Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities

Aims: This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Subjective Vitality Scale among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities by verifying its validity, reliability, and suitability for the research context in which it was applied. It also sought to provide a scientifically accurate measurement tool that can be relied upon in future psychological studies involving this population, given the importance of subjective vitality in understanding the psychological and emotional aspects of mothers. Methodology: The study sample consisted of 186 mothers of children with intellectual disabilities in the Asir region (KSA). To assess validity, face validity was used by presenting the scale items to a panel of psychology experts, with an agreement rate exceeding 90% regarding the suitability of the items to the study objectives. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was also conducted to examine the construct validity of the scale, showing a good fit between the theoretical model and the observed data. For reliability, multiple statistical indicators were employed, including omega coefficient, split-half reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha, to ensure internal consistency and stability across dimensions. Results: The findings showed that omega coefficients for the sub-dimensions ranged between 0.61 and 0.81, while the overall reliability value reached 0.85, indicating a good level of reliability. The split-half reliability coefficient was 0.81, reflecting acceptable stability in measurement. Cronbach’s alpha results also indicated high internal consistency among the scale items, and all correlation coefficients were statistically significant at the 0.01 level, confirming item homogeneity and consistency in measuring the same construct. Conclusions: The study concluded that the Subjective Vitality Scale for mothers of children with intellectual disabilities possesses good psychometric properties in terms of validity and reliability, making it a suitable and trustworthy instrument for use in psychological and educational research. It can also be applied in future studies aimed at understanding the psychological aspects of this group and in developing counseling and psychological support programs based on accurate scientific evidence.

Aims: This research aims to identify psychological alienation and hypochondriasis among the elderly, to examine the nature of the correlational relationship between psychological alienation and hypochondriasis, and to determine the extent to which psychological alienation contributes to the level of hypochondriasis. Methodology: A sample of (160) elderly males, aged 65 years and above, was selected from among those visiting four pension and social welfare disbursement offices in the city of Ramadi. The researcher constructed, prepared, and then administered the Psychological Alienation Scale and the Hypochondriasis Scale. Results: The results showed that psychological alienation among the research sample was high across all its dimensions, with statistical significance at the level (0.05). Additionally, hypochondriasis among the research sample was high, with statistical significance at the level (0.05). There was a statistically significant positive correlational relationship at the level (0.05) between psychological alienation (and its dimensions) and hypochondriasis. Furthermore, psychological alienation contributed by (26.5%) to the explained variance in hypochondriasis. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the level of psychological alienation across its various dimensions was statistically high among the elderly sample, as was the level of hypochondriasis. The results also revealed a statistically significant positive correlational relationship between psychological alienation and hypochondriasis, indicating that an increase in feelings of psychological alienation is associated with an increase in the severity of hypochondriasis among them. Moreover, psychological alienation explained (26.5%) of the variance in hypochondriasis, which is a significant explanatory percentage, confirming that psychological alienation is not merely a correlated factor but an actual predictor of the level of hypochondriasis among the elderly. The present study also concludes that low levels of social and psychological integration are considered a risk factor contributing to the amplification of health anxieties among the elderly. Accordingly, the study recommends the necessity of designing psychological and social support programs aimed at reducing alienation as a means of preventing hypochondriasis and improving their quality of life.

Aims: The research aimed to identify the effect of using visual thinking strategies and mind maps on developing metacognitive thinking skills among first-year intermediate female students in biology. Methodology: A partially controlled experimental design (two experimental groups and one control group) with pre- and post-tests for metacognitive thinking skills was selected. Three out of five sections were randomly chosen to represent the research sample, which consisted of (114) female students, equally distributed among the three groups, with (38) students in each group. The three groups were matched in terms of variables (intelligence, prior achievement in biology, prior knowledge in biology, and metacognitive thinking skills). The researcher developed a research instrument, namely the Metacognitive Thinking Skills Scale. The final version of the scale comprised (30) items distributed across three domains: planning (10 items), monitoring and regulation (12 items), and evaluation (8 items). Results: After statistically analyzing the data, the results showed that: A) Students in the first experimental group outperformed those in the control group on the Metacognitive Thinking Skills Scale. B) Students in the second experimental group outperformed those in the control group on the Metacognitive Thinking Skills Scale. C) There was no statistically significant difference between the first and second experimental groups on the Metacognitive Thinking Skills Scale. Conclusions: Based on these results, it can be concluded that both visual thinking strategies and mind maps help female students assume responsibility and enhance self-confidence in organizing the cognitive structure of biology for meaningful learning. Both strategies had a positive impact on developing metacognitive thinking skills among first-year intermediate female students. Constructing mind maps for biology made students more eager and engaged during the lesson and also helped them organize and retain information. In light of the findings, the researcher offered several recommendations, including adopting both visual thinking strategies and mind maps in teaching biology. She also suggested conducting further research and studies to examine the effect of these strategies on other variables not addressed in this study, such as the acquisition of biological concepts and academic achievement.

