Journal of College of Education

Anyone who contemplates the Quranic text will realize that Allah Almighty has placed every word, indeed every letter, in His Noble Book with an intentional artistic placement. This placement did not consider the verse alone, nor the surah alone, but rather the entire Quranic text.
Allah Almighty has made clear in His Noble Book that He has made this earth and what is on it a source of income for humankind to benefit from as it pleases, in accordance with legal regulations. One of the means by which these gains are achieved is the profession of "hunting," which is the foundation upon which it is based, as it is one of the many blessings of Allah Almighty bestowed upon His servants. It is worth noting that the word "hunting" is only mentioned four times in the Holy Quran, in Surat Al-Ma'idah, referring to what adorns the table. It is one of God Almighty's countless blessings, as people benefit from it as sustenance for their meals, and they also have other purposes through it.
The Holy Quran has divided this profession into two categories: the first is land hunting, which refers to animals and birds hunted on land, not in water, and which no one owns. However, Al-Zamakhshari limited this category to those that live on land or in water. The second category is marine hunting, which refers to the hunting of fish and whales in seas, oceans, rivers, and streams.
The Holy Quran has emphasized that The basic principle of this profession is permissibility, and the prohibition is its branch, which is that anything a person can reach with his hand, spear, or any of his weapons and kill is considered game. No one may prohibit it except with evidence from the Holy Quran.

The sermons of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) are among the most sublime examples of rhetoric and thought in Islamic heritage, combining purity of belief, eloquence of expression, clarity of vision, and sincerity of emotion. These sermons were delivered within eventful historical contexts, often serving as a voice for truth, a cry in the face of deviation, and a call for reform and a return to the path of prophecy The importance of these sermons lies in the fact that they not only represent current positions, but also convey a discourse that transcends the historical moment to greater meanings that touch on human issues in every age. Hence, studying them is not limited to doctrinal or political content, but rather opens the door to analyzing the rhetorical structure chosen by the Imams of the Household of the Prophet (peace be upon them) as a means of influence and persuasion, and of expressing values and positions. Despite the multiplicity of sermons and the differences in speakers and contexts, the observer notices that there are stylistic and thematic features that are repeated and form a common denominator between them. From this standpoint, this research comes to reveal the common features that characterize these sermons, in light of an analytical rhetorical approach, based on the tools of linguistics and discourse analysis, while taking into account the contextual and historical dimensions of the texts.

This research examines the presence of Lady Fatima Al-Zahra (peace be upon her) in Al-Kashshaf, the prominent exegesis by al-Zamakhshari. He is one of the most famous rhetorical and linguistic commentators in Sunni Islamic tradition. It illuminates the explanatory and intellectual scopes of her presence by analyzing the narrations and readings in which al-Zahra is mentioned, whether in relation to her merits or her role in the Qur'anic text. This research also reveals just how al-Zamakhshari was involved in orientations despite his theological alterations with the Ahl Al-Bayt (peace be upon them), demonstrating a form of intellectual intersection and appreciation for their status. The research emphasizes the significance of this overlap in diagnosing the role of women, especially Al-Zahra, in memorizing and explaining the Qur’an. This contributes to Islamic feminist scholarship. It also debates al-Zamakhshari’s Mu‘tazilite stance and how he balanced between his doctrine and his appreciation of her stature. The research concludes by calling for a re-examination of Fatima’s character in Sunni tafsir to promote sectarian rapprochement, and recommends broader studies on women’s presence in Islamic exegesis in tradition

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Amid rapid technological transformations, there emerges a pressing need toexamine the integration of artificial intelligence within Islamic sciences—particularly thefiel of Quranic exegesis. This study aims to explore the scientific and methodological dimensions of employing AI in interpreting the Qur’an, while outlining the Sharia-compliant frameworks necessary to preserve the sanctity of the text and ensure accurate comprehension. The research analyzes current AI-based applications, evaluates their technical capabilities, and compares classical interpretive methodologies with contemporary computational approaches. It further proposes a scholarly model for harmonizing human reasoning with artificial capacities. Findings suggest that AI, when governed by rigorous linguistic and Sharia principles, can serve as a powerful assistive tool for interpreters—without replacing the essential depth of traditional scholarly engagement.

This research examines the opening lines in the poetry of Munther Abdul-Hur, considering them a primary textual structure that contributes to the production of meaning and guides the reader's perception. This is achieved through a stylistic approach that combines syntactic and semantic structures.
The research is based on the premise that the opening lines in the poet's work represent a moment of semantic and aesthetic intensification, revealing aspects of the poetic experience and its worldview.
The research, in its structural aspect, focused on analyzing the verbal sentence in the opening, and what it carries of connotations of movement, tension and transformation, in contrast to the nominal sentence which performs the function of stability, stillness and reporting, highlighting the mechanism of interaction between the two patterns in building meaning and shaping the semantic rhythm of the text.
As for its semantic aspect, the research deals with the mental image as a rhetorical-imaginative structure, formed through simile, metaphor, and metonymy, with the semantic shift and symbolic intensification it allows, and it reflects the themes of war, wound, memory, and alienation, which makes the opening an effective semantic entry point in reading the poetic text.

