Sumer University Journal for humanity science

The novel is not born out of a vacuum, but rather is the product of an interactive relationship between Its creator and the social contexts and system within whose frameworks he writes, as he is an offshoot of it. The novel is an artistic sense that works to condense reality and reflect it as if it were a mirror and a direct reflection of reality. It must be affected and changed according to these changes in terms of the narrative, structural, and thematic components.
The narrative consists of four elements: (event, character, time, and place), which the narrator formulates to convey what he wants.

The Abbasid period stands out as one of the most flourishing periods in the history of Arabic literature,distinguished by the emergence of a large number of poets—both men and women—who were profoundly influenced by the intellectual and cultural atmosphere of the time. This influence was a result of the Abbasid society’s openness to the cultures of other nations and peoples, leading to a rich exchange of ideas and values, supported further by economic prosperity. These factors contributed significantly to the refinement and development of poetic talent across genders .
The diversity of oetic themes in classical Arabic poetry was historically accompanied by a set of critical terms that were used to evaluate a poet’s artistic skill and rhetorical mastery. Among the most prominent of these terms is (poetic virility), which evolved into a critical standard for determining a poet’s rank and literary stature.Women, too, played an active role in the cultural life of the Abbasid period and produced remarkable poetry, with some female poets achieving notable recognition and acclaim .
This study aims to explore the epistemological trajectory of the concept of (poetic virility) on one hand and to examine its position within cultural criticism on the other. Accordingly, the research is structured around two main axes: investigates the praising and satirical poetic selves, highlighting the patterns of (poetic virility) as manifested in women’s poetry. As for the second axis, it examines the virile tradition and the ways in which female poets challenged conventional poetic norms, particularly in the genres of flirtation and win.

Media and political discourse are among the most influential forms of discourse, reflecting values and beliefs and guiding public opinion. Media discourse focuses on conveying information and shaping attitudes, while political discourse seeks to persuade and influence the audience to support a particular vision or position. Both discourses rely on different linguistic strategies, ranging from rhetoric, suggestion, and wordplay. In this research, we seek to analyze media and political discourse linguistically by exploring the theoretical concepts and tools used in analysis, while providing practical examples

The Arabic novel in general, and the Iraqi novel in particular, have witnessed remarkable developments in the past decades. These developments were represented by the use or reliance on other literary genres, as it became a prominent phenomenon in most novels to reflect the novelist’s previous and diverse experiences, and thus it is a reflection of the complexities of society and reality, especially Iraqi society and reality, where the fictional text integrated most literary and artistic genres. The main goal of this study is to analyze this phenomenon, and to focus light on the main motives that made the writer resort to this phenomenon, and we chose the novel (Waterphone) by the novelist Naeem Al Musafir, as a model for our research.

This research aims to identify the personality of Ali Khan al-Musha'sha'i al-Huwaizi, a poet and scholar whose lineage goes back to Imam al-Kadhim (peace be upon him). He authored a valuable collection of poetry, containing poetic excellence and praise of the imams befitting his stature. In this research, we examine some of the poems from his collection of poetry (Khair Jalis) in manuscript form, which is housed in the Imam al-Hakim Public Library in Najaf al-Ashraf. We adopt the methodology we revealed in the introduction to this research.

Water is one of the secrets of life, in addition to being a gift from God. It is a source of energy and an essential component of agriculture. However, water can sometimes be deadly in the form of floods and destructive storms, and it can also be a major conflict between countries that leads to wars.

The fantastic is neither a genre nor a new narrative technique. Rather, its roots extend back to ancient narratives, intertwining with them to the point where genre boundaries dissolve. Contemporary fiction has employed it to bridge its boundaries with literary and non-literary genres. From the womb of these narrative genres, such as myth and folk tales, new narrative genres have emerged, transforming the fantastic discourse, with its various techniques, into a comprehensive narrative art form that seeps into novels. One of the characteristics of the contemporary novel is its fantastical flavor, which is appropriate today for the complex and diverse discourses of life. The fantastic is an open genre, and the novel is more flexible and capable of diversifying discourses. Its use of the fantastic has made it a text brimming with new things.

Semiotics of emotions focuses on analyzing how feelings are represented and embodied through symbols and signs in literary texts and diverse cultural contexts. This theory examines the role of signs in conveying human emotions and how audiences cognitively and emotionally respond to these signals. It provides a deeper
understanding of how emotional messages influence recipients and how interpretations vary based on individual backgrounds and experiences. The poetry of the Omani poet Suleiman bin Ali Al-Abri serves as a rich example for applying this theory, as his texts feature a network of symbols expressing a wide spectrum of human emotions, such as love, hope and despair, fear and conflict, and sorrow and joy. His works reveal a complex interplay between the poetic self and the philosophical concepts reflected in his verses. This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to trace manifestations of emotion in his collection When Jebel Shams Awakens, focusing on prominent signs that highlight the intricate nature of his emotions. The research concludes that Al-Abri presents emotions that blend profound sensibility with philosophical contemplation, making his poetic experience a distinctive model of the interaction between language and emotion.

Occasional poetry refers to poetry composed for a specific event or occasion, whether related to the poet himself, a king, or a particular tribe. These occasions may be religious, social, or political.
This type of poetry is characterized by the prominent presence of the praised figure and the enumeration of his qualities, with the poet highlighting his achievements and great contributions to his tribe.
The Abbasid era is considered one of the periods in which occasional poetry flourished due to the abundance of events that poets expressed in their works. These occasions were often sources of joy and celebration or opportunities for strengthening friendships by sharing in each other’s joys and sorrows. Moreover, they frequently served as inspiration for poets to compose their verses.