Aims: The research problem was formulated in the following question: What is the effect of the Joyce and Weil model on developing perceived emotional engagement in art history among female students of the Institute of Fine Arts? In addition to the research importance, which centered on the contribution of the Joyce and Weil model to developing students' perceived emotional engagement. The current research aimed to identify the effect of the Joyce and Weil model on developing perceived emotional engagement in art history, and to reveal the effect size of the Joyce and Weil model on developing perceived emotional engagement in art history. Methodology: To verify the first objective, the researcher formulated the following two null hypotheses: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students (who studied according to the Joyce and Weil model) and the mean scores of the control group students (who studied according to the conventional method) on the pre-test of the perceived emotional engagement scale. There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students and the mean scores of the control group students on the post-test of the perceived emotional engagement scale. The researcher adopted the experimental method and utilized a partially controlled experimental design, specifically a two-group design with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of female students at the Institute of Fine Arts for Girls, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Al-Karkh 1. The researcher intentionally selected a sample of (60) first-stage female students to implement the research experiment. The study was applied to the research sample after the researcher adopted the perceived emotional engagement scale. Results: After statistically analyzing the data, the results indicated that there were statistically significant differences in art history between the experimental group, which was taught using the Joyce and Weil model, compared to the control group, which was taught using the traditional method. Conclusions: It can be concluded that employing the Joyce and Weil model in teaching theoretical subjects, particularly art history, brings about a qualitative transformation in the female students' educational experience, shifting them from a state of passive reception to perceived emotional engagement. This engagement represents an essential condition for deep and meaningful artistic learning. Furthermore, the conclusion reveals that the model's effectiveness is not limited to the cognitive aspect alone but extends to building a sustainable emotional relationship between the student and the academic content, thereby opening the door to restructuring theoretical arts curricula away from conventional dry methods. Complementing the research findings, the researcher recommended the necessity of adopting the Joyce and Weil model in teaching theoretical subjects in arts institutes, especially art history. The researcher also suggested conducting further studies, including similar studies to investigate the effect of the Joyce and Weil model on other artistic subjects (such as art criticism and aesthetic philosophy).

Aims: The current research aims to identify the attitudes of Arabic language teachers (male and female) toward using adaptive learning to enhance reading comprehension skills. It also aims to determine the statistical significance of differences in these attitudes according to the gender variable (male–female). Finally, the research seeks to reveal the attitudes of Arabic language teachers toward using adaptive learning to enhance reading comprehension skills based on the variable of years of teaching experience. Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, a questionnaire was developed specifically to measure the attitudes of Arabic language teachers toward using adaptive learning to enhance reading comprehension skills. The questionnaire consisted of (35) items answered on a three-point scale (Agree – Unsure – Disagree). The research sample comprised (40) male and female teachers working in middle schools affiliated with the Anbar Education Directorate. Results: After statistically processing the data using t-tests for one sample and two independent samples, the analysis yielded the following results: Positive attitudes were found among the research sample members toward using adaptive learning in teaching Arabic, indicating the potential of employing this approach to develop the educational process and enhance students' reading comprehension skills. The analysis results showed no statistically significant differences in the mean responses of the sample members according to the gender variable (male and female). Furthermore, the mean responses of the sample members did not show statistically significant differences according to the variable of years of teaching experience. Conclusions: It can be concluded that Arabic language teachers possess a clear positive readiness to adopt adaptive learning as an effective approach to enhance reading comprehension skills, regardless of their gender or years of experience. This confirms that the successful implementation of this strategy is not linked to teachers' demographic characteristics as much as it is linked to providing appropriate technical support and a suitable classroom environment, which opens the door for extensive methodological development in Arabic language teaching. In light of the findings, the research recommends the following: the necessity of encouraging Arabic language teachers to employ adaptive learning strategies in their lessons and to follow up on their implementation and evaluation periodically; providing the technical requirements and educational programs that support the application of adaptive learning in preparatory schools; and redesigning classroom environments to align with the requirements of implementing adaptive learning systems in terms of equipment, student numbers, and technological infrastructure. The research suggests conducting further studies on larger samples from multiple regions of Iraq to explore the relationship between Arabic language teachers' attitudes toward adaptive learning and other variables such as motivation for learning and attitudes toward educational technology, thereby contributing to supporting positive attitudes toward using adaptive learning to enhance reading comprehension skills.

