magazine aldhakwat albedh

Abstract:
This study examines the transformations of rhetorical discourse in Morisco literature as it moved from poetry to secret letters under the political and religious pressures that followed the fall of Granada. It adopts a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach, drawing on discourse analysis and cultural rhetoric to identify the expressive strategies that shifted from poetic declaration to allusion, concealment, and symbolic encoding. The corpus consists of selected Morisco poetic texts and secret letters, within the limits of available edited sources and related studies, while distinguishing original textual evidence from illustrative examples used for rhetorical clarification. The study concludes that Morisco rhetoric was not merely an ornamental device; rather, it functioned as a cultural strategy for preserving religious and linguistic identity and as a safe means of communication under surveillance. The findings show that allusion, metonymy, metaphor, and symbolic encoding produced a double-layered discourse whose surface may appear emotional or social, while its deeper level carries religious, cultural, and resistant meanings.

Abstract:
This research examines a subtle phenomenon within the Prophetic Sunnah: the impact of varying wording in questions posed to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) on the variations in his answers. The research compiles, studies, and analyzes this phenomenon, examining several Prophetic hadiths related to virtues, worship, ethics, and etiquette. It reveals the wisdom behind these differing responses, demonstrating that such variations are not contradictions or conflicts, but rather evidence of the Prophet's profound wisdom and consideration for the circumstances of his audience, The research also establishes a set of scholarly principles that facilitate understanding these diverse Prophetic answers and enabling a sound, systematic approach to their interpretation.

Abstract:
Social interpretation is considered one of the most significant modern approaches to Qur’anic exegesis, as it seeks to elucidate the social values embedded within the Qur’anic text and relate them to human society. It addresses various societal issues and derives principles that contribute to reform and development. This approach emerged prominently in the modern era as a result of the social transformations experienced in the Muslim world, prompting some exegetes to highlight the normative and reformative dimensions of the Qur’anic text aimed at guiding and improving society.
Al-Tahir Ibn Ashur is regarded as one of the leading scholars who emphasized social interpretation and applied its principles. In the introduction to his tafsir, he underscored the importance of the higher objectives (maqāṣid) of the Qur’anic text, particularly those concerned with reforming people’s conditions in both their worldly life and the Hereafter. This reflects his deep engagement with the social dimensions of the Qur’anic message. One of his primary aims was to clarify the foundational values upon which an Islamic society is built.
The study demonstrates that social interpretation in Ibn Ashur’s work was not presented as an independent theoretical framework or through a precise definition; rather, it appeared in an applied form within his exegesis of Qur’anic verses. Through this approach, he derived social principles and general rules intended to regulate social life. The study also establishes that this approach is closely linked to Ibn Ashur’s maqāṣid-based methodology, as he relied on the objectives of Islamic law in understanding and interpreting the Qur’anic text. This enabled him to offer a renewed vision that integrates textual interpretation with social reality.
Furthermore, the research highlights the main areas in which Ibn Ashur applied social interpretation, including issues related to the family, the status of women in society, moral values, and the principles of social justice and social solidarity. In this regard, the study concludes that Al-Tahrir wa al-Tanwir represents an important model of social interpretation in the modern era, due to its reform-oriented vision that effectively connects the Qur’anic text with lived reality.

Abstract:
This study aims to analyze conceptual metaphor in Henry’s short story “The Service of Love.” It seeks to: clarify the role of conceptual metaphor in shaping our understanding of certain concepts within the short story “The Service of Love,” and identify the types of conceptual metaphors employed. Furthermore, the study examines how first-year English students understand specific figurative expressions in the short story and how they utilize conceptual metaphor to construct meaning. This study employs a qualitative approach to analyzing the short story texts. Students’ understanding of the intended figurative meanings is assessed by examining their interpretation of specific figurative phrases. The study concludes that the use of conceptual metaphors in “The Service of Love” helps the writer to articulate certain life concepts that cannot be fully expressed and understood through the literal use of words. Thus, it clarifies specific ideas such as “love,” “family,” and “happiness” that cannot be fully grasped if the writer uses their alternative literal meaning. It is demonstrated that the author utilizes certain concepts in appropriate, acceptable, and powerful ways to depict the intended meaning . These findings may help first-year English students better understand metaphor and provide valuable insights into how to evaluate literary texts.

Abstract:
This study aims to examine the impact of implementing an electronic invoicing system on reducing tax evasion, through an exploratory study conducted at the Iraqi Carpet and Upholstery Company. The importance of this research stems from the pivotal role that electronic invoicing plays in enhancing the transparency of financial operations and improving tax compliance, thereby contributing to increased national revenues and combating illegal market practices.
The study relies on an Exploratory Descriptive Approach, where data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with financial management staff and accountants in the company, in addition to analyzing documents and financial records related to invoicing. The research sample was carefully selected from employees directly involved in invoicing and collection processes to ensure that the results accurately reflect practical reality.