The The issue of "the old and the new" is one of the most prominent issues that has preoccupied Arab criticism since its earliest eras. It continues to be widely discussed in contemporary critical studies. This issue is evident in the nature of the relationship between the Arab critical heritage, with its foundations and concepts, and the modern critical approaches that have arrived in the Arab world influenced by Western theories. The roots of this issue go back to the Abbasid era, when a conflict emerged between advocates of authenticity, who viewed ancient poetry as the ideal model, and advocates of renewal, who called for contemporary poetry that kept pace with the spirit of the times. This conflict was embodied in the works of prominent critics such as Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Amidi, and Al-Jurjani, each of whom attempted to establish criteria for evaluating poetry and identifying its distinctive features, despite their differing orientations, ranging from a preference for the old to a tendency toward renewal.
Discussions about the issue of the old and the new are linked to cultural identity, as the issue also relates to the issue of cultural identity. The tendency toward
excessive modernity may be viewed as a dissolution into the other and an abandonment of authenticity, while an excessive adherence to the past may lead to stagnation and isolation. The issue of "old and new" in Arab criticism is a vital and ever-evolving one, reflecting an ongoing intellectual and cultural struggle.

This study examines the role of metaphor in the Qur'an as an effective rhetorical mechanism for intensifying meaning, through an analysis of selected verses that encourage reflection and contemplation. It demonstrates how metaphor transforms abstract concepts into tangible images that are easily perceived by human cognition, thereby stimulating contemplation of both cosmic and faith-based laws. The analysis adopts an analytical approach to uncover the use of logical metaphor and metonymy in constructing concentrated meanings, highlighting the Qur'an's rhetorical inimitability and its ongoing engagement with the human intellect across generations.

The reseach aims to direct attention to the poetry of Qais bin AlMalouh, since the rhetorical study was followed by examining his poetry. Which leads to the emergence of the hidden gems in the sincerity oh that poetry, thus astonishing the onlookers. Especially since the rhetorical approach is the most capable of highlighting the aesthetics of the poetic text. The abundance of interrogative methods is striking in Qais´s poetry this is an attempt to reveal the artistic relationship between the interrogative and virginal flirtation. Enriching rhetorical research with an applied, analytical study that develops the researcher´s taste, sharpens his mind, and enriches Knowle.

This study aims to analyze the connotations of theft in the Holy Quran, by examining the verses that address this topic and understanding the linguistic, legal, and moral dimensions associated with it. It also seeks to understand Islam's approach to this crime from an educational and reformative perspective The importance of this research stems from its addressing a social and ethical issue that continues to pose a challenge to contemporary societies, especially with the development of modern forms of theft, such as electronic theft and identity theft. By studying theft in the Holy Quran, a comprehensive vision can be derived that addresses the crime from its roots, with a focus on prevention and education before reaching the stage of punishment.

Semiotics is one of the modern critical approaches that researchers and critics have addressed in their studies of literary texts. Semiotics is not limited to literature, but has extended to other sciences, due to its high cognitive breadth and ability to absorb those sciences and literature. Semiotics has occupied a distinguished place in linguistic and critical studies and has become an independent approach in analyzing and understanding the depths of literary and scientific texts, due to its direct connection to the inner life of the sign or linguistic reference in the fields of language, art, literature, and other fields such as medicine, mathematics, psychology, and sociology. Our research was divided into three demands, the first of which was about the semiotics of acceptance, and we discussed the semiotics or significance of the eye in the case of satisfaction with the beloved. The second demand came in the semiotics of anger or sadness from the beloved’s actions and
what they indicate of signs that indicate him. As for the third demand, it discussed the eye of informants and envious people and how the poet referred to it in his poetry. Then the research reached results in explaining the semiotic method in analyzing the literary text, the most important of which is that the language of the eyes is one of the languages that can be used to convey the messages that need to be conveyed because of its high advantage in understanding with the other who understands it, so it is used more in poetry to convey their messages.

The efforts of Arab scholars have focused on a critical perspective on research into the relationship between Arabic literature and theatre. These efforts have attempted to address the main issues that have recently confronted Arabic theatre, whether related to the written text in poetry or prose, or related to theatrical representational effort, and to research the close relationship between them.. Since these efforts sought to look far into the past for the Arabs, and the absence of theatre in their literary arena, both in text and in representation, they had to investigate every detail that could shed light on the existence of a theatre among the Arabs that preceded modern theatre in terms of its structure and representation. Therefore, they focused on the translation efforts of the Abbasid era, where Greek sciences, knowledge and some of their literature were translated, but they lacked this aspect, i.e. theatre. This is why scholars have searched in the early eras of the Arabs in their pre-Islamic period, and also later in the Abbasid era, and they have stopped before and after this, when there was a theater in Egypt or in Babylon, and in all of this
they are between those who support the existence of theater among the Arabs, relying on written phenomena such as the Maqama, or theatrical phenomena such as shadow play and others, and those who doubted this to the point of absolute denial of the existence of theater among us in text and representation. The Arabs did not know theatre in their early eras until the advent of the modern era and the emergence of Maroun al-Naqqash. These combined efforts were characterised by an objective, critical outlook, taking into account causes and reasons, despite differing viewpoints.

This research revolves around Ibn al-Maysar, who is considered one of the contemporary historians who lived through the events of the Fatimid state in Egypt. He held many administrative positions, including the position of writer. He was well-versed in administrative work and gained great status and prestige with the Fatimid Caliph in Egypt. Therefore, we find him reporting the events in all their details. Talking about the prominent figures in the state who held administrative positions gave an accurate description of this system and its foundations, in addition to the caliphs’ issuing orders to appoint a number of figures who were characterized by strength, honesty, and judgment, and who had great experience in this field.

