Bilad Alrafidain Journal of Humanities and Social Science

This study aims to identify the impact of Disney s creative strategy on developing the skill performance in junior high students in art education. This study utilizes an experimental approach with a quasi-experimental design for two equivalent groups: experimental and control. A skill performance test was developed that included several axes, including visual composition, precision of execution, use of color, and balance. The research sample consisted of (60) students, who were equally divided into two groups. The results showed statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the average scores of the students in the two groups in the post-test in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the Disney strategy in improving students ; skill performance. The results also revealed a significant improvement in the scores of students in the experimental group between the pre- and post-tests, while this improvement was not evident in the control group. The study recommends adopting Disney s creative strategy in teaching art education, given its effective role in developing artistic skills and stimulating creativity

This study seeks to investigate how artificial intelligence (AI) applications can assist university students in improving their academic writing by measuring the extent to which they use intelligent writing tools, such as grammar and language correction software, text generators, summarization tools, and plagiarism detection systems. The study also evaluates the contribution of these applications to the development of students’ writing skills, including linguistic accuracy, idea organization, and the ability to construct academic arguments systematically and with coherent linguistic fluency. The researcher adopted an experimental approach. The sample consisted of 60 male and female students, who were divided into two groups: an experimental group of 30 students who used AI applications during the writing process, and a control group of 30 students who relied on traditional writing methods. The findings indicate that integrating AI applications into university curricula can serve as an effective supportive tool for enhancing academic writing skills. However, these applications should be implemented carefully to prevent excessive dependence on them, which may negatively affect students’ autonomy and critical thinking abilities.

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The current research aims to identify the level of:
1. First Objective: Measuring analytical thinking among second-grade intermediate students.
Null Hypothesis: There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) among students in the analytical thinking test.
2. Second Objective: Identifying differences in the level of analytical thinking among intermediate school students according to the gender variable (male–female) in Arabic grammar.
Null Hypothesis: There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between male and female students in the analytical thinking test.
3. Third Objective: Identifying the correlational relationship between analytical thinking and achievement in Arabic grammar among second-grade intermediate students according to the gender variable (male–female).
Null Hypothesis: There is no statistically significant correlation at the level of (0.05) between male and female students in the analytical thinking test and the achievement test.
To achieve the research objectives, the researchers adopted the descriptive method (correlational studies approach). The research population consisted of second-grade intermediate students in governmental day secondary and intermediate schools in Al-Khalis District, Diyala Governorate, for the academic year (2025–2026), totaling (1,255) male and female students, according to statistics obtained from the Diyala Directorate of Education / Planning and Educational Statistics Department. The researchers selected a random sample of (300) male and female students from the research population. To complete the research procedures, the researchers adopted an analytical thinking test from the International Vena System at the College of Basic Education for the intermediate stage. Face validity was verified, and the psychometric properties of the test were established, followed by reliability verification. The test consisted of (30) items, each with four multiple-choice alternatives; one alternative represented analytical thinking, while the other three did not. The achievement test consisted of (40) multiple-choice items. Reliability was verified using Pearson’s correlation coefficient with a second scorer. The statistical data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 19.
The researchers reached several results, most notably:
1. There is a statistically significant correlation between analytical thinking and achievement in Arabic grammar among female second-grade intermediate students. The researchers attribute this result to female students demonstrating greater challenge and perseverance in their analytical thinking compared to males.
In light of the findings, the researchers recommended several suggestions, including:
1. The necessity of paying attention to and developing analytical thinking among students especially females by teachers through the adoption of modern teaching methods.
To complement the results of the current research, the researchers proposed several future research directions, including:
1. Analyzing the performance of Arabic language teachers according to key analytical thinking skills and examining its relationship to their students’ achievement.

This research examines the concept of human security within the framework of contemporary international law as a modern, multidimensional concept aimed at protecting individuals from threats affecting their lives, dignity, and security, whether political, economic, social, environmental, or health-related. The study highlights the shift in the understanding of security from a traditional state-centered concept to a more comprehensive approach focused on the security of individuals and communities. The research explores the nature of the threats facing human security at the international level, particularly international and internal conflicts, terrorism, organized crime, poverty, infectious diseases, environmental degradation, and the scarcity of natural resources. It further demonstrates the close interrelationship among these threats and their mutual impact in exacerbating humanitarian crises and undermining international stability. The study also discusses the role of the United Nations and international institutions in addressing these challenges, while highlighting the shortcomings of collective security mechanisms and the lack of neutrality in certain international interventions. In addition, the research dedicates an applied section to examining the challenges confronting human security in Iraq through an analysis of the consequences of the American occupation and the violations of the principles of international humanitarian law associated with it, as well as internal conflicts, the spread of organized crime, the proliferation of terrorism, and the deterioration of economic and social conditions. Furthermore, it addresses water security challenges, which constitute a direct strategic threat to human security and sustainable development in the country. The study concludes that strengthening human security requires the adoption of a comprehensive approach based on respect for the rules of international law, the enhancement of the role of national and international institutions, the achievement of sustainable development, and the promotion of regional and international cooperation. Such measures are essential to ensuring the protection of individuals and their rights and to achieving stability and peace at both the national and international levels.

