Hawlyat Al-Montada

This study investigates the phenomenon of linguistic isti’nāf (resumption), with particular focus on grammatical isti’nāf. At the outset, the research presents the linguistic and terminological framework of the term isti’nāf and the resumptive sentence. Linguistically, isti’nāf denotes beginning something anew; grammatically, a resumptive sentence refers to a sentence by which speech is restarted independently.
The study classifies grammatical sentences into two main types: pure grammatical resumptive sentences and non-pure resumptive sentences. Pure resumptive sentences are those entirely independent of the preceding sentence and are solely intended to initiate a new statement. Non-pure grammatical resumptive sentences, however, are subdivided into several categories:
Explanatory resumptive sentence: Typically employed to clarify and explicate the meaning of a preceding sentence, beginning a new independent clause that interprets what came before it.
Consecutive (or follow-up) resumptive sentence: Aims to introduce a new meaning connected to the preceding sentence, commenting on a related event or adding a new semantic dimension to it.
Corrective (or rectifying) resumptive sentence: Refers to a resumed clause that qualifies, amends, or supplements the meaning expressed in the previous sentence, thereby rendering the intended meaning clearer and more precise in detail.
Transitional resumptive sentence: Its function is to shift the context or subject of the discourse, moving to a new topic and altering the course of speech. It may also be described as an extended or digressive resumptive sentence.
In its applied dimension, the study draws upon Qur’anic discourse to illustrate the types of resumptive sentences and their contextual semantic functions, demonstrating how these functions vary according to the context of the Qur’anic text. After addressing both the theoretical and applied aspects, the study concludes with a set of findings presented at the end of the paper.

This research aims to study the argumentative structure in the discourse that characterized literary debates in the Abbasid era,which is considered the golden age of Arab-Islamic civilization and witnessed significant cultural and intellectual flourishing. Debates emerged as a high literary art, combining intellectual depth, linguistic brilliance, and persuasive strategy. The study adopts the descriptive-analytical approach to examine the argumentative mechanisms and strategies used by writers and scholars to persuade their opponents and audience, and how they employed logic and reason alongside rhetoric and emotion in constructing their discourse
The study reveals that argumentation in Abbasid debates aimed not only at refutation but also at demonstrating cultural prowess and superiority, and reinforcing a social or political stance. It also illustrates how these debates interacted with the cultural context of the era by invoking religious texts, proverbs, poetry, and historical evidence. The research concludes by affirming that the argumentative nature of the discourse was the backbone of the Abbasid debate, making it a living record of the intellectual conflict and literary competition that characterized that period.

The concept of aesthetics is considered one of the critical concepts that are renewed in all eras, texts, and discourses, as it is one of the concepts related to taste on both the creative and receptive levels. Therefore, we find him active in ancient, modern, and contemporary critical studies, as well as his work in all creative fields, whether literary or otherwise, as an intellectual taste and a high human value, through which we realize the value of things around us.

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

The phenomenon of stylistics is evident in literary studies because it represents a continuation of the work of classical rhetoricians. Stylistics is rhetoric in its modern form. This research sheds light on translated literature, specifically the novel "Bardelian" by the French writer Michel Zévaco, and demonstrates the extent to which... The researcher examined the application of rhetorical and figurative images such as simile, metaphor, and metonymy, and how they are employed in narrative texts. The researcher concluded that these stylistic and figurative images are remarkably applicable in the translated novel texts, and they were a prominent stylistic feature in translated French literature.

This research examines the interactive relationship between rural and urban areas in Baghdad, a city of significant human, social, and cultural importance, and the most important political, cultural, and economic center in Iraq. The study focuses on analyzing the cultural, social, and political impacts of rural migration waves to Baghdad throughout different historical periods, particularly from the mid-20th century to the present. It explores how these transformations have contributed to reshaping the city's social and cultural fabric, employing an analytical approach within the field of political sociology.
The research is based on the premise that rural-to-urban migration to Baghdad was not merely a population movement, but rather a profound cultural and social shift. This shift led to the integration of rural values with urban lifestyles, resulting in the emergence of hybrid cultural and social patterns. It also reshaped social relations, housing patterns, and urban identity within the city. Furthermore, the research posits that the political and economic transformations Iraq has witnessed, coupled with wars and underdevelopment in rural areas, have accelerated the pace of these migrations. This, in turn, has led to the expansion of informal settlements and the emergence of social and service-related challenges within the city.
This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, tracing the historical developments of rural migration to Baghdad and analyzing its impact on class structure, patterns of social solidarity, and shifts in values and behaviors within urban society. The research also examines the role of the state and urban policies in managing these transformations and their capacity to absorb newcomers and integrate them into the urban fabric.
The research concludes that the interaction between rural and urban areas in Baghdad has contributed to the formation of a complex urban identity that blends traditional and modern values. However, the absence of effective urban planning and the exacerbation of economic and political crises have transformed this interaction into a source of numerous social and cultural challenges. Conversely, this interaction has also served to protect the city from social and security threats on several occasions. The research recommends the adoption of balanced development policies between rural and urban areas and the strengthening of urban integration programs to contribute to social stability and improve the quality of life in Iraqi cities, particularly the capital, Baghdad.