Mesopotamia witnessed the dawn of human civilization, and man discovered the wheel and cylinder seals in Mesopotamia and became accustomed to recording cuneiform writing in the year 3200 BC. M and other aspects of civilization, and social life witnessed great development in various fields, its complexity, and the conflict of interests and concepts among its residents, which prompted its rulers to organize people’s lives and began King Orcagina’s reforms to remove the types and forms of injustice and infringement on the rights of the weak. Matters have developed to the enactment of more developed and mature legal laws to keep pace with the changing life and its fluctuations for the purpose of ensuring that the old Iraqi society enjoys security and peace through the enactment of the following successive laws, which are: The Code of Urnamu, the Code of Bit-Ishtar, the Code of Eshnunna, the Code of Hammurabi, and the Assyrian laws these laws pushed Mesopotamia forward in organizing the social, political, and economic life of its residents which reflected its human and civilizational impact on ancient societies around the world The laws in Mesopotamia are still older The laws discovered in history are a source of pride and pride for its people.

Khorasan is one of the important and strategic Iranian states and the object of everyone's ambitions, as its history after the fall of the Safavid state is full of many rebellions, as the era that preceded Muhammad Taqi Khan's assumption of the position of Grand Vizier in Iran witnessed a state of unrest and conflicts in the hope of monopolizing power by all means, and all of this was at the expense of Iran's prosperity and development and the greed for power, which was characterized by bloodiness and ferocity, and Khorasan continued as a hotbed of rebellion and Turkmen rebellions, helped by its important location, as it represents a center for the Turkmen tribes fighting over power, in addition to that it was considered one of the strategic regions for Russia and Britain.

Arnulf is one of the most important kings who ruled Germany in the ninth century AD. His rule was characterized by strength and courage, as Germany was able during that period to overcome its enemies in the east and the north, in addition to its leadership over all the Christian powers in Western Europe, as Arnulf was one of the most powerful Frankish kings and had influence and authority. He strengthened his determination to liberate himself from external attacks after he defeated the Normans and expelled them from German lands, while under pressure from circumstances he was forced to intervene in Italian affairs to gain the favor of the Church and to give a legitimacy to his rule over Germany, and to restore the Frankish imperial title after the death of all legitimate members of the family, and to put forward the idea of Western Christian unity.

The research focuses on an important period in contemporary Iraqi history between 1980 and 2003, a time marked by a series of events and conflicts that had a significant impact on the Iraqi people and the entire region. Below is a summary of the key points addressed in the research:Saddam's Ba'athist Regime: The research begins with an exploration of Saddam Hussein's rule through the Arab Socialist
Ba'ath Party, which came to power in Iraq in 1968. It focuses on how the Ba'athist regime consolidated its power through political repression, control over institutions, and the strengthening of Saddam Hussein's autocratic rule.The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988): The war between Iraq and Iran was one of the major events during this period. It lasted for eight years and caused massive destruction in both countries, with millions of casualties. The war was fought over the occupation of border oil-rich territories and regional dominance. It led to significant economic and military depletion for Iraq.The Gulf War (1990-1991): After Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, an international coalition led by the United States launched a war to liberate Kuwait in 1991. The war resulted in a decisive defeat for Iraq, leading to the imposition of severe economic sanctions and devastating effects on Iraq's economy and infrastructure.The Suppression of the Shiite and Kurdish Uprisings (1991): Following the Gulf War, popular uprisings broke out in southern Iraq led by the Shiites and in the north led by the Kurds. The brutal repression by the Iraqi regime against these uprisings resulted in the killing of thousands of civilians, the destruction of many cities, and widespread persecution of the population.Authoritarianism and Control: During this period, the Ba'athist regime under Saddam Hussein relied on repression, excessive use of force, and military threats to suppress any internal opposition. It also focused on reinforcing its political control through intelligence and security agencies, which had a harmful effect on the Iraqi people and human rights.Military and Political Transformations: The research concludes by outlining the political and military transformations in Iraq leading up to 2003, a period during which Iraq saw the onset of the U.S. military campaign against Saddam's regime, ultimately leading to the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and the occupation of Iraq.Overall, the research addresses how the Ba'athist regime dealt with military and internal challenges and the impact of these actions on the Iraqi people and the region as a whole.

The Mandaean Sabeans represent an authentic part of the Iraqi fabric and its history, as their role has been prominent in the scientific and economic fields, as well as in promoting values of tolerance and peaceful coexistence. Although they historically enjoyed the freedom to practice their rituals, the United States invasion of Iraq in 2003, followed by deteriorating security and terrorist operations, forced many of them to emigrate. Nevertheless, the 2005 Constitution secured their political rights by granting them a seat within the quota system in the Council of Representatives, in recognition of their historical role and to ensure the continued diversity and stability of Iraqi society.

Pope Pius XII had a significant impact on European politics, given the Vatican's religious standing within the Christian community. He began his political career by rising through the ranks of the Vatican's diplomatic corps, eventually ascending to the papal throne. What distinguishes Pius XII's political role from that of other popes is that he lived through both World Wars and the Cold War. During this period, European countries witnessed military conflicts, and driven by his pastoral responsibility, Pius XII played a paternal political role in these conflicts. This was dictated by his religious position, as the societies involved in the two world wars were predominantly Christian. Consequently, he adopted a neutral stance and sought to propose peace initiatives from his appointment as Vatican ambassador to Berlin in 1917 until his ascension to the papacy in 1939. However, during the Cold War, the Pope abandoned the neutrality he had maintained throughout his political and pastoral career, revealing his hostility towards the communist bloc and his inclination towards the capitalist bloc. This also stemmed from his pastoral role, which rejected atheistic principles. The Pope’s political role and diplomatic stances were a consecration and extension of his religious role, meaning that his political personality was formed from his doctrinal principles.