Aims: This study aims to highlight the significance of solar radiation as one of the most abundant and sustainable natural resources, and to demonstrate its potential for electricity generation as a clean and renewable energy source. It further seeks to underscore the importance of investing in solar energy in Iraq for the diversification of energy production sources and the reduction of dependence on conventional energy sources. Additionally, the study examines the mechanisms of solar energy production, its fields of application, and the principal challenges impeding its development. Methodology: The study employed a methodological approach based on the collection, classification, and analysis of solar radiation data from selected stations across Iraq. This was undertaken to determine solar energy production rates and to highlight spatial variations in production efficiency. The study also addressed the technical aspects related to the conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy, drawing upon climatic indicators and available data to assess investment potential in this domain. Results: The findings indicate that Iraq possesses favorable natural endowments for solar energy investment, attributed to high rates of solar radiation and its availability throughout most of the year. The results further reveal that technological advancements in photovoltaic panels and energy storage systems have enhanced the usability of generated energy during periods of reduced solar radiation, such as winter months and nighttime hours. The study also confirms the diverse applications of solar energy, including electricity generation, the operation of various facilities, and the fulfillment of certain developmental needs. Conversely, the findings identify several constraints limiting the expansion of this sector, most notably the high initial costs of certain technologies, the need for adequate infrastructure, and the requirements for maintenance and technical support. Conclusions: It can be concluded that solar energy constitutes a promising strategic option for diversifying energy sources in Iraq and for enhancing energy security, given its sustainable and environmentally benign characteristics. The findings further underscore the importance of adopting supportive policies for investment in solar energy projects and for developing the requisite infrastructure. Such measures would contribute to increasing reliance on renewable energy sources, aligning with global trends toward sustainable development, and mitigating the environmental impacts associated with conventional energy sources.

Aims: This research aims to examine the current state of small industrial enterprises in the city of Ramadi, to identify the most prominent problems impeding their productive performance and contributing to operational stagnation, and to propose strategic conceptualizations and solutions that may contribute to addressing these challenges. It further seeks to highlight the role of these enterprises in supporting economic and social development within the city through the analysis of their sectoral structure and their employment significance. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, involving the collection of field and statistical data pertaining to small industrial enterprises in Ramadi, followed by analysis in terms of the number of enterprises, their sectoral distribution, and the number of workers employed therein. A comparative method was also employed across different industrial sectors to reveal variations in the volume of activity and output, as well as to understand the nature of the local industrial structure and the factors influencing it. Results: The findings indicate that the number of small industrial enterprises in Ramadi reached 1,443 establishments, employing a total of 5,466 workers. These enterprises were distributed across seven principal sectors: food industries, textiles, wood industries, paper industries, construction industries, metal industries, and industrial services. The food industries sector ranked first both in terms of number of enterprises and workforce, comprising 586 establishments (41% of the total enterprises) and employing 3,410 workers (62% of the total workforce). In contrast, the construction industries sector ranked last, with 36 establishments (2% of the total) employing 295 workers (6% of the total workforce). The results further revealed a pronounced concentration of industrial activity within a single sector relative to the remaining sectors. Conclusions: It can be concluded that small industrial enterprises in Ramadi suffer from a marked structural imbalance in their sectoral distribution, characterized by the dominance of the food industries sector and the underdevelopment of several other sectors. The study further affirms that the development of this sector necessitates greater governmental and investment support to enhance its productive efficiency and diversify its industrial base, thereby reinforcing its role in sustainable economic and social development within the city.