This research aims to explore the aesthetic dimension in modern philosophies and analyze its cognitive reflection in aesthetic education among students of the Art Education Department, in light of the intellectual transformations that have shaped the concept of beauty in modern and contemporary philosophy. Beauty is no longer understood merely as a sensory or formal value; rather, it has evolved into a cognitive concept associated with perception, interpretation, meaning-making, and engagement with cultural and social contexts. The study examines the major aesthetic conceptions proposed by modern philosophies, particularly phenomenological philosophy, which emphasizes aesthetic experience as a conscious perceptual experience; pragmatist philosophy, which links beauty to action and lived experience; critical philosophy, which approaches beauty from social and cultural perspectives; and post-structuralism, which stresses the relativity and plurality of aesthetic meaning. The research seeks to demonstrate how these philosophical perspectives have moved from their theoretical framework into the educational sphere, particularly aesthetic education. Furthermore, it highlights the cognitive implications of the aesthetic dimension in aesthetic education as an educational process aimed at developing aesthetic awareness, critical thinking, and students’ abilities to analyze and interpret artistic phenomena. Students of the Art Education Department are regarded as the central focus of the educational process and as future educators. The study argues that students’ understanding of contemporary aesthetic concepts contributes to enhancing their theoretical comprehension of art, developing their artistic practices, and connecting artistic production to its cognitive and cultural contexts. The findings indicate that incorporating the aesthetic dimension of modern philosophies into art education curricula contributes to the development of an integrated cognitive and aesthetic personality among students and strengthens their ability to employ beauty as a cognitive and educational approach rather than merely a formal or technical practice. The research also recommends the development of curricula and teaching methods to achieve greater integration between the philosophical-aesthetic dimension and the practical component in the preparation of students in the Art Education Department

This study focuses on the spatial analysis of the plastic and nylon industries in Baqubah District. It aims to determine the quantity of production and the actual demand for plastic and nylon products, as well as to address the obstacles and problems facing the plastic pipe manufacturing industry in Baqubah District. The study also examines the extent to which modern methods and technologies contribute to improving the quality and quantity of local production. Furthermore, the research highlights population growth and its direct relationship with the increasing demand for these products, which have become integral to various aspects of life, including residential, educational, professional, and other sectors. It also addresses the relatively limited environmental impact of these materials following increased attention to environmental issues and the adoption of appropriate solutions, including the possibility of safe and healthy recycling methods, as applied in many countries worldwide. The research problem is formulated through the following questions: Is there spatial variation in the geographical distribution of plastic manufacturing industries in Baqubah District? Is the distribution regular or random? What are the main geographical determinants of this industry, and what are the most significant challenges it faces?
One of the key conclusions of the study is the noticeable decrease in imports, as local production has increasingly become sufficient to meet the needs within the district.

This article presents a comparative critical review of the academic literature addressing colonial policies and their impacts on the social and economic structures of the Arab world during the period 1920–1960. The review seeks to establish an analytical bridge between two research trajectories that have often remained separate: the literature on the Arab Mashreq, which has focused on the experiences of the British and French mandates in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Egypt, and the literature on the Arab Maghreb, which has examined the distinctive characteristics of French and Italian colonialism in Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Libya. The study adopts a methodology that combines narrative, critical, and comparative review approaches and draws upon more than eighty sources in Arabic, English, and French. The review concludes that, despite its richness, the existing literature suffers from significant gaps, notably the scarcity of cross-regional comparative studies, the limited attention given to women\'s history, environmental dimensions, and oral history, as well as the predominance of nationalist approaches that have frequently overlooked nuanced local dynamics and interactions. The study proposes future research directions that move beyond traditional dichotomies toward more complex and comprehensive analytical frameworks.