This study attempts to trace the mechanism of discourse production and the manner in which it is formed through the concepts of communication and transaction, both of which constitute the main entry point to the objective of the research. Accordingly, the research problem lies in examining how each concept operates by determining the points of convergence and divergence between them. This is achieved by identifying the degree of difference between the two concepts in order to overcome the barrier of conceptual and perspectival incompatibility that may arise between them within certain limits.
The study argues that the two concepts sometimes diverge and other times converge. Their divergence lies in the fact that communication is broader than transaction with regard to intentionality: intentionality is not always required in communication, particularly in cases such as transmission produced by a radio device. In contrast, transaction relies on intentionality according to its established conditions. Their point of convergence, however, is that both communication and transaction theories fall within communicative theories whose aim is the delivery of discourse—regardless of whether intentionality is present or not.

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This research aims to shed light on the poetic prowess of Ayman ibn Khuraym through an objective and artistic study. Therefore, it seeks to explicate the means of forming imagery from the poetic verses and to elucidate its patterns. The imagery thus endeavors to explore diverse aesthetic foundations. Kinetic imagery, for instance, represents a rare embodiment of the dynamism of events and the interaction of characters, which contributes to creating a holistic experience that stimulates the senses and emotions of the reader. It also combines the moral, material, and spiritual aspects in a harmonious and balanced manner. Furthermore, the eloquent use and selection of colors enhance the meanings and affirm the connotations. Through this, tangible emotions are embodied for the reader, lending a sensory and cognitive character to abstract meanings. Colors evoke specific emotional and psychological reactions in the recipient, which contributes significantly to enriching the aesthetic and semantic dimension of the literary text.
From this, it is understood that imagery is not merely a static or symbolic entity but a dynamic creative framework that allows the artist to formulate meanings and express beauty. Art transcends the limits of traditional communication, opening new horizons for interaction between the artist and the viewer, thereby making it a vital means of expressing human experiences and stimulating thought and feeling. In all of this, I have relied on the opinions of scholars for the objective value they add to the research.

I began my research on this topic in books on language, grammar, morphology, dictionaries, exegesis, and Quranic sciences, as they contain everything related to the Arabic language regarding the types of definite articles. A group of scholars addressed this topic as "the most well-known definite article," and they agreed that the Divine Name (Allah) is the most well-known definite article. They differed on the definite articles that follow it.
In this research, I concluded that the Divine Name (Allah) is the most well-known definite article, according to ancient and modern grammarians. Grammarians differed on the other types of definite articles, with some arguing that they are all equal, since definite articles are not differentiated.
© 2026 EDUJ, College of Education for Human Science, Wasit

This study focuses on the aesthetic and utilitarian functions of classical Arabic poetry, portraying it as an artistic creation that reflects the collective consciousness and responds to aesthetic and social needs. Aesthetically, poetry emerges as a medium for depicting beauty and expressing sentiment through artistic imagery and rhythm, achieving a delicate balance between emotion and intellect. Functionally, poetry played a pivotal role in tribal life, serving as the community’s expressive voice, documenting its glories, shaping its stances, and fulfilling profound social and political roles. The study highlights how the aesthetic dimension endows poetry with artistic depth, while the utilitarian aspect grants it practical significance, rendering classical Arabic poetry a living discourse with multifaceted roles. Thus, it is evident that it was not mere linguistic ornamentation but a cultural document bearing witness to the pulse of early Arab life.

The Arabic language constitutes a vast scientific and intellectual heritage, at the forefront of which stands the discipline of grammar (naḥw). This discipline was not confined merely to describing linguistic structures and organizing grammatical rules; rather, it went beyond that to earnest efforts aimed at justifying and rationalizing these rules. Such justification, as demonstrated in classical works such as Ibn al-Warraq’s *ʿIlal al-Naḥw*, is not simply an interpretive linguistic theory, but rather a pragmatic persuasive act intended to establish an integrated grammatical conviction. This conviction is constructed and employed in a way that enables the addressee to benefit from understanding grammatical relations.
This study examines the pragmatic persuasive dimension of grammatical discourse through an analysis of issues related to the “nominative case of the subject and predicate” as presented in Ibn al-Warraq’s *ʿIlal al-Naḥw*. The research adopts an argumentative pragmatic approach that integrates linguistic and communicative dimensions. It focuses on uncovering the argumentative mechanisms used in justifying grammatical rulings and on how discourse is constructed on rational, logical, and analogical foundations aimed at persuading the recipient to accept and internalize the grammatical rule.
The analysis reveals that Ibn al-Warraq employed an argumentative discourse characterized by various linguistic strategies, including causation, exemplification, contrast, refutation of opposing views, and the invocation of grammatical and linguistic heritage. The significance of this study lies in offering a renewed reading of classical Arabic grammatical texts, viewing them not merely as descriptive discourse, but as dialogic and persuasive discourse intended to influence the recipient.