Aims: This research aims to examine religious land uses in the city of Fallujah, a city characterized by a high density of mosques and a diversity of religious functions, as well as to investigate the developmental stages of these uses from the city's inception to the present day. It further seeks to uncover the social, religious, and urban factors contributing to this evolution, with particular emphasis on the role of the population's adherence to Islamic values, and the influence of religious scholars and institutions in reinforcing the city's religious fabric and expanding its spatial diffusion. Methodology: The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, conducting a comprehensive field survey of mosques and other religious land uses within Fallujah. Data were collected using a questionnaire form specifically designed for this purpose. Cartographic methods were also employed to produce maps illustrating the spatial distribution of religious land uses across the city's various developmental stages, thereby enabling the analysis of spatiotemporal changes and an understanding of the relationship between urban growth and the expansion of religious land uses. Direct field data and interviews were additionally utilized to enhance the accuracy and reliability of the findings. Results: Following statistical analysis of the data, the results indicate that religious land uses in Fallujah have undergone six major developmental stages, which clearly reflect the urban and demographic transformations experienced by the city over time. The findings further demonstrate that adherence to Islamic values and principles, alongside the active role of religious scholars, preachers, and religious institutions, has had a significant impact on the increasing number of mosques, the diversification of religious land uses, and their proliferation across various neighborhoods of the city. The results also reveal a close relationship between the city's urban expansion and the growing demand for religious facilities commensurate with the increasing population. Conclusions: It can be concluded that religious land uses in Fallujah represent a direct reflection of the urban and social evolution the city has undergone throughout its various historical phases, and that religious and social factors have played a pivotal role in shaping this pattern of land use. The research further affirms that the study of religious land uses contributes to understanding the city's spatial structure and its development over time, highlighting the significance of religion as a fundamental factor guiding urban growth and organizing the urban fabric of Fallujah. The findings underscore the necessity of documenting these land uses and pursuing further research on them in the future.

Aims: This study aims to conduct a geographical analysis of protected agriculture in Babylon Governorate and to elucidate its role in enhancing the agricultural production of vegetable crops in terms of cultivated area, total output, and productivity. It further seeks to delineate the current status of plastic greenhouses and agricultural tunnels, examine their geographical distribution across the districts and sub-districts of the governorate, identify the principal crops cultivated under this agricultural system, and assess its impact on the enhancement of food security. Methodology: The study adopted an analytical geographical approach based on the collection of field and statistical data pertaining to plastic greenhouses and agricultural tunnels in Babylon Governorate, followed by the analysis of their spatial distribution across districts and sub-districts. A quantitative analytical method was also employed to determine the number of protected cultivation structures and to compare the productivity of various vegetable crops, while examining the relationship between the geographical distribution of protected agriculture and the efficiency of agricultural production. Results: The findings reveal a marked spatial variation in the geographical distribution of protected agriculture across the districts and sub-districts of Babylon Governorate. The total number of plastic greenhouses recorded was 403, whereas the number of plastic tunnels reached 77,792. The results further indicate that the most significant crops cultivated under protected agriculture are eggplant, pepper, and okra, while tomato, cucumber, and eggplant crops are concentrated in the sub-districts of Al-Imam, Al-Mahawil, Al-Nil, and Al-Mashru'. The findings also demonstrate that protected agriculture contributes substantially to increased output, improved crop quality, and year-round availability of produce. Conclusions: It can be concluded that protected agriculture constitutes one of the most important modern agricultural methods in Babylon Governorate, owing to its role in enhancing agricultural production efficiency and ensuring stability in the supply of vegetable crops. The study further affirms that the development of this sector represents an economic and agricultural necessity under prevailing climatic and economic conditions, given its capacity to enable continuous production and mitigate the impact of climatic variability. This, in turn, underscores the importance of expanding the use of greenhouses and achieving a more balanced distribution thereof across the governorate.

Aims: This study aims to identify the role of Fallujah's deputies in the Iraqi House of Representatives during the monarchic era (1921–1958), to elucidate their contributions to political and legislative life, and to reveal their stances regarding local, national, and Arab issues. The study further seeks to highlight the significance of Fallujah's parliamentary representation in the evolution of Iraqi parliamentary life during the early stages of the modern Iraqi state's formation. Methodology: The study adopted an analytical historical approach by tracing the political developments that accompanied the establishment of the modern Iraqi state and the installation of King Faisal I on 23 August 1921. It involved the analysis of historical documents, parliamentary records, and primary and secondary sources pertaining to the functioning of the Iraqi House of Representatives. The study focused on the deputies who represented Fallujah during the monarchic era, examining their roles and their participation in the deliberation of laws and various political and administrative matters. Results: The findings reveal that Fallujah was represented by three deputies in the Iraqi House of Representatives who had an active presence in parliamentary work. They contributed to raising local problems and defending the interests of their constituencies, in addition to participating in discussions of national issues concerning state governance and various legislative matters. The results further disclosed their concern for Arab issues and their adoption of stances supportive of Arab nationalist orientations, which reflected the level of political awareness possessed by Fallujah's representatives during that period. Conclusions: It can be concluded that Fallujah's deputies played a significant role in enhancing political participation and representing the interests of the local community within the Iraqi legislative institution, and contributed to advancing the trajectory of parliamentary work during the monarchic era. The study further affirms that the experience of Fallujah's deputies represents an important model for understanding the nature of the interaction between local elites and the central authority, as well as their role in the construction of the modern Iraqi state and the development of its political and parliamentary life.