A substantial body of literature has been produced on pressure groups in the United States of America; however, comparatively little attention has been given to the degree of influence and power these groups exert over U.S. foreign policy. No major state, in both ancient and modern history, has experienced such a level of impact from internal pressure groups on its political trajectory and public life as the United States has witnessed through Jewish Zionist organizations and their American allies and supporters. These organizations, along with the institutions and networks they represent across political, economic, media, religious, intelligence, and military spheres, have succeeded in forming what is commonly referred to as “the lobby.” Through accumulated experience, this lobby has identified both the strengths and weaknesses of American society and has begun to exploit structural vulnerabilities in order to serve its own interests. At the same time, it has skillfully engaged with centers of power, avoiding direct confrontation with them, while attempting institutional penetration through specific channels to gain approval or secure influence. This lobby has managed to project the image of being capable of shaping or even controlling decision-making to such an extent that opposing or neutral actors perceive its dominance as overwhelming, to the point that no actor, regardless of status or position, can easily match its influence. Consequently, political actors are compelled to carefully consider its position or avoid confrontation altogether, enabling the lobby to dominate the American political arena and channel its capabilities in favor of the Zionist movement. Notably, through its powerful media apparatus, which significantly shapes American public opinion, the lobby seeks to present its activities as being in service of the United States and its interests in the Middle East. Furthermore, the Zionist lobby in the United States did not emerge suddenly nor develop over a short period; rather, it represents the continuation of a long-standing historical process. This perspective prevents undue astonishment or the construction of a near-mythical perception that it suddenly became powerful in 1945. Instead, its power has gradually accumulated over time, spanning decades, during which its instruments of influence over U.S. political decision-making have expanded both in scope and effectiveness.

Following 2003, Iraq underwent major political transformations, which exposed the limitations of the conventional justice system in addressing the complex problems resulting from these changes. In response to these challenges, transitional justice institutions were established as independent bodies operating under special legislation to address the consequences of political transition, protect rights, compensate victims, and maintain public order. This reflects the state’s pursuit of specialized and effective solutions that go beyond the scope of traditional criminal justice. Accordingly, there emerged a need to establish institutions concerned with implementing transitional justice mechanisms. The Iraqi High Criminal Court was formed to adjudicate crimes committed during the period of the former Ba’ath Party regime, within the limits of its legal jurisdiction. The Martyrs Foundation was also established under its law in 2006, as well as the Political Prisoners Foundation under its respective legislation, with the aim of addressing the conditions of affected groups and ensuring their compensation. In addition, specialized bodies were created to handle property disputes, alongside accountability institutions, foremost among them the National Accountability and Justice Commission. These bodies play a pivotal role in protecting and promoting human rights by investigating the affiliation of officials and employees with the dissolved Ba’ath Party and taking the necessary legal measures against them in accordance with applicable laws

This article examines the semantics of derivational forms (morphological derivatives) found in the poetry of Abū Ḥayyah al-Nimayrī by tracing their morphological structures and analyzing their meanings in light of the poetic context. The study identifies the most prominent types of derivatives employed in his poetry, such as the active participle, passive participle, adjectival noun (ṣifah mushabbahah), intensive forms (sīghat al-mubālaghah), as well as the nouns of time and place, while also clarifying their semantic functions. It further seeks to reveal the impact of these forms in expressing both stable and evolving meanings, as well as in depicting psychological, environmental, and emotional states conveyed by the poet. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach in tracking poetic evidence and explicating its linguistic dimensions. It concludes that derivatives in Abū Ḥayyah’s poetry are not merely morphological structures, but rather active elements in shaping poetic meaning and enhancing its expressive force.

The Law on the Protection of Teachers, Instructors, and Educational Supervisors No. (8) Of 2018 is considered one of the important laws within the Iraqi legislative framework. The significance of this legislation in the present study lies in examining the nature of the legal protection it stipulates, identifying its strengths on the one hand and its shortcomings on the other. It also seeks to determine the categories covered by this protection, and to investigate the extent to which employees working in educational institutions—other than teachers, instructors, and educational supervisors—are included within the scope of legal protection provided by the law. Furthermore, the study addresses the reasons for excluding administrative staff from such legal protection, despite their affiliation with the Ministry of Education, as compared to other educational personnel. This is based on the complementary relationship between the duties of teachers, instructors, educational counselors, and educational supervisors and those of administrative staff working within educational institutions, whose organizational functions regulate the work of educational personnel. Consequently, administrative staff is not immune to the risk of assault or harm by others while performing their duties in facilitating the functioning of the public educational service