In this research, we attempt to identify the most significant and subtle linguistic differences in the Holy Quran, specifically in Surah Al-Kahf. We consulted dictionaries and commentaries to uncover these subtle distinctions within the Quranic verses, focusing on variations in vowel sounds, letters, and words. True linguistic understanding, therefore, rests on studying these nuances through the sublime texts of the Quran. These texts unleash the potential of language and reveal its inherent characteristics, distinguishing it from other human languages. This means that a critic cannot be considered a true critic until they uncover the secrets of the language under analysis and recognize the hidden facets of its beauty that elude ordinary people. This is precisely what the scholars of rhetoric and Quranic exegesis did. They delved into the Quranic expression, not merely offering general descriptions as some self-proclaimed literary critics do. Instead, they examined individual letters, extracting their meanings and clarifying their suitability to the intended meaning.

In the early seventeenth century, England witnessed severe disorder characterized by religious tensions and power struggles between the Protestant government and the Catholic minority. One of the most famous events of that era was the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, a failed attempt to blow up the English Parliament and assassinate King James I. The plot centered around a complex network of conspirators, government officials, and informants. Robert Cecil, the First Earl of Salisbury and chief advisor to King James I, was a key figure who played a crucial role in uncovering the conspiracy. This research explores Cecil's significant role in exposing the Gunpowder Plot, examines his motives, actions, and impact on the outcome of the event. By presenting material from primary sources, the events are analyzed to understand the causes and motives of the plot, and shed light on Cecil's character and his role in one of the most important historical events in England's history.

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani played a major role in paving the way for the Constitutional Revolution in Iran. Despite his lack of actual participation in it, as he died before the outbreak of the revolution, his ideas were the theoretical foundation upon which the revolutionaries relied. He spread reformist ideas among Iranian scholars and intellectuals calling for resistance to tyranny, During this period, he began his political activity by spreading revolutionary ideas of a religious-political nature among Iranian society, which angered the Shah and had a clear impact on the development of internal events. It seems that the policy of tyranny practiced by the Qajar rulers played an important role in provoking the religious establishment in Iran, especially during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah (1848-1896 AD), who tried hard to marginalize their role and reduce their influence. Foreign influence in Iran was at its peak, and the economic situation was extremely bad. Nasser al-Din Shah did not care about reforming the situation in his country, which aroused the ire of the clerics, foremost among them Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, who was distinguished by his sound mind and style, and its repercussions on Islamic society. Most of his articles and speeches emphasized the single ruler, the tyranny practiced by tyrannical rulers, and the need to eliminate them. He also called for the rights of the people, freedom of thought, and knowledge of the law, leading to the idea of the constitution, which prepared the minds and awakened the Iranian people from their slumber that had lasted for many years. He instilled in them the will to work for change, and the constitutional revolution was an intellectual fruit of his planting, even though he was not directly involved in it.

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Russia aspired to join the ranks of the most active and economically and militarily developed European countries. Due to the harsh nature of Russia's geographical location, it strove to break free of the constraints of nature by opening up horizons that would enable it to access warmer waters, which would contribute to raising its status both internally and externally. Therefore, the Russian tsars sought to break the isolation that Russia had experienced for centuries from Europe by gaining access to seas open to navigation throughout the year and searching for ports that would help them export in warm waters. Despite Russia's control over a number of seas, including the Baltic and Caspian Seas, these seas were of no real benefit to Russia. The Baltic Sea is frozen for most months of the year, and the Caspian Sea is an inland sea. This prompted Russia to turn its attention to Persia, given its location in southern Russia and its long borders with it, and because Persia possessed a number of important ports overlooking the eastern coast of the Arabian Gulf. Russia therefore sought to expand its trade with Persia. Focusing on Persia, this study highlights the importance of shedding light on the nature of the historical events, both economically and militarily, that accompanied Russian expansion and demonstrating the extent of its impact on both the Russian and Persian sides, despite the long historical period covered by this study.