Abstract:
The concept of real freedom not easy, freedom is not an immediate response to every desire, don›t automatically surrender all fancy, but in truth, desire and need, within those bounds, simpler and comprehensive, are others in turn to liberty, freedom of the individual reaches their borders and stop at the right of others. Freedom, freedom, freedom takes community then it›s supported and backed by, individual freedom, community happiness achieved Sapient irresistibly her in achieving common desires. The urgent need to determine the constitutional protection of rights and freedoms in light of the principle of the rule of law upon which the legal State, relates to the concept of democracy with such protection materialized the constitutional underpinnings of all branches of the law, this legal status is determined in the light of constitutional legitimacy Established by the Constitution. Which requires clarification of the standard that lends this constitutional legitimacy on protection of rights and freedoms, and their impact on criminal legislation regulating these rights and not to override them as constitutional foundations. The study yielded several findings, most notably the time lag between the drafting of the constitution and the enactment of penal laws, particularly Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, and the necessity of aligning the latter law with constitutional developments. The research also concluded with several recommendations that could help bridge the gap between the constitution, the supreme law of the land, and other legislative laws.

ABSTRACT
If we want to talk about educational issues and problems facing those working in this field, we must talk about educational means as an important pillar in the educational process that helps simplify concepts and information in the mind of the learner. A successful teacher, as many see it, is the one who uses these means well, in addition to the other elements that he must possess in various educational situations. And because the educational media has an important position in the educational field, it is necessary to highlight it with a strong focus that makes this fact clear to those who respect it.

Abstract:
This research examines Lebanese-Israeli relations post-2000 and the impact of regional and security shifts on the nature of the conflict. It posits that the relationship evolved from a conventional military confrontation into an asymmetric conflict rooted in mutual deterrence and a war of attrition. This transformation was driven by the rise of Hezbollah as a quasi-state actor, the weakening of the Lebanese state, and the use of Lebanon by Iran and Syria as leverage against Israel. Following Israel’s withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 2000, the relationship underwent several phases: a period of attrition leading up to the July 2006 War—which cemented mutual deterrence—followed by a period of stable deterrence alongside continued limited operations (such as Israeli preemptive strikes in Syria and border-based attrition involving Hezbollah), culminating in an exceptional yet limited success. This was exemplified by the US-brokered maritime border demarcation (2022). Hezbollah underwent significant military development, while Israel adopted a preemptive strike doctrine, and the Lebanese state remained marginal regarding decisions on war and peace. The regional environment played a pivotal role: Iran used Hezbollah as leverage, Syria became a conduit for weapons and a theater for strikes, and the United Nations failed to enforce Resolution 1701.

Abstract:
Positive educational interventions have a beneficial effect on students' mental health outcomes, such as improved life satisfaction and reduced anxiety. While these changes in students' mental health are encouraging, research has not adequately explored whether positive educational interventions alter students' understanding of well-being itself. The concept of "well-being knowledge" is a relatively new one in positive education, defined as the ability to understand the concept and language of well-being. This study investigates whether students' language and understanding of well-being change after a teacher-led positive educational intervention. Students from grades 1-5 (aged 13-17 years; n = 50) in Basra schools provided brief written descriptions of their understanding of well-being before and after their teachers implemented a six-month positive educational intervention. Subject-matter analysis was used as the methodological tool to analyze students' language and understanding of well-being. Repeat-response inferential statistical analyses were used to compare responses before and after the intervention. The results revealed that students' understanding of well-being developed in four main ways, becoming more: (1) more detailed; (2) Strengths-based; (3) Expanded/Multidimensional; and (4) Relational. Understandings of well-being after intervention were significantly more likely to encompass aspects of emotional management, strengths, coping, mindfulness, and self-compassion. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

Uṣūl al-Dīn establishes its foundational principles and regulates the methodologies of reasoning.
The research seeks to reconstruct this relationship through a synthetic reading that integrates historical development with epistemological analysis, paying particular attention to the dynamic interplay between reason and revelation in the formation of theological knowledge. Employing an analytical-inductive method, the study examines classical theological discourses alongside modern intellectual trends that attempt to reinterpret doctrinal concepts through contemporary frameworks.
The significance of this study lies in its effort to transcend reductionist approaches that fragment theological inquiry, proposing instead an integrative paradigm capable of restoring the coherence of doctrinal knowledge. Such an approach enhances the capacity of Islamic theology to engage effectively with present-day intellectual challenges. The study concludes that the integration of ʿIlm al-Kalām and Uṣūl al-Dīn constitutes an epistemological necessity inherent in the nature of theological discourse, ensuring a balanced synthesis between rational inquiry and scriptural authority.