This study examines the role of international organizations in the settlement of disputes over shared oil and gas reservoirs between neighboring states. It analyzes the international legal frameworks governing transboundary natural resources and the diplomatic mechanisms employed by international organizations, with particular emphasis on the United Nations and specialized bodies. The study further applies this theoretical framework to three Arab case studies: Iraq–Kuwait, Saudi Arabia–Kuwait, and Qatar–Iran, assessing the effectiveness and limitations of international involvement in such disputes.
Final Keywords (in English) International Organizations, Shared Oil and Gas Reservoir Disputes, Transboundary Hydrocarbon Resources, International Natural Resources Law, International Dispute Settlement, Diplomatic Mechanisms

The South Caucasus region became of geopolitical importance after the fall of the former Soviet Union , and with the end of the Cold War, this region became attractive to regional and international powers to play a greater political role in it to achieve the interests of these powers .
The former Soviet republics ( Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia ) received the most attention from these powers due to their richness in natural resources and their strategic location, especially with regard to energy transfer projects .in this regard, regional powers such as the Russian Federation, Turkey and Iran adopted foreign policies aimed at achieving the maximum benefit from establishing relations with these new countries, albeit different under the influence of many variables, such as cultural, historical or ethnic background... Etc .
Ethnic and regional conflicts also played an important role in determining the nature of bilateral and multilateral relations in the South Caucasus, and ( Israel) was able to take advantage of the legacy of the Cold War in the late eighties of the twentieth century in the nature of its relations with Iran and Turkey and put it in a strong position to exploit the urgent need of Azerbaijan and support it in its conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in 1988, this support developed into one of the most important alliances (Israel) in the Middle East and North Africa .

The renewal of Islamic thought is an imperative for adapting to the cultural and social changes imposed by the present era. Renewal enables us to effectively confront the challenges of modernity and works to restore the values of justice and peace among societies by deepening our understanding of religious texts and engaging positively with the globalized world without losing our Islamic identity.
Many Islamic schools of thought have sought to reinterpret Islamic heritage from a new perspective

I have devoted this research to an interpretive study of major sins in the Holy Quran. Although this study, if viewed comprehensively, can be used to determine the general ranks of transgressions, in order to shed light on a specific aspect.
The focus of this research is on the major sins that the Holy Quran requires us to avoid. Sheikh al-Naraqi (may God sanctify his soul) said: "As for the great evils: innovation in religion, murder, injustice, adultery, sodomy, drinking alcohol, various types of singing, looking at non-mahrams, eating forbidden foods, praying in usurped places, performing ablution and ritual bathing with forbidden water, misappropriating and usurping endowment funds, dealing with oppressors, ignorance of the fundamentals of belief and obligatory branches, and verbal afflictions, they are too numerous to list "especially in our time. The believer should strive to change his behavior, that of his family and those related to him, for there is good and beautiful in that. Sheikh Al-Naraqi (may God sanctify his secret) added, saying: (If it were possible for a religious believer to change all or some of these evils through accountability, he would not be able to stay at home. Rather, he must go out constantly to enjoin what is right, forbid what is wrong, and teach and provide religious guidance according to his ability). These major sins have been the subject of different opinions among scholars regarding their explanation, number, and instances. The reason for their difference is the multiplicity of narrations that have enumerated and summarized their sources, how to avoid them, and how to continue to abandon them. Every believer should stand against these major sins, treat them, and limit them as much as possible, and deal with them in general. The noble verses have indicated that they are among the major sins, and they are among the reprehensible acts that the noble verses prohibit. God Almighty said: ((Indeed, God commands justice and doing good and giving to relatives and forbids immorality and bad conduct and oppression. He instructs you that you may be reminded)) So the command is related to justice and doing good and giving to relatives, and the prohibition is opposite to it. Related to indecency, evil, and transgression. These sins and others are opposed by prayer for those who perform it according to its conditions and it is accepted from them. Transgression means that a person practices injustice and oppression while knowing that it is false. Evil, ugly, and indecency are major sins, and the prohibition of them appears in the apparent Quran. God Almighty said: ((Recite what has been revealed to you of the Book and establish prayer. Indeed, prayer prohibits immorality and wrongdoing, and the remembrance of God is greater. And God knows that which you do)) The term sin applies to these sins, which includes major and minor sins that lead to sin. And He, the Almighty, said: “Say, ‘My Lord has only forbidden immoralities - such of them as are apparent and such as are concealed - and sin and oppression without right, and that you associate with Allah that for which He has not sent down authority, and that you say about Allah that which you do not know.