The Philippines has a long history, having witnessed human presence on its land for thousands of years, and early societies emerged that formed the features of its ancient civilization. Although there was no unity among the Philippine islands in ancient times, the Philippines was not isolated, as it was linked to the surrounding countries through diplomatic and commercial relations before it was discovered by European missions. The discovery of the Philippines was the result of the Portuguese-Spanish competition to control and monopolize international trade routes. Based on that, the Portuguese and Spanish were at the forefront of the European countries that developed modern means of maritime navigation, supported by their kings who took the initiative to support adventurous sailors, and achieved progress in the field of geographical discoveries through which the Philippine Islands were discovered. This was achieved through the Spanish expedition led by the explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, which took about two years before reaching the Philippines. Its arrival was the first contact of the Philippine Islands with European countries, and Europeans had never dealt with the Filipinos before this expedition. Despite the short period that Magellan’s expedition spent in the Philippines, the moment Its landing marked a new turning point in Philippine history, as it opened the door for European influence and control over the Philippine islands. Furthermore, Magellan's expedition represented the beginning of European religious influence on the Philippine islands, as this expedition brought Christianity for the first time to Philippine society. Before this expedition, Christianity had never existed among the inhabitants of the Philippine islands.

Imam Hussein ibn Ali (may God be pleased with him), the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) and the son of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib, is considered in Islamic Sufi sources to be the supreme symbol of martyrdom and sacrifice for the sake of God. He was born in Medina in Sha'ban of the fourth year of the Hijra, lived under the care of his grandfather, the Prophet, for six years, and then participated in Islamic battles such as the Battle of the Camel and the Battle of Siffin. He was martyred in Karbala in the year 61 AH at the hands of the army of Yazid ibn Mu'awiya. This research aims to elucidate Imam Hussein's role in historical Sufi sources and to demonstrate his influence on Islamic Sufism and its development. The researcher employs a descriptive-analytical methodology. The study concludes that Imam Hussein is considered an ideal Sufi model embodying the annihilation of the ego and suffering for the sake of God. The philosopher Sanai describes him as a martyr of a higher rank than all martyrs in the world, and Farid al-Din Attar sees Hussein's sacrifice as a model for the Sufi who sacrifices himself for the love of God, thus linking martyrdom and spiritual sainthood in Sufism.

This research aims to examine the features of the economic life in Islamic al-Andalus, focusing on the integration between agriculture and trade as two essential pillars for societal prosperity. The study explores the general economic structure, including natural and human resources, as well as the economic policies adopted by the state. It further analyzes the development of agricultural activities, highlighting key crops, irrigation techniques, and the socio-economic organization of rural labor. In the commercial aspect, the study delves into the internal and external trade networks, including land and sea routes, and offers a detailed analysis of local markets, the financial system, and currencies in use. The findings reveal that agriculture provided a stable productive base, while trade ensured the circulation of goods and expanded civilizational connections. This synergy contributed significantly to the prosperity and political stability of al-Andalus. The study recommends further research into the economic frameworks of other Islamic civilizations.

This study aims to highlight the main problems faced by researchers in the cartographic representation of climatic elements, specifically rainfall, and to address these problems in accordance with cartographic principles. A rainfall isohyet map was designed; however, the model exhibited several limitations. One of the key identified problems is the use of a single point representing ground-based observation, namely the Al-Hilla station, to depict rainfall amounts. This observation point is located far from the central area of the map. Consequently, when applying spatial interpolation, the input point has very limited influence and may be excluded from the interpolation process, resulting in low accuracy of the rainfall map. Therefore, increasing the number of input points, that is, ground meteorological stations within the study area, is essential to improve the accuracy of cartographic representation. The study also recommends careful selection of appropriate quantitative symbols when designing line symbol maps, ensuring that they are consistent with the quantitative meaning, statistical values to be represented, and the scale of the base map.

Water bodies, including marshes, are among the landforms most sensitive to climate change. Variations in their qualitative, quantitative, and topographic characteristics provide clear evidence of climatic impacts observed globally and across different regions of Iraq in recent decades. Hor Al-Dalmaj represents one of the water bodies that has shown significant responses to climate change and environmental conditions during the period 2000–2025. Changes in water levels within Hor Al-Dalmaj Lake were monitored and quantified using remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information Systems through the analysis of Landsat satellite imagery for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2025. This study aims to analyze the temporal and structural changes of the marsh using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) to extract water classes, assess change dynamics, and evaluate hydrological behavior under climate change. The results indicate a general trend toward shrinkage of the water surface area, accompanied by fluctuating change rates. Structural transformations were observed, including a decline in deep-water areas and an expansion of shallow water and dry land classes, reflecting hydrological responses to climate change and human pressures.

This research studies the frequency of rainy days in Iraq for the (2009 /2010) season by analyzing the surface and upper synoptic weather conditions accompanying rainy days. Therefore, weather maps for the pressure levels (1000) millibars and (500) millibars and for the observations (00) GMT and (12) GMT were investigated to find the frequencies of pressure systems affecting the occurrence of rainy days in Iraq.
By applying the dry year equation, this study found that the number of stations featuring a dry state for the rainy season (2009/2010) reaches (7), which are Khanqin, Baghdad, Hay, Diwaniyah, Najaf, Nasiriyah, and Basra, while the number of wet stations reached three stations, which are Mosul, Kirkuk, and Rutba. The largest decrease in rainfall was recorded at Khanaqin station reaching (75.8-) mm, at Mosul station, reaching (54.9-) mm, at Basra station reaching (48.7-) mm, The lowest decrease in the Rutba station was reaching (11.8-) mm, while the general rate of decrease in rainfall amounts was (27.0-) mm.