Abstract
My study, entitled "Metaphorical Contrast in the Qur'anic Text," addresses the importance of the interplay between specific words in contrast and metaphorical imagery to clarify the Qur'anic intent. The study revolves around the miraculous nature of the unique Qur'anic structure, whose wonders are inexhaustible in its clear and ambiguous verses. The study focuses on details related to the concept of antithesis and its effect in arranging meanings and images in a cohesive and interwoven manner. This is achieved through a methodology that combines description and analysis of selected Qur'anic examples, demonstrating the validity of the study's vision. The study integrates two rhetorical techniques, one belonging to eloquence and the other to figures of speech, in a process that derives its strength from the unique eloquence of the Qur'anic structure.

Abstract:
This study develops a predictive model for assessing flash-flood hazards in the dry basins of western Anbar Governorate, Iraq. It combines geomorphological analysis, hydrological reasoning, remote sensing, and GIS-based spatial modelling. The western desert environment is generally arid; however, short and intense rainfall events may trigger rapid runoff in normally dry channels, especially where slope, drainage density, basin relief, and soil-cover conditions support quick hydrological response. The study adopts a descriptive, analytical, and applied methodology by organizing the risk variables into natural, morphometric, hydrological, and spatial indicators. These indicators are integrated in a weighted GIS model, while the SCS-CN method is used as a practical framework for estimating runoff-generation potential. The paper concludes that western Anbar basins, especially Wadi Hauran and connected tributary systems, require periodic hazard maps that link storm rainfall, basin morphology, land cover, roads, settlements, and hydraulic structures. It recommends strengthening local early warning systems, rainfall and flow monitoring stations, and geospatial databases so that flash floods can be managed not only as hazards but also as seasonal water resources.

Abstract
This study examines the relationship between the cosmic domain and acts of worship tied to astronomical movements from a contemporary jurisprudential perspective, focusing on the extent to which cosmic phenomena can serve as legitimate determinants for religious obligations. The research conceptualizes Islamic jurisprudence as a dynamic system balancing fixed textual mandates with the natural cosmic order, reflecting divine governance in the universe. The study primarily investigates time-bound worship, especially prayers dependent on precise timings, highlighting the role of astronomical motion in structuring these schedules.
Employing a comparative jurisprudential analysis, the study reviews the positions of the four Sunni schools and contemporary scholarly literature regarding the linkage between natural phenomena and juridical obligations, integrating maqasid (objectives of Sharia) to interpret the permissible scope of such linkages. The research further explores the consideration of cosmic influences in contemporary ijtihad while upholding the immutable principles of Sharia and accommodating modern scientific insights in legal reasoning.
The study concludes that Islamic jurisprudence allows a limited interaction between cosmic phenomena and legal obligations, provided the foundational textual principles remain unviolated. Reliance on cosmic cues is valid as a means of precision and calibration but not as a basis for altering established rulings. Furthermore, understanding cosmic phenomena enhances the believer’s awareness of timings, promoting harmony between religious observance and the cosmic order, without contravening the bounds of jurisprudential legitimacy.

Abstract:
This study explores the construction of the Islamic personality in light of the hadith (of Ihfaz Allah Yahfazk) Be mindful of Allah and He will protect you”), as a foundational educational principle that establishes a comprehensive relationship between the servant and Allah based on commitment and divine preservation. The research aims to clarify the features of the Islamic personality within the Islamic intellectual framework and to analyze the educational, theological, and behavioral dimensions derived from the hadith. It highlights the role of internalizing concepts such as mindfulness of God, reliance upon Him, and trust in His decree in shaping a stable self-awareness reflected in balanced behavior across life domains. The study concludes that this hadith serves as a central foundation for building an Islamic personality capable of facing contemporary challenges with resilience and awareness.

Abstract:
this study explores the phenomenon of contemporary atheism from the perspective of the Islamic creed of Tawheed (monotheism). It examines the modern forms of atheism and its main psychological, social, and intellectual causes, such as the conflict between science and religion, materialism, and the weakening of moral and spiritual values. The research adopts a descriptive analytical approach by analyzing doctrinal texts from the Qur’an and Sunnah, as well as the views of renowned scholars such as Ibn Taymiyyah, Al-Ghazali, and others. It aims to highlight the theological foundations that refute atheistic ideologies by affirming Allah’s greatness, oneness in creation and governance, and the divine signs evident in the universe. The study also proposes intellectual and educational strategies to strengthen the understanding of Tawheed and protect believers from falling into doubt and atheism.

The subject of the judiciary is important in Islamic studies and in the history of Arab and Islamic thought. This study entails revealing the role of judges, their activity and their contribution to building the judiciary system and its development. Egyptian society was subject to Roman authority and the systems of this authority were applied in it. After the Islamic conquest of