The contemporary Islamic government is considered one of the most important intellectual and political projects in Islamic jurisprudence. The project of establishing a contemporary Islamic government represents a serious attempt to establish a political system based on Islamic jurisprudence and the objectives of Islamic law (Sharia), while

This research examines and analyzes the two dangerous deviations that occurred in the character of Imam Ali (peace be upon him): extremism and harshness. It aims to demonstrate the moderate, middle-of-the-road approach called for in the Holy Qur’an and confirmed by the narrations, and to highlight the status of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) as defined by Islamic law, far from excess and neglect. The research consists of The first topic: The concept of extremism and estrangement and the reasons for their emergence. It consists of several demands. The first demand:

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

Peace and blessings be upon the Master of the Messengers, our Prophet Muhammad, and his pure and righteous family. Some works on logic and language have mentioned the concept of signification (dalālah) and addressed the issue of semantic divisions. These divisions have varied according to the basis of classification adopted, which leads to differences from one division to another. The subject of division may be general signification, as in logical classifications, where the natural relationship between the signifier and the signified is taken as the basis, with particular attention given to verbal signification, as will appear in the first section.
As for linguistic works, some of them dealt with general signification, as did al-Jāḥiẓ, while others restricted the division to verbal signification, as did Ibn Jinnī. However, the basis of classification was not always clear, and certain observations can be made on both approaches, which is discussed in the second section. Due to the importance of verbal signification, and since words are usually directed toward it, one can observe a common ground between logic, language, and even jurisprudential principles (uṣūl). This common ground addresses a special division of verbal signification that produces categories which interrelate in determining and clarifying the speaker’s intended meaning. This is the subject of the third section, as will be explained, God willing.

This study addresses the role of universities in addressing the psychological effects of domestic violence on children, within the framework of Islamic philosophy.
It highlights the emotional, behavioral, and social impacts of such violence, showing that abuse within the family leads to low self-esteem, psychological disorders, and difficulty forming healthy relationships in the future.
The study reviews the Islamic educational foundations that advocate for compassion and moderation in dealing with children, warning against the consequences of cruelty and authoritarianism on their psychological stability.It also discusses the role of universities in raising awareness of the dangers of domestic violence by incorporating concepts of proper parenting into curricula and organizing training courses, workshops, and educational seminars to prepare psychological and social specialists to deal with affected children.
The study emphasizes the necessity of collaboration between universities, families, and specialized institutions to promote a culture of positive parenting and foster a healthy family environment that ensures the proper upbringing of children.
The study’s questionnaire findings can be summarized as follows:
• 85% confirmed that violence affects the psychological development of the child.
• 93% called for the establishment of university-based psychological clinics.
• 89% believed that strengthening Islamic values in universities could reduce domestic violence.
• 98% indicated that Western technology may contribute to the worsening of the phenomenon.

Rituals are everything related to solid doctrinal principles linked to the behaviors of people in a particular society or nation. They hold a place of respect and affection in people's hearts and minds, becoming deeply rooted in their beliefs, especially the doctrinal rituals of Husayn, as they are part of the beliefs of Muslims and even their lives, and tampering with them is tantamount to tampering with their religious and human dignity, values, and customs, and even tampering with the very essence of religion and the nation.
Therefore, we have highlighted the need for these rituals, which require a great deal of attention and sacrifice from people in order to glorify and spread these Husayni rituals, as they are an integral part of the permanence and survival of religion, the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH), and the nation. They embody the application of eternal human values and meanings in history and the human conscience, as they are alive and expressive, born from the core of the message, religion, and humanity's suffering against injustice and the corruption of tyranny.