The aim of this research is to uncover the relationship between cybercrime and cyber security, particularly given that the scientific advancements witnessed worldwide in the field of communications technology have made social networks (the Internet) one of the most important means of committing crimes, requiring little physical effort.
Therefore, the research seeks to demonstrate the importance of cyber security in light of local and global data to reduce cybercrime, which has recently escalated, and to highlight the dangers of these crimes and the international and legislative efforts to combat them.

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This research examines urban transport in Basra, presenting its historical development, resources, challenges, and proposed solutions for its improvement. Urban transport is a fundamental element in supporting urban, social, and economic development, and it reflects the quality of life in the city. Despite the expansion of road networks after 2003, this expansion was not linked to a clear urban vision. Consequently, numerous problems emerged, most notably the weak enforcement of traffic laws and the unregulated spread of private vehicles, resulting in traffic congestion and environmental and service-related impacts. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing statistical data and spatial maps to monitor transport patterns and diagnose field problems. The results showed that the urban transport crisis in Basra is not only related to infrastructure deficiencies but also to the absence of clear traffic policies and the high reliance on private cars. The research recommends developing the public transport system, supporting it with scientific options, and adopting intelligent traffic management technologies to contribute to regulating traffic flow and improving transport efficiency within Basra.

This research aims to analyze the temporal and spatial variations in temperature and relative humidity, and to demonstrate their impact on human comfort in Iraq. This is achieved through the analysis of long-term human-climatic data and the use of the Discomfort Index (DI Thom), which interprets temperature-humidity (THI). The study revealed a clear spatial variation across seasons. Basra recorded the highest temperatures in all seasons, particularly in summer (38.1°C), while Erbil recorded the lowest in winter (9.8°C). The trend of change was positive across all seasons, with Erbil recording the highest percentage change in winter (0.6787%) and the highest in summer (0.2512%). Conversely, humidity did not show a decreasing trend, especially in summer. Khanaqin recorded the highest annual change (-0.5958%), while Erbil exhibited a slight decrease in some seasons. The study focused on specific types of cat sunglasses, comparing them to other types of sunglasses. The average DI (Density Intensity) reached its highest value in Basra (32.0), while the THI (Total Intensity) index reached 28.0 in the same period, with a trend of increasing (except for 0.15%) at most stations. The results showed a clear increase in the "hot" and "very hot" temperatures, compared to the "comfortable" temperature, including a rise in stress levels, with the percentage of cats experiencing stress levels comparable to human comfort in Iraq.

The current research aims to identify extended thinking among kindergarten teachers and to reveal the significance of differences in extended thinking according to years of service (3-5 / 5-10). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher followed the descriptive approach. The research community consisted of kindergarten teachers in the Wasit Education Department, and the research sample amounted to (150) teachers. After using statistical methods, the researcher reached the following results: - Kindergarten teachers enjoy extended thinking, and there are no differences in extended thinking among teachers according to years of service.
From the previous results, the researcher reached the following recommendations and proposals: The researcher recommends that the Kindergarten Department in Iraq, in its preliminary studies, develop an extended thinking course, and that its vocabulary be developed by a general committee of measurement and evaluation professors and those specializing in kindergarten.

This research aims to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of solar radiation in the city of Sulaimaniyah during the period 1994–2024, using NASA POWER data based on space-based observations and climate energy models, The research employed a statistical and geographic analytical approach, calculating monthly and annual radiation averages (MJ/m²/day) and analyzing the time trend using the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope.
The results showed that solar radiation in Sulaimaniyah exhibits a clear seasonal pattern, reaching its peak in July and August (29–30 MJ/m²/day) and its lowest in December and January (7–9 MJ/m²/day), with a general trend toward a slight increase of 0.021 MJ/m²/year during the studied period.

This research examines the relationship between transformational leadership and workplace discrimination in the schools of Thi Qar Education Directorate - Al-Rifai Education Department. The aim is to highlight the impact of effective leadership on the work environment and improve relationships among teachers. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on a variety of demographic variables, including gender, educational level, years of service, and location, revealing a relative balance between genders and diversity in educational qualifications. The results indicated that males represent 54.1% and females 45.9%, while 41.4% of teachers hold a Bachelor's degree. Additionally, the data showed that 40.2% of teachers have more than 11 years of experience, reflecting stability and depth in educational knowledge. However, the research underscores the need to enhance educational staff through increased opportunities for education and training. When analyzing the data, a significant role of transformational leadership was identified, as it plays a crucial role in reducing workplace discrimination. The results showed a very strong correlation between the two variables at 0.933*, indicating a clear statistical significance. Moreover, the calculated F value reached 3297.090, suggesting the model's effectiveness in reliably interpreting the relationship between transformational leadership and workplace discrimination. Based on these findings, the study recommends enhancing transformational leadership through effective training programs, implementing inspirational motivation strategies, and conducting regular evaluations of the assessment and reward systems. It also emphasizes the importance of developing fair policies related to evaluation and rewards, while fostering a culture of innovation and critical thinking among employees.