The Palestinian issue was directly related to the international and regional events, as it constituted a fundamental point for the international parties in the search for a solution to it and at various stages. From this standpoint, the title of the research came to study the two most important conversations in the years 1990-1991, which are the Gulf crisis and the collapse of the Soviet Union, which contributed to Directly and indirectly in finding a solution to it and entering into direct negotiations by the PLO and the rest of the Arab parties with Israel. The Gulf crisis has contributed to weakening Arab support for the Palestinian cause and strengthening American support for Israel. The second event is the collapse of the Soviet Union, which has no less impact than the Gulf crisis. Which allowed the United States to unilaterally take decisions and exert pressure on the Arab countries in order to accept the American-Israeli vision to find a solution to the Palestinian issue

The historical period, which is confined between the two centuries (16-14 BC), regarded as one of the most important periods in the history of the ancient Near East, which is represented by the emergence of the (Indo-European) as a foreign power that controlled many of its regions and sought to weaken the local authorities within other countries, where the Mitanni have ruled the regions of the headwaters of the Khabur River after they formed a union within the eastern, central and western states.
Relations with the Egyptians developed during the rule of the modern state, and this is what we review in detail in this research in terms of their political expansion and their military and diplomatic success based on Mitanni-Egyptian correspondence, amidst circumstances in which the Near East was surrounded by many of powerful states that existing at that time.
It is worth mentioning here that this correspondence was written by cuneiform and ancient Akkadian script as an indication of the wide spread of this language in parts of the ancient Near East, and then the relations existing between the countries of the East themselves, as it unified the language of discourse among them as another indication of the depth of the Mitanni-Egyptian relations.

The Islamic society is considered one of the societies based on several principles and teachings derived from the divine law and the Prophet’s biography, its foundations and method... in order for life to be upright according to the human perspective. Therefore, the Islamic countries that succeeded in adopting the policy of servants tried to preserve the social structure that leads to political stability and
thus the survival of power and influence in the hands of specific people. They inherit rule among themselves. Therefore, the Abbasid state strove to eliminate those with opposing ideas, the Kharijites, or those who were ambitious, in order to preserve the unity of society and maintain stability among the people of one city in particular, or the people of Islam in general.
Therefore, in the course of the research, we tried to explain the position of Othman bin Nahik in preserving the social structure through his role in eliminating the rebels and Kharijites, as the research required dividing it into two sections: the first was / his biography and lineage, where we discussed his name and lineage, as well as his intellectual activity, then his wife and children.. As for the second, it was / the role of Othman bin Nahik in establishing the Abbasid state, which included the role of Othman bin Nahik in getting rid of Abu Muslim Al-Khorasani, as well as the role of Othman bin Nahik in eliminating the Kharijites. (Rwandanism), then his death...then the conclusion, which included the most important results and conclusions that we reached

This research aims at clarifying the violations of the Zionist occupation against Palestinian women during the period 1987-1993. Palestinian women, like other members of the Palestinian people, were subjected to be arrested, tortured, and ill-treatment during interrogation. The prisons of the Zionist occupation were one of the arenas of conflict between Palestinian women and the occupation, which tried by all means to break their will. However, they persevered and played a role in confronting the occupier. They participated in uprisings, sit-ins, and demonstrations, marking a turning point in the history of the uprising. Therefore, the occupation authorities began to detain women in harsh and inhumane conditions. The cells lacked the necessities of life, as they were narrow, overcrowded, and lacked good ventilation, which made living in them difficult. Moreover, female prisoners were forced to undergo humiliating searches, including thorough inspections. This harsh treatment is part of the occupation's ongoing policy of targeting female prisoners and the policy of collective punishment against all segments of the Palestinian people.

The Babylonian civilization is characterized by its human aspect, as the Code of Hammurabi is considered the first legal and humane code written in the Babylonian language, using cuneiform script. It consists of 282 legal provisions and is regarded as a historical source for positive laws that address various aspects of economic, social, and political life. Due to the esteemed position of Babylonian society and its distinction in establishing laws that serve the community, the idea of this research was inspired to explore and understand the state's overall strategy and the family's specific approach toward the child's life, particularly in terms of upbringing. This is especially relevant in the city of Babylon, which has experienced radical changes recently, marked by multiple social, economic, and cultural conditions that have significantly impacted Babylonian society.
A child is brought up in a society where customs and traditions are intertwined, with reliance primarily on the family and the local community. The child's life faces various economic challenges, such as rising poverty rates and changing patterns of work, as well as social challenges like pressure from media and limited family time due to busy lifestyles. All these conditions reflect on the child's
behavior. Therefore, studying the extent of the impact of general circumstances on the behavior of Babylonian children is essential to understand and clarify the positive and negative effects on this segment of children in Iraqi society generally, and in Babylonian society in particular. Additionally, the aim is to work towards alleviating obstacles and social effects caused by internal and external factors on children.

