, zero payload errors, and efficient performance, confirming its suitability for securing sensitive e-commerce transactions. Compared with the base work of Kumbhakar et al. [36], which reported a PSNR of 54.9 dB, the developed WebP-based model demonstrated a significant improvement in image quality and efficiency. These findings established that while the cryptographic–steganographic pipeline itself was not novel, the integration of WebP compression provided superior performance compared to traditional DCT-based methods. The developed model therefore offered a practical and effective solution for safeguarding sensitive e-commerce transactions, addressing threats such as data interception, unauthorized access, and Man-in-the-Middle attacks.

Groundwater is a critical resource in Illah, Delta State, where surface water is unreliable. This study aims to evaluate groundwater potential and aquifer properties using geoelectric methods, with a particular focus on Dar-Zarrouk parameters. Thirteen Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys were conducted using the Schlumberger array. Derived parameters, including resistivity, thickness, and Dar-Zarrouk indices, were analysed to characterise the aquifers’ hydraulic properties. Four to five geoelectric layers underlie the study area. Aquifer resistivity ranged from 124–2499 Ω·m, thickness from 3.4–57.9 m, and transmissivity from 27.54–468.99 m²/day. VES 4, VES 1, and VES 7 were identified as high-potential sites. Longitudinal conductance values (0.0038–0.2949 Ω⁻¹) indicated that most aquifers had poor to moderate protective capacity. High transmissivity zones with moderate overburden protection, such as VES 4 and VES 1, are ideal for borehole development. VES 2 and VES 9 had low transmissivity, suggesting low productivity. Spatial variations reveal Illah’s complex hydrogeological structure influenced by the Imo Formation. Geoelectrical sounding and Dar-Zarrouk analysis offer a cost-effective approach for aquifer evaluation in Illah, facilitating data-driven groundwater resource planning. The integration of resistivity and Dar-Zarrouk parameters provides a robust geophysical framework for aquifer zoning in data-scarce rural settings.

This review explores the significance of animal anatomy across different fields, emphasizing both microscopic and macroscopic structures. The text covers teaching methods in veterinary medicine, with a focus on diagnostics and surgery. It also delves into various anatomical and moral issues, alongside contemporary teaching approaches. The importance of anatomy in both biological and clinical contexts continues to be central in advancing veterinary education, even with the presence of various digital tools and cutting-edge imaging technologies.

Wind turbines are vital to global renewable energy strategies, yet their aerodynamic performance often falls short of optimal levels, limiting overall efficiency and increasing operational loads. Flow controllers, devices designed to manipulate airflow around turbine blades, have emerged as a promising means of enhancing power capture while mitigating fatigue and structural stresses. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of current research on aerodynamic optimization using flow controllers, covering both conventional and emerging technologies such as vortex generators, Gurney flaps, microtabs, and plasma actuators. The review evaluates the aerodynamic principles behind these devices, their reported performance improvements in laboratory and field studies, and their potential to extend turbine life and improve energy yield across various wind regimes. Additionally, it examines design considerations, including scalability, integration challenges, and potential trade-offs between efficiency gains and structural integrity. Knowledge gaps, particularly in long-term field validation, controller-turbine interaction modeling, and cost-benefit analysis, are also identified, along with future research directions to address these gaps. By consolidating existing findings, this study provides actionable insights for researchers and industry stakeholders, guiding the development of more efficient, reliable, and sustainable wind energy systems through advanced aerodynamic control solutions.

Before a drug can be widely used, it must go through a long development process, starting from the discovery of the active ingredient and continuing with tests to confirm its safety and effectiveness. In this study, new olsalazine derivatives were synthesized, containing a fused morpholine-3-one ring and two five-membered heterocyclic rings (thiadiazole and oxadiazole). Common and readily available materials, such as salicylic acid (to prepare 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid) and inexpensive catalysts.