This study aims to identify the level of strategic leadership practices and their relationship with administrative development among the deans of the colleges at the University of Sumer, from the perspective of assistant deans and heads of departments. Strategic leadership is considered one of the fundamental pillars for developing educational institutions and achieving their long-term goals, due to its effective role in directing resources and efficiently utilizing human capabilities.
The researcher adopted the descriptive correlational approach as it suits the nature of the study. A sample was selected from assistant deans and heads of departments in the colleges of the University of Sumer. To collect data, a questionnaire was used, consisting of two main dimensions: strategic leadership and administrative development. The validity and reliability of the instrument were verified using appropriate statistical methods.
The results indicated that the level of strategic leadership practices among the deans was moderate to high. It also showed a good level of administrative development in the surveyed colleges. Furthermore, the findings revealed a positive statistically significant correlation between strategic leadership and administrative development, indicating that enhancing strategic leadership practices directly contributes to
In light of the findings, the study recommends supporting university leaders through specialized training programs in strategic leadership, promoting a culture of continuous development within colleges, and adopting modern administrative methods that contribute to improving institutional performance

This study aims to explore the relationship between self-awareness and psychological security among middle school students. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted a descriptive correlational approach, with a sample consisting of 200 male and female students from middle schools in Wassit Governorate. The study utilized a self-awareness scale (developed by the researcher), comprising 21 items covering various dimensions, alongside a psychological security scale consisting of 25 items. The results revealed a positive correlation between self-awareness and psychological security among students. Additionally, the findings indicated statistically significant differences in self-awareness in favor of female students, whereas no significant differences were observed in psychological security between males and females.

The study aimed to study the impact of the ADDIE model on enhancing the achievement of first-grade middle school students in social studies and developing their visual intelligence. To achieve the study objectives, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was used as the study tool. The research population consisted of all first-grade middle school social studies teachers in public schools in the city of Wasit. A random sample representing (50) male and female teachers was selected from the total population. The results showed that the ADDIE model had a positive and statistically significant impact on both academic achievement and the development of visual intelligence among first-grade middle school students in social studies. Based on this, the study concluded with several recommendations, including: the need to train social studies teachers, and teachers in general, on how to apply the stages of the ADDIE model in preparing and planning their lessons; and the integration of educational activities and materials that enhance visual intelligence, such as maps and visual simulations, into the curriculum.

The present research aims to identify linguistic thinking and its relationship to systemic intelligence among students of the Arabic Language departments in Colleges of Education. The sample consisted of (140) students from the total population of students in the Arabic Language departments in Colleges of Education for the academic year (2024 / 2025). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted a tool for testing linguistic thinking and a scale for testing systemic intelligence. After extracting the psychometric properties, the researcher applied them to the research sample. After employing the appropriate statistical treatments for the research, it was found that there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the linguistic thinking test (positively), indicating that the research sample possesses linguistic thinking. It was also found that there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the systemic intelligence test (positively), indicating that the research sample enjoys systemic intelligence. As for the relationship between linguistic thinking and systemic intelligence, the results indicated the existence of a significant correlational relationship between linguistic thinking and systemic intelligence among students of the Arabic Language departments. In light of the results, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The Competencies of e-learning stand as one of the most significant moderm topics,for they explore the essence of digital education – a relatively new concept within primary schooling.Within its scope lies a wealth of essential knowledge aimed at enriching the educational process and making learning accessible to our dear students. These competencies serve as guiding lights that lead learners toward a sound and meaningful educational journey, fostering new ways of thinking and nurturing innovation in our beloved homeland,
Therefore, it is vital for every member of the educational community to remain committed to their responsibilities by staying informed about the latest developments in the ever-evolving field of education.

The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of the cooperative learning method in developing classroom interaction among fifth-grade primary students in the schools of the Wasit Education Directorate. It was based on a problem represented by the frequent observation of low levels of interaction within classrooms, especially in light of the heavy reliance on traditional methods based on indoctrination and weak active student participation. Based on the educational literature and previous studies, the cooperative learning method was adopted as an alternative method that contributes to stimulating interaction within the classroom environment. The research objectives and questions were then formulated, and appropriate measurement tools were designed to measure the impact of using cooperative learning on classroom interaction. The research community and sample were identified, represented by fifth-grade primary students in a number of government primary schools in Wasit. The research used the experimental method based on the experimental group and control group design The study tools, such as a questionnaire or observation card, were applied before and after the educational intervention using the cooperative learning method. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods (such as arithmetic means and t-tests). The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the cooperative learning method in improving classroom interaction among students. Based on these results, the research reached several conclusions, most notably that employing cooperative learning enhances students' engagement in classroom activities and increases their ability to express themselves, interact, and work in groups, which supports the trend toward adopting it as an approved teaching method in primary schools.