The issue of the Imamate and Leadership of Society is considered one of the serious issues that faced Imam Zain Al-Abidin (peace be upon him), especially after the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and a group of his family (peace be upon them), due to the nature of the circumstances in which the Imam (peace be upon him) lived, represented by the strict surveillance and house arrest by the Umayyad authority, as well as the difficulty of his communication with the popular bases of his Shiites and lovers to practice his divine role in the Imamate of society and its guidance against the deviation and Umayyad terrorism

The Roman Empire represented one of the greatest empires witnessed by history, and it is certain that this greatness would not have been achieved without a strong foundation on which it relied in terms of administrative organization and political authority that is aware of the level of responsibility placed on its shoulders. The beginnings of the establishment of this state were the most dangerous stage in terms of difficulties and the level of surrounding dangers, but the virtues of fate served the Romans. In its first era, or what is called the royal era, a number of strong kings assumed power who were up to the responsibility and who are credited with what Rome achieved in its republican or imperial eras. It is important to shed light on the biography of the kings of Rome in terms of the achievements of each of its kings and the amount of powers enjoyed by these kings. This study also includes the most prominent badges carried by the kings and the external appearance in which they appeared before the public or on official occasions.

Soft politics is a modern term coined by Joseph Nye to describe the ability of states to influence others through non-coercive means such as diplomacy, culture, and values, rather than relying on hard power that relies on military or economic coercion. This power relies on attraction and persuasion rather than pressure and threats.
The research consists of three sections. The first section examines the historical roots of soft politics, reviewing the historical context and key events that contributed to the formation of this concept. The second section aims to explore soft power means such as culture, diplomacy, and economic aid, and assess the effectiveness of these factors in influencing soft politics. The third section examines the impact of soft power on international relations, through reviewing case studies of states that are implementing soft politics strategies in the twenty-first century.Soft power is becoming increasingly important in international relations as states seek to advance their interests and influence globally, recognizing the value of attraction and cooperation rather than brutality and control.

It is difficult for any of the common people to be able to describe one of the personalities of the People of the House, peace be upon them. The great of them cannot be measured and the smallest of them is an ember that cannot be trampled on. How could it not be that they were the same as their grandfather, the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers, Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace. Writing about them is like writing about describing miracles, and if we limit the hadith to About Imam Al-Hadi, peace be upon him, the subject of our research, who occupied the world with his knowledge, asceticism, and his countless deeds. He was the talk of scholars’ councils and political councils, and his mention always worried state politicians at that time. This is what prompted Caliph Al-Mutawakkil to bring him, peace be upon him, from Medina to Samarra, and it was the reason behind this anxiety and fear. It is the inclination of common people towards him because of the great qualities they have seen and felt The pens of many scholars and thinkers wrote down their opinions regarding the person of the Imam, and some of them belonged to sects contrary to the doctrine of Ahl al-Bayt, the true Muhammadan doctrine. However, they expressed their greatness and admiration for his honorable person, and among these were Ibn Katheer, Ibn Hajar, Ibn Khallikan, al-Yafi’i, al-Hanbali... etc. and others who We confined them to the folds of the research and relied on historical sources to confirm their statements

The olive tree is a long-lived, fruit-bearing tree, considered a great asset due to its numerous economic, health, and environmental benefits. Its fruit is a complete food source from which olive oil is extracted, offering health, nutritional, and cosmetic advantages, as documented in medical studies and research. Therefore, olives have occupied a prominent place in many cultures, carrying significant symbolic values. The olive branch symbolizes peace, and the olive tree itself is a symbol of wisdom in Greek culture, where it, along with the owl, represented the goddess Athena. Furthermore, the Greek goddess of peace, Irene, daughter of Zeus, is always depicted carrying an olive branch. It is an undeniable fact that the Andalusians were interested in agriculture in general, and in olive tree cultivation in particular. Since the conquerors set foot in the Iberian Peninsula, the Islamic governments of Andalusia paid great attention to agriculture, which helped to stabilize the population, establish security, and make good use of agricultural lands. The Muslim conquerors turned the lands of Spain into flourishing gardens and meadows after they brought various seedlings from the Islamic East, carrying with them their agricultural expertise, in addition to the capabilities that Spain possessed, which
helped to develop agriculture and diversify agricultural crops. Therefore, the olive tree was not foreign to that country, as the Andalusians were interested in cultivating the olive tree, and there is hardly an Andalusian city that does not have olives planted in it. This spread was accompanied by a diversity in the uses of olives, especially food and medicine, not to mention exporting the surplus of it to other countries. The study was organized with an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The first section was titled “Factors that help in agriculture in Andalusia,” while the second section was titled “Olive cultivation in Andalusia,” with a discussion of the importance of olives, their benefits, the areas of cultivation, and their spread in the lands of Andalusia. As for the conclusion, it embodied the most prominent results that the study reached using the historical method based on linking events and analyzing them in order to reach results that can be relied upon.

Erbil is the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world. Therefore, it is not known exactly how it was established or who contributed to its construction and development. This historic city has a fortified, solid, and tall castle. It is considered one of the oldest historical castles and has remained populated to this day. It has withstood invaders numerous times throughout history, and attempts were made to alter its features. However, it has managed to remain steadfast in the face of invaders.
There were several reasons that prompted the people of Erbil to establish their city on an artificial hill, to protect them from invasions due to their lack of natural means of defense of the city such as mountains and rivers. Thus, the Erbil Citadel was established. This citadel was surrounded by a deep water moat dug around it to protect it from external dangers and barbaric invasions, with the citadel being surrounded by a high and fortified wall.
The first section covers the history of the citadel and its construction.
The second section covers the invasions that Erbil Citadel was subjected to during the Islamic er.