Aims: This study aims to analyze the policies of scientific, cultural, and urban modernization pursued by Peter I in Russia during the period 1689–1725, and to evaluate their success in bringing about a comprehensive transformation in Russian society. It further seeks to uncover the limitations of these reforms and their social and cultural impacts, as well as to determine whether they contributed to the modernization of society as a whole or remained confined to enhancing the capacities of the state and the ruling elites. Methodology: The study adopted a mixed methodology that combined quantitative analysis of demographic data, educational indicators, and literacy rates, with qualitative analysis of official texts, including decrees and contemporary correspondence. It focused on three principal axes: scientific advancement through the establishment of educational institutions and the recruitment of foreign expertise; cultural transformation resulting from westernization policies; and urban development associated with the founding of the city of Saint Petersburg. Results: The findings indicate that educational reforms achieved only limited progress in terms of societal reach, benefiting approximately five thousand students out of a total population of fifteen million. Literacy rates among the nobility increased from 40% to 90%, while they remained below 2% among the peasantry, who constituted the majority of the population. The study also revealed that westernization policies contributed to the emergence of a cultural cleavage between an elite influenced by European models and a majority adhering to Orthodox traditions. Urban modernization was concentrated primarily in the city of Saint Petersburg, the construction of which entailed a high human cost estimated at between thirty thousand and one hundred thousand laborers. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the modernization project led by Peter I constituted a selective, top-down, state-directed modernization. It succeeded in building a militarily and institutionally powerful state and in enhancing Russia's international standing, but it did not achieve a profound social transformation encompassing all segments of society. The study affirms the importance of critically reexamining imposed top-down modernization models, taking into account their human cost and their long-term social and cultural consequences. It further recommends conducting comparative studies with modernization experiences in the Ottoman, Chinese, and Japanese empires to understand historical patterns of modernization and to derive relevant lessons.

Aims: This research aims to examine the phenomenon of numerical exaggeration in the Mamluk era (648–923 AH / 1250–1517 CE), particularly in relation to political and military events, by assessing the reliability of numerical data reported in historical sources, uncovering the political, rhetorical, and intellectual motives that contributed to their inflation, and elucidating the impact of such exaggerations on shaping the image of wars, conflicts, and political coups within Islamic historical consciousness. Methodology: The research adopted a critical historical approach based on the analysis and comparison of historical texts, through the examination of multiple narrations of a single event to identify points of agreement and divergence in the numerical data contained therein. The study also employed the Ibn Khaldunian method of critiquing historical accounts and linking them to the laws of civilization and human social organization, alongside an assessment of the demographic, economic, and military capabilities of the Mamluk state as a criterion for judging the realism of the numbers cited in the sources. Results: The findings indicate that numerical exaggeration represents a prominent characteristic of Mamluk historical writing. A number of historians deliberately inflated the figures of armies, casualties, and captives to magnify military victories, emphasize the intensity of battles, or portray political crises and internal coups in a more dramatic manner. The results further revealed significant discrepancies in the numerical accounts of the same event across different sources, attributable to weak statistical precision, the influence of rhetorical style, and reliance on uncritical transmission of reports. The study also demonstrated that many of the figures appearing in historical narrations exceed the actual demographic, economic, and military capabilities of the Mamluk state. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the numerical data found in Mamluk sources cannot be treated as precise statistical information; rather, they should be understood within their symbolic, functional, and narrative frameworks. The study further affirms the importance of adopting a critical comparative reading of historical sources and expanding the application of the Ibn Khaldunian method alongside modern interdisciplinary approaches in the study of Islamic history. This contributes to the reassessment of Mamluk state history on more accurate and objective scientific foundations, and to mitigating the influence of numerical exaggerations on the interpretation of historical events.