This study analyzes the dynamics of Iraqi–Somali relations in light of the major political and security transformations experienced by both countries over the past two decades. It examines the structural challenges that hinder state-building efforts in Iraq and Somalia, including institutional fragmentation, internal divisions, and persistent security threats—most notably ISIS in Iraq and Al-Shabaab in Somalia. The research also highlights the emerging opportunities for strengthening bilateral cooperation in key developmental sectors such as economy, agriculture and food security, health, education, and culture. Drawing on official reports and international assessments, the study concludes that leveraging mutual political will, institutionalizing cooperation frameworks, and expanding knowledge-exchange programs can lay the foundation for a strategic partnership between Iraq and Somalia that supports sustainable development and regional stability.

This study examines Iran’s influence in Central Asia as a strategic arena where regional and international interests intersect. The region’s significance lies in its geographic position linking Eurasia to the Persian Gulf, as well as its vast natural resources that have drawn the attention of major initiatives such as China’s Belt and Road. For Iran, Central Asia offers an opportunity to offset international isolation through partnerships with China and Russia, expand its economic role via energy and transport corridors, and leverage cultural and religious ties. The findings show that Tehran faces substantial challenges, including Western sanctions, growing competition from Turkey and Israel, and sectarian sensitivities among local elites. At the same time, Iran retains important opportunities to strengthen its presence through regional organizations, infrastructure development, and soft power instruments. The study concludes that Iran’s future role in Central Asia will largely depend on its ability to balance pragmatic politics with the dynamics of an emerging multipolar order.

The research examines the pragmaic elements in diplomatic discourse by analyzing two UN Security Council briefings delivered by SRSG Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert about Iraq in 2024. The extensive study of diplomatic discourse has not addressed how pragmaic strategies operate in UN briefings about sensitive geopolitical situations specifically concerning Iraq. This study investigates diplomatic language operations throughout pragmatic which enables diplomats to fulfill their defined objectives while upholding international relations standards. The research employs Searle's (1969) Speech Act Theory and Grice's (1975) Theory of Implicature to analyze two February 6 and May 16, 2024 UN briefings through a qualitative methodology. The analysis shows how skilled representatives and directives work with conventional and conversational implicature to handle delicate matters without open confrontation. The research shows how UN briefings employ diplomatic discourse to handle multiple audiences while upholding institutional standards which enhances the knowledge of advanced linguistic methods in diplomatic communication at high levels.

The variation between the importance of strategic listening training and the utilization as a pedagogy in Iraqi (EFL) class classroom is being debated, this qualitative observational research article.
While the comprehension of listening is the cornerstone of language development, research has shown that it usually ends up being constraint testing rather than conscious skill-acquisition, driven by context-failure boundaries and possibly get learners apprehensive. Two research study analyzed 15 hours of class room observation videotaped of two Iraqi EFL teachers with a descriptive case study design. Instruction episodes and observable student behavior from transcribed data were analyzed, drawing three main conclusions: 1) The teacher enacted more product‐oriented than process‐oriented instructional strategy that resulted in very little scaffolding, especially in the most relevant pre‐listening stage. 2) Student activity was highly polarized, with passive compliance in the form of majority practice standing out in sharp relief to autonomous use of sophisticated strategies by students (e.g., L1 translation and natural note-taking.3) Instructional decision making was highly reactive to system pressures, like extensive technical constraints and pressure to respect content calendars. The study argues that current oriented listening pedagogy is primarily not process-oriented; and there is an immediate need for training practitioners in explicit, metacognitive listening strategy instruction levelled to local resource limitations.

This study examines Bacigalupi’s The Windup Girl through a posthumanist perspective, focusing on how the novel depicts concepts such as humanity, embodiment, and ethics in a world shaped by biotechnology and environmental collapse. The study aims to shed light on how the novel, through the character of Emiko, challenges anthropocentric assumptions and provides new ideas about subjectivity, agency, and coexistence between human and nonhuman. The study presented a textual analysis of the novel The Windup Girl by focusing on passages that illustrate the novel's focus on genetically engineered beings, corporate control over life and ecological degradation they were then compared and interpreted according to basic concepts of posthumanist theorists such as as Braidotti, Hayles, Wolfe, and Haraway. The study is a qualitative study based on literary analysis supported by theoretical frame work grounded in post humanist approach. This a post-humanist critical approach applied to the novel, linked to philosophical discussions that focus on several concepts, including identity, embodiment, and power. The study confirms that Bacigalupi's novel not only reflects concerns about corporate exploitation and environmental collapse but also provides space to rethink how to be human in the age of technology. Emiko, as a bioengineered character, embodies hybridity and resistance, challenging binary categories such as human/machine and natural/artificial. The study indicates that there are moral crises in the contemporary era, as biotechnological developments and severe environmental crises force human to find new ethical foundations. The researcher recommends that future studies should pay attention to posthumanist perspectives because they offer a new opinion on how literature can envision new futures and new ethical frameworks.