The city of Kufa is considered one of the first cities that were built in the Islamic era in the land of Iraq after the success of the Islamic conquests there, and it bears great importance in the history of Muslims in various political, economic, social and religious directions. Therefore, various Muslim historians and hadith scholars over the past centuries cared about it, including Ibn Manzoor (d. 911 AH). The encyclopedic author, the author of the book Lexicon of Lisan al-Arab, who reported on this city a group of very short news, which are very few, and do not give that great status to the first city that the Arab rulers glorified thanks to the role of its people in the expansion of Islamic conquests towards the east, and this is a natural thing because the book Lisan al-Arab is a linguistic dictionary that pays attention to Arabic words, and deals with the mention of this city according to the occurrence of those words.

Kissing is one of the aspects of civilization that the people of Mesopotamia practiced throughout the different ages. The goals and motives of kissing differed from one person to another and from one situation to another. Since this topic is one of the topics that has rarely been addressed by researchers, the two researchers decided to address it and highlight the most important aspects associated with this topic, relying primarily on the information that the cuneiform texts produced about this topic.

The Horn of Africa and the Red Sea, which Eritrea overlooks, are of particular importance in the map of international and regional interests. The region has witnessed a significant growth in the presence of many international and regional powers, especially in the early 1960s. Most of the Horn of Africa countries gained independence, and colonialism left behind unprecedented border conflicts, perhaps most notably the Eritrean-Ethiopian conflict. The latter received support from Israel, the archenemy of the Arab states. These conflicts represented an important source of security threats to the countries of the region, including Syria, which, from the beginning of the conflict, supported the rights of the Eritrean people and their just cause. This position was pioneering in principle, and Syria did not give it up. Rather, it generously provided support, represented by uninterrupted material, military, media, diplomatic and cultural support. These facts represented an impetus for studying the subject under the title (Syria's Position on the Eritrean-Ethiopian Conflict 1961-1991) .

It is the guild of nobles that was first established in Iraq in the year 251 AH. Its headquarters were in Kufa, and its leadership and head was Abu Abdullah al-Hussein al-Nasabah bin Ahmad al-Muhaddith bin Muhammad, known as Abu Ali Omar bin Yahya al-Rawiyah bin al-Hussein Dhu al-Damaa bin Zaid al-Martyr. At the beginning of his assumption of the leadership of the Ashraf Syndicate, Al-Hussein laid down the foundations and rules that would protect and preserve the lineage. He also set the conditions under which members of the Syndicate would be accepted for membership and confirmation from the sons and grandchildren who trace their lineage back to the Imams Al-Hasan and Al-Hussein, documenting their lineages and keeping them in a special registry.
While we find that the captains of Samarra trace their lineage, like the Quba of Samarra, to a branch of the Hasani Sadat tree whose virtuous lineage goes back to Imam Hassan (peace be upon him). In addition, the word captain was applied to the grandfather of the family, Mr. Muhammad al-Naqib, sheikh of Albu Abdullah, one of the branches of the Albu Abbas clan. The largest clan in the city of
Samarra. This title then spread to the entire family, which was proud of the title of Captain
The captains of Samarra, which begins with Sayyed Abdullah bin Sayyid Abbas, the great grandfather of the Albu Abbas clan, which is one of the prominent clans of Samarra. Therefore, the first goal of this study is to introduce the gentlemen’s guild of nobles. The second goal of the researcher was to introduce the captains of Samarra and their formations in the past and present .

From his position as an artist, theorist, professor, and historian, the artist Shaker Hassan Al Said was able to embody an exceptional synthesis of modernity, Islam, and Arabism. His philosophy of art was rooted in two sources: Islamic mysticism and modern Western thought. He thus combined structuralism, semiotics, deconstruction, phenomenology, and existentialism.
This study attempts to shed light on his artistic and cultural output by recounting his life story and the most important stages he went through, as Shaker Hussein Al Said was an influential and prolific artist.

This study demonstrates the importance and critical nature of the ministerial post, a newly established and crucial administrative position upon which the Abbasid state was founded. Its role became clearly defined during the Abbasid era, undergoing significant changes. The minister acted as the caliph's representative in managing state institutions, directly overseeing them, and striving for their development. The ministry's function was incomplete in the preceding period. The substantial development of the Islamic political system after the Abbasids assumed
power had a profound impact on codifying the ministry's rules and establishing its laws. Previously, the minister's role was more akin to that of an advisor. Each caliph had his followers and courtiers, whom he consulted when needed for deliberation and advice. Ministers faced various forms of hardship, and their fates were at the mercy of the caliphs and their desires. Political interests, loyalty, service, and sacrifice remained the primary factors in determining the ministers' powers. Most ministers were subjected to persecution simply for suspected disloyalty or due to the machinations and conspiracies of infiltrators, and they endured severe punishments. Such as isolation, imprisonment, exile, torture, murder, and resignation from office in exchange for saving oneself. The painful ends and tribulations that the ministers were subjected to lead us to the fact that the Abbasid caliphs were very cautious and suspicious of the men of the state, and they were very keen on their authority and did not allow anyone to compete with them for it, no matter how competent and knowledgeable he was, which made them more inclined towards tyranny and oppression. We should not forget the intrigues of the men of the state, their ambitions, and their competition for positions, which made them vulnerable to humiliation and murder.