This research aims to examine the impact of syntactic structures on phonological phenomena. It is well established among linguists that different linguistic levels are interrelated and mutually influential, and that language cannot be fully realized without such interaction. The influence of the syntactic level on the phonological level is particularly evident in the structure of the interrogative sentence, where intonation may be directed toward a specific word rather than others due to its syntactic position. Moreover, sentence intonation may vary according to communicative purpose; for instance, exclamatory sentences differ from declarative sentences in their intonational patterns, and declarative sentences differ from interrogative ones, and so on. In addition, stress placement on particular syllables within words may vary depending on the sentence context in which the word occurs, as well as its syntactic, rhetorical, and semantic function. Phonological simplification may also be overridden in order to satisfy syntactic, rhetorical, and semantic requirements, as seen in the phenomenon of successive glottal stops (hiatus of hamzas).

This research examines the administration’s authority to withdraw non-existent administrative decisions, a significant issue closely associated with the principle of legality. A non-existent administrative decision is one that is affected by a grave defect that deprives it of its legal existence, rendering it incapable of producing valid legal effects. The withdrawal of non-existent administrative decisions constitutes one of the mechanisms for terminating administrative decisions, as it provides the administration with an opportunity to rectify errors it may have committed. It also serves as a means of avoiding judicial challenges directed against defective decisions. Furthermore, the withdrawal of administrative decisions plays a vital role in promoting the principles of justice, equity, equality, the stability of legal positions, and the protection of individuals’ acquired rights. Withdrawal also represents a means through which the administrative authority expresses its intention to eliminate administrative decisions tainted by illegality. Nevertheless, the administration’s authority to withdraw its lawful decisions is restricted and may only be exercised within narrow limits in order to safeguard acquired rights. The research aims to clarify the concept of the non-existent administrative decision and distinguish it from the void administrative decision, as well as to explain the circumstances leading to the non-existence of an administrative decision. It also seeks to examine the administration’s role in withdrawing non-existent administrative decisions without being constrained by the statutory period prescribed for appeals, since such decisions do not acquire immunity against withdrawal. The study concludes with several recommendations, the most important of which is that the administration’s authority to withdraw its decisions is a restricted rather than a discretionary power. It also highlights a legislative deficiency in regulating the administration’s authority to withdraw non-existent decisions affected by serious defects after the expiration of the appeal period. Accordingly, the study recommends the enactment of a legal provision governing this matter in a manner that achieves a balance between safeguarding administrative legality and guaranteeing the rights and interests of individuals

Moral obstruction is a topic of high importance in the theory of evidence due to the complexities it raises when legal rules of evidence, which mandate written proof for legal transactions, conflict with the constraints or moral considerations imposed by the nature of relationships between individuals, which may prevent a party from requesting a written instrument. The importance of this issue increases in contracts transferring ownership, given the serious consequences regarding the transfer of real rights (In Rem rights) and the stability of transactions. This makes researching the extent to which moral impediments can be invoked to prove or negate such contracts of both scientific and theoretical value. Through judicial and jurisprudential applications, discrepancies have emerged in assessing, defining the limits, or determining the scope of this impediment and its conditions, particularly in familial and social relationships that may preclude obtaining written evidence despite the existence of the transaction in reality. Accordingly, this research aims to clarify the concept of moral impediment, analyze its impact on contracts transferring ownership, and demonstrate the stance of jurisprudence and the judiciary regarding its evidentiary weight. The goal is to establish benchmarks that achieve a balance between protecting legitimate expectations and the stability of ownership on one hand, and ensuring that rights are not forfeited due to the moral impossibility of written documentation on the other. The research concludes that moral impediment is an exception that must be interpreted narrowly and shall only be applied when its grounds and justifications are clearly established in a manner consistent with the requirements of justice and the proper conduct of transactions.

This study sheds light on the impact of digital transformation on enhancing sustainable competitive advantage in Iraqi telecommunications companies. It analyzes the role of its various dimensions in supporting these companies' ability to achieve competitive superiority in a rapidly changing business environment. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, and data was collected via an electronic questionnaire distributed to a sample of 186 administrative leaders in four Iraqi telecommunications companies during the period 2024–2025. The results showed that the level of digital transformation in the studied companies was good, with an overall average of 4.03, while the level of sustainable competitive advantage was 3.91. The results also revealed a strong, positive correlation between digital transformation and sustainable competitive advantage (r = 0.874). Regression analysis indicated that digital transformation explains 78.4% of the variance in competitive advantage, reflecting its strong direct impact. The strategic and technological dimensions were found to be the most significant contributors to this impact, while the digital organizational culture had a weak statistical effect. The results also indicated differences between companies, favoring larger companies, in addition to a clear predictive relationship between the level of digital transformation and financial performance. The study confirms that digital transformation is no longer a technical option, but a strategic approach to building a sustainable competitive advantage based on the integration of technological infrastructure, human capabilities, and strategic directions