This research examines the impact of Al-Muqtataf magazine on consolidating awareness and shaping modern Arab public opinion. , during its period of publication (1876-1952 AD), as it is considered one of the most important cultural and scientific platforms witnessed by the modern Arab awakening, as it was part of it and became a representative of it, as the magazine was launched from an intellectual project that goes beyond (news and education), to perform a deeper function represented by (reconstructing modern Arab awareness), and directing it towards the concepts of science, rationality, and reform, within a cultural space in which the dialectic of (heritage and modernization) escalated. This research employs a historical-analytical approach to examine the role of Al-Muqtataf magazine as an intellectual force that significantly contributed to shaping modern Arab consciousness and public opinion. This is achieved through an analysis of its content, the structure of its discourse, and its position among its Arab counterparts published in the late Ottoman period and the early twentieth century. The research also seeks to understand how the magazine succeeded in building a readership and interacting with it, and expanding the circle of public debate on various issues, especially in the section (debate and correspondence), while being very careful not to take direct political sides. The results of the research revealed that Al-Muqtataf magazine was not a medium for transmitting knowledge, but rather an open space for shaping a modern, rational public opinion that kept pace with the major social and political transformations witnessed in the Arab East. In addition, its continuous publication for more than seventy years and the abundance of its content helped it shape a new Arab mentality capable of dealing with the rapid scientific developments and modern intellectual tools witnessed by the

The urban transport network is the most important standard by which the development of countries is measured, as it contributes to the growth of human settlements and their geographical distribution. The main problem of the study includes whether human variables have an impact on the urban transport network and educational services in the center of Najaf Al-Ashraf district. This study also aims to reveal the spatial relationship between the transport street network and the distribution of educational services in the center of the district from an analytical geographical perspective and to identify the most important geographical pillars affecting the construction and extension of these streets. The study also showed the role of bridges and streets and their importance in directing street routes and relieving traffic congestion and their impact on educational services, in addition to their ability to embody levels of spatial interaction in them and between educational institutions. The historical, descriptive and systems analysis methods were adopted.

The study of diseases is very important in knowing the extent of their spread on human health, as diseases are spread due to the direct impact of the environment on humans through coexistence with those conditions, and in order to reduce the process of its effect on humans, some measures must be taken. The study examined nine diseases: (acute pharyngitis, acute tonsillitis, laryngitis and acute respiratory infections in the respiratory system, flu, pneumonia, bronchitis, canines, acute pulmonary people, asthma and other respiratory diseases) for a period of time from year 2019 to 2023 AD at the level of urban administrative units of Najaf Al-Sharf

The evasion of responsibility in all its forms—criminal, civil (including contractual and tortious liability), social and community responsibility, and administrative and professional responsibility—has become almost a widespread phenomenon afflicting most societies. This evasion results in significant harm to both the individual and society as a whole, especially since the foundation of societies rests on individuals fulfilling their obligations, contracts, duties, and responsibilities properly and in good faith. When someone evades, falls short of, or neglects their duties, their actions cause material and moral harm to others. The principle of good faith in human interaction has been eroded by the apathy that has permeated society, beginning to undermine its values and moral obligations. The failure to honor contracts, promises, and commitments has become widespread, and individual self-interest has begun to blatantly overshadow legal obligations, customs, and traditions
Evasion of responsibility may take the form of failing to fulfill certain fundamental obligations incumbent upon an individual as a result of entering into a contract of particular importance. This failure to fulfill the obligations arising from the contract establishes liability.
Evasion may also take the form of negligence and lack of due care, which may result in the death of the person or permanent disability, as in the case of medical malpractice.
If this evasion results in harm, the injured party must be compensated. This compensation may be material or moral, or it may involve removing the harm or repairing the damaged item, as compensation is the means by which the court seeks to redress the harm suffered by the affected individual

Economists around the world have unanimously agreed that the phenomenon of money laundering is a crime that affects the national security of the state, through its negative effects on the political, economic and social sectors, as this crime is based on obtaining money through a group of illegal activities such as drug trafficking, bribery, and exploiting administrative positions for personal benefits. Kidnappings, antiquities smuggling, and other activities, as this illegally obtained money is smuggled abroad to carry out laundering operations to give it legitimacy, by depositing it in foreign banks in unknown fictitious accounts and then converting it into in-kind assets such as real estate or valuable collectibles. And then re-inject it locally as legitimate money In addition, there are many other measures that contribute to reducing the crime of money laundering, including Iraq's efforts to rid itself of the remnants of occupation by eliminating the parasitic groups that infiltrate the Iraqi economy, which can be done by placing the right person in the right position. Furthermore, it is necessary to prevent politicians from engaging in financial trade outside the scope of their roles. This issue is not considered a restriction on freedom of work, as many democratic countries follow this system. Additionally, it is necessary to eliminate bureaucracy in transactions in order to achieve employee transparency and prevent bribery from penetrating state institutions. Moreover, there is a need to strengthen social upbringing that counters money laundering at all stages and through all means of socialization.