The issue of preserving the environment and investing in its resources is to ensure its existence for generations, and the best resource is to instill positive
environmental messages among individuals. The current research aims to identify the extent of science teachers' perceptions of environmental sustainability and to identify significant differences (such as academic qualifications and years of experience). To achieve this research objective, the researchers adopted the descriptive approach, as it is the appropriate method for the nature of the research. The researchers selected science teachers as the study population, and the research sample was determined by science teachers in primary schools affiliated with the Qalat Sukkar Education Department as a sample for the research, totaling 100 male and female teachers. After reviewing the literature and previous studies, the researchers prepared a research tool consisting of 30 items. The performance was presented to a group of experts and specialists for evaluation. Based on their comments and opinions on the validity of the tool, the calculation of apparent validity, and the logical analysis of the items, the questionnaire was then applied to the exploratory test to determine reliability. The performance was then applied to theThe praimary research sample, and the results were analyzed using the statistical package (SPSS)
The research yielded a set of results: Environmental topics and their consolidation in student preparation programs in the elementary science textbook play a significant role in the representation of these positive behaviors and attitudes toward the environment in teachers' behavior and their reflection on them, thus moving toward sustainable interpersonal behavior. The researchers concluded that science teachers have a high degree of perceptions of environmental sustainability, and that there are statistical differences in favor of the variables of academic qualification and years of experience.
In light of these results, the researchers presented recommendations and proposals for future studies: intensifying environmental sustainability topics in various school curricula; holding educational courses and workshops by specialists in ministries, especially education, to increase their awareness of environmental sustainability.

The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the Rapid Response Strategy in visual thinking among second-grade intermediate students in physics. To achieve this objective, the following null hypothesis was formulated: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of 0.05 between the mean scores of the experimental group students, who studied physics using the Rapid Response
Strategy, and the mean scores of the control group students, who studied the same subject using the conventional method, in visual thinking).The study adopted a quasi-experimental design with two independent groups. The research sample consisted of (60) second-grade intermediate students, with (30) students in the experimental group and (30) students in the control group, from Hussein Al-Ghazi Intermediate School for Boys, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Dhi Qar Governorate / Al-Rifai Education Department, during the first semester of the academic year 2024-2025).)To ensure equivalence between the two groups, the researcher controlled for several variables, including (chronological age in months, intelligence test scores, prior knowledge test scores, and prior achievement in physics). The scientific material was determined to include four chapters from the second-grade physics textbook: (Motion, Laws of Motion, Work, Power, and Energy, and Simple Machines). The behavioral objectives for these chapters were formulated, totaling (149) behavioral objectives. Additionally, the researcher developed *(40) lesson plans— (20) for each group—which were reviewed by a panel of experts to ensure their validity and suitability for second-grade intermediate students.The researcher personally taught both groups during the experiment, which commenced on (October 8, . ( 2024 Regarding the research instrument, the researcher developed a visual thinking test consisting of (20 ) items. The validity, reliability, difficulty index, discrimination index, and the effectiveness of distractors were all measured for this test. The results revealed that students in the experimental group, who were taught using the Rapid Response Strategy, outperformed those in the control group, who were taught using the traditional method, in the visual thinking test. Based on these findings, the researcher provided several recommendations, including the necessity for physics teachers at the intermediate level to adopt modern teaching strategies and for the Directorate of Training and Development to conduct training courses to enhance the skills of physics teachers.
The researcher also suggested the following:
Implementing the Rapid Response Strategy in other educational stages and different subjects.

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of the general design model (A.D.D.I.E) in the qualitative academic achievement of students of basic education colleges in the teaching planning course. The researcher adopted the experimental method with an experimental design for two equivalent groups. The researcher intentionally chose (Sumer University / College of Basic Education / Department of First Grade Teachers / Second Stage), as Section (C) represented the experimental group that will study the teaching planning course according to the general design model (A.D.D.I.E), and Section (B) represented the control group that will study the same subject in the usual way. The total number of students in the two groups reached (90) male and female students; (45) male and female students in the experimental group, and (45) male and female students in the control group; The statistical comparison was made between the students of the two groups in the following variables: (chronological age calculated in months, Raven's Intelligence Test, and students' previous achievement scores). The researcher defined the subject matter as the vocabulary of the teaching planning course scheduled to be taught for the second stage of the second semester, and the behavioral objectives. The research tool was represented by the numbers of the qualitative achievement test, which
consisted of (40) objective test paragraphs of the multiple-choice type. Validity and reliability were verified. The researcher used appropriate statistical methods to extract the data, and the results showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the qualitative achievement test. In light of the research results, the researcher made a number of recommendations and suggestions that were mentioned in Chapter Four.

This research aims to identify "the effectiveness of a training program based on the reflective learning strategy on the teaching performance and flexible thinking of the implementing students." The research population consisted of all fourth-year students at the College of Education for Pure Sciences at Thi Qar University. The research sample consisted of (50) male and female students, with (25) for the experimental group and (25) for the control group. The researcher equated the two groups on several variables. The researcher developed an observation tool to evaluate teaching performance and a scale for flexible thinking. The validity and reliability of the two tools were verified, and the data were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS) program. After implementing the training program, the researcher reached results, including: The experimental group outperformed the control group in teaching performance and flexible thinking. The researcher made a set of recommendations, including: studying the effectiveness of the training program on other variables