This research provides a comprehensive historical analysis of the establishment of the Albanian state between 1912 and 1913, contextualized within the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the geopolitical dynamics of the Great Powers. The study argues that the birth of Albania was not merely the culmination of Its national awakening movement, but rather a complex diplomatic settlement orchestrated primarily to manage the escalating crisis of the First Balkan War. It meticulously examines the conflicting Interests at play: the expansionist aspirations of Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro, which sought to partition the Albanian lands, versus the strategic imperatives of Austria-Hungary and Italy, who championed an Independent Albania as a buffer state to prevent Serbian access to the Adriatic Sea and maintain the balance of power. The research traces the trajectory from the Albanian revolts against the Young Turks, through the pivotal Declaration of Independence in Vlorë, to the Intricate negotiations at the London Ambassador's Conference. The study concludes that while the Great Powers' diplomacy successfully created an Internationally recognized Albanian state and averted a wider European war in 1913, it did so by imposing artificial borders that left nearly half of the Albanian nation outside the new state. This act of partition, coupled with direct European intervention in appointing a foreign monarch, resulted in the birth of a state with diminished sovereignty, whose immediate collapse into chaos and long-term instability, particularly regarding the Kosovo Issue, became the enduring and tragic legacy of this diplomatic compromise

The current paper examines the speeches of President Trump, Putin, and Obama, in which they declared war and referred to it as a "special military operation," through the lens of Van Leeuwen's (2007) critical discourse analysis. The study compares declarations of war with those made by the Russians on Ukraine and American presidents on Arab countries and Ukraine at the beginning of the U.S. military conflicts. The study analyzed all three speeches in light of the hypothesis (Just War Theory). They aim to justify their decisions to the public and persuade them of the necessity of these actions. To explore this, the study enhances our qualitative and quantitative analysis of each speech with data from The New York Times, The Washington Post, and El Diario. The findings revealed slight differences and big similarities among the three speeches, which emerged in the rationale for the attacks and in the perceived threats to their adversaries

The results reveal a temporal variation in tuberculosis incidence in Iraq during the period 2014–2022, showing an overall increasing trend in reported cases across most governorates. Spatially, the highest incidence rates were concentrated in Basra, Baghdad, and Wasit governorates compared with other regions, indicating a clear geographic disparity in disease distribution. The findings also indicate that males were more affected than females throughout most of the study period. In addition, a positive relationship between age and tuberculosis incidence was observed, with infection rates increasing with advancing age in both sexes. At the detailed age-group level, the highest number of male cases was recorded in the 20–44 years age group, whereas females showed higher incidence in the 1–19 and 45–64 years age groups. Overall, the study demonstrates a pronounced spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the distribution of tuberculosis in Iraq, reflecting uneven patterns of disease occurrence across governorates and population groups

To fulfill the study's purpose, the researcher employed a quasi-experimental design with limited control. A random sample was chosen from fourth-grade literary students at Al-Ruwad Day Secondary School, which is associated with the Diyala Directorate of Education – Al-Khalis District, to conduct the experiment. The sample comprised 60 students divided into two sections: the experimental group, consisting of 30 students, and the control group, also consisting of 30 students. The study established equivalency between the two groups across various variables, including chronological age, parental educational level, and student academic performance. Extraneous variables that could influence this experimental design were also regulated. The researcher identified the teaching content, encompassing the rhetorical issues outlined in the Arabic language textbook for fourth-grade literary students for the first semester of the 2025–2026 academic years. Behavioral objectives were established for the chosen themes, culminating in a total of 48 behavioral objectives. Model lesson plans were developed for each topic encompassed in the trial. The researcher designed an achievement exam to assess the acquisition of rhetorical principles. Following the administration of the study instrument and the statistical analysis of the results utilizing the t-test for two independent samples and the chi-square (χ²) test, the findings indicated that students in the experimental group surpassed those in the control group on the rhetorical concepts assessment. The study determined that the (4H) strategy positively influences the acquisition of rhetorical concepts among fourth-grade literary students in comparison to traditional teaching methods. The study advocated for the implementation of the (4H) technique in instructing additional curriculum components for fourth-grade literary students and proposed the execution of analogous studies in other areas of the Arabic language