This paper examines the issue of Australian “Asianization”, which was adopted by Keating government (1991-1996), as one of the policies to consider the country’s geographical position in the continent. In so doing, the paper explores John Romeril’s Miss Tanaka (2001) to investigate how it reflects the nation’s “coming to terms” with its position in the Asia-Pacific region (Varney, 2009, p.37). Further, it addresses the issue of cultural diversity through its cross-racial cast of characters. This layered theatrical approach situates Miss Tanaka as a key text in Australia’s broader cultural shift toward Asia, foregrounding the importance of multicultural narratives and identities within a regional framework. Further, relying on the works of scholars, such as Ien Ang, Gareth Griffiths, Graham Huggan, this paper explores the intricacies of identity and cultural amalgamation and reflect the extent to which Australian identity has been diverse. Further, the paper conveys how Romeril, in this play, celebrates Australia’s cultural diversity. It also demonstrates how the play challenges the claim that Australia’s identity is monolithic and critiques the white male gaze which considers the Asian female as a site of sexual desire.

The current study is quantitative research by constructing tests to collect the data required. It cognitively tries to focus on the polysemous network the English preposition ‘at’ and its various meanings. This study aims to determine the difficulties that Iraqi EFL students make mistakes in using English preposition ‘at’. It also highlights the causes of those problems. The study was conducted at the Department of the English Language, College of Education for Women, University of Baghdad, Iraq, in the academic year 2024/2025, first semester. The researcher will use SPSS (statistical program) to analyze data. This comprehensive examination of the English preposition ‘at’ encouraged the researcher to diagnose and analyze its semantic usage, relying on insights from cognitive linguistics (CL) developed by Tyler and Evans (2003). Data were presented using figures and tables. This study examines a preliminary, limited sample and focuses on a specific preposition, 'at'. This approach limits the generalizability of the findings; however, the study serves as a preliminary investigation that enables subsequent research involving additional prepositions and more extensive, diverse participant groups. This study reveals the challenges encountered by Iraqi EFL students in utilizing the English preposition ‘at’. This study demonstrates that the cognitive linguistic theory (CL) is useful in accurately comprehending the semantic domains of English prepositions.

The present study is devoted to the analysis of Biden and Netanyahu's claims on their war on Gaza from the pragmatic and cognitive points of view. Biden and Netanyahu are seen to employ different claims when they speak of the war on Gaza in their attempt to justify the war and persuade their audience of the reasons that have made them start such a war. The study intends to uncover the pragmatic and cognitive aspects that are utilised by Biden and Netanyahu in expressing their claims regarding the war on Gaza. The study is qualitative in nature and is based on an eclectic model that includes Culpeper's (1996) theory of impoliteness, Grice's (1975) theory of implicature and Lakoff and Johnson's (2003) theory of conceptual metaphor. Two speeches; one by Biden and one by Netanyahu, have been selected as samples of the study. After analysing the selected data, it has been found that the selected speeches include some forms of impoliteness strategies such as negative impoliteness, positive impoliteness and bold-on record impoliteness. The speeches, moreover, contain conversational and conventional forms of implicature. Regarding the cognitive aspects, the selected speeches are seen to include structural and orientational forms of metaphor.

This paper conducts a rhetorical analysis of patriotic language in American Independence Day speeches to explore presidential methods of building patriotic sentiment through words. Historical investigations of these speeches exist, but research on their rhetorical elements of patriotic language remains insufficient. The study investigates rhetorical devices which generate patriotic emotions while building national unity through language that reflects historical periods. The research adopts a qualitative method to evaluate two presidential Independence Day speeches delivered by Donald Trump (2019 Republican) and Barack Obama (2016 Democrat) through Leech's (1969) rhetorical device framework. Presidents use complex rhetorical strategies, which include metaphor and repetition alongside parallelism amplification, antithesis, negation, and hyperbole, to convert historical anniversaries into active patriotic feelings. The most important findings that study found is the fact that rhetorical means are not used indiscriminately in the discourses of events such as Independence Day in particular, but are the linguist strategically employed to achieve goals including national feeling and strengthening national unity. As for the tools used for both speeches, metaphor and repetition were commonly used to achieve emotional interaction. All of this indicates the process of transforming the historical anniversary into an effective national identity among the citizens.