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of an educational program based on the theory of cognitive flexibility in developing flexible thinking among students of basic education colleges in the thinking education course. The researcher followed the experimental method with partial control. The research sample consisted of (80) male and female students from the first stage of the College of
Basic Education, University of Babylon, who were selected intentionally. This sample was divided randomly into two groups. Section (A) represented the experimental group, which included (40) male and female students, whose students were taught the thinking education course according to the educational program, and Section (B), which included (40) male and female students, to be the control group, whose students were taught the thinking education course in the traditional way. The researcher was keen to conduct equivalences before starting the experiment in a number of variables that are believed to affect the integrity of the experiment, namely (chronological age calculated in months, intelligence, previous average, gender), and to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared a flexible thinking scale consisting of (33) situations whose validity, stability and psychometric properties were verified, then the test was applied to the students and their data was collected and analyzed statistically using the statistical package (SPSS). The results showed the superiority of the experimental group that studied according to the program based on the theory of cognitive flexibility over the students of the control group that studied according to the traditional method in developing flexible thinking for the thinking education course, and in light of the results, the researcher came up with some appropriate conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The study aims to examine the effectiveness of the Wallace model on the achievement of fifth-grade literary students in the subject of history and their intelligent thinking. The researcher adopted the experimental method with an experimental design for two equivalent groups. The researcher randomly selected (Saffin Secondary School for Boys) distributed into two sections (A, B). Section (A) was randomly selected to represent the experimental group and the number of its students was (35). In the same way, Section (B) was selected to represent the control group and the number of its students was (36). The research sample in them amounted to (71) students. The researcher statistically rewarded the students of the two groups in the following variables: (chronological age calculated in months, prior information test, Raven intelligence test, intelligent thinking). The researcher defined the subject of study with topics from the history book for the fifth-grade
literary. Then the researcher formulated behavioral objectives, the number of which amounted to (135) behavioral objectives representing the six cognitive levels of Bloom’s classification in the cognitive field. As for the research tools, the researcher intended to build the achievement test, which consisted of (40) objective test paragraphs of the multiple-choice type with four alternatives according to (the specifications table), and "The validity, discrimination coefficient, difficulty level, effectiveness of alternatives, and reliability of the test were verified, with reliability confirmed using the split-half method. The intelligent thinking scale, consisting of (56) items, was also employed. The researcher used appropriate statistical methods to analyze the data, and the results indicated that the students in the experimental group outperformed those in the control group in both the achievement test and the intelligent thinking scale.

The current research purpose is to know the extent to which the book of biology for the fifth grade of intermediate school for the areas of deep understanding, and the research community defines the book of biology for the fifth preparatory grade, the eleventh edition (2024-2025), and the descriptive research methodology was approved in this study, and the researchers prepared the preparation of the research tool for deep understanding areas and its sincerity and stability were verified and the
tool consisted of four main dimensions: Thinking , decision -making, nature of interpretations, issuing questions) The results showed that the areas of deep understanding achieved (857) repeatedly in the content of the Biology book for the fifth year of middle school, distributed in four fields that include (20) paragraphs, as the field of (generating ideas) ranked first among the remaining areas as it got (265) repeated and at a rate of (30.9%), and the field of decision (decision -making) ranked second Between the areas of the scale that was subject to the analysis, as it obtained (207) repeated by (24%), the field of (the nature of interpretations) settled in the third place with its achievement (195) repeated by (22.7%). Including the areas of deep understanding in the neighborhood books for the fifth grade and alerting specialists in the numbers of the curricula in these areas, and that the curricula need comprehensive and continuous integrated development, this and the researchers suggested the necessity of making educational seminars for teachers to enable them to do deep understanding, which helps students to understand those areas that develop the love of research and exploration of modern knowledge, understanding complex educational issues, and overcoming the positions that It is accompanied by ambiguity and thumbs that accompany some educational situations.

The aims of this study to assess the level of linguistic performance among students of the Arabic Language Department in the Colleges of Basic Education. To achieve the objectives, the researcher adopted the descriptive method. The study sample consisted of 25 male and female students from the third stage of morning studies in the Arabic Language Department at the College of Basic Education, University of Sumer, for the academic year (2024–2025).The researcher developed four tools to measure linguistic performance skills, namely: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Three standardized tests were prepared to assess the skills of listening, reading, and writing, along with an observation checklist designed to evaluate speaking skills. The researcher ensured the validity and reliability of the tools and their results. After statistically analyzing the collected data, the study concluded that the linguistic performance skills of the Arabic language students were available at a moderate level.

The current research aims to identify the obstacles to the use of artificial intelligence applications in teaching educational subjects from the perspective of faculty members at Sumer University. The current research followed a descriptive approach. The research community consisted of (147) faculty members from the College of Basic Education at Sumer University for the academic year 2024-2025. The researcher selected a sample of (70) male and female faculty members. To understand the research objective, the researcher prepared a questionnaire that included (30) items. After verifying the validity and reliability of the research tool, the researcher administered it to the sample members. The researcher used statistical methods appropriate to the nature of the research. The research results showed that the obstacles related to the curriculum ranked first, with a weighted mean of (4.734) and a percentage weight of (94.68%). The second-ranked obstacles were related to the faculty member, with a weighted mean of (4.684) and a percentage weight of (93.69%). The third-ranked obstacles were financial and administrative, with a weighted mean of (4.571) and a percentage weight of (91.43%). The study made several recommendations, including the need to enhance cooperation between educational institutions and technology companies to achieve effective integration between artificial intelligence and the educational process.

The Arabic language has enjoyed efforts fruitful for maintaining spoken pure free manifestation of accent and melody, and was the emergence of the Koran a profound impact on the development and promotion of the manifestations of this language honorable through what has been associated with the evolution of science different yielded strenuous efforts contributed to the Study language levels of different forms of language and morphological and acoustic and semantic. The morphological drew my side for this book so proceeded to study morphological structures of the names for the weights and meanings and new ideas that came reap. Was the title of my ((names buildings in the mystery of the express industry)).

There is no doubt that the place with the Islamic soul and sense occupies a special place in the thought of the recipient belonging to a religion, and the importance of the holy place and the attachment to it comes from the system of cognitive references that are active in human behavior in general, especially since the sanctity of those places with their different references is undoubtedly reflected in the consciousness of the recipient, so the church, monastery, temple, mosque and monastery are places that acquired their sanctity as a place for the worship of God Almighty; and from here came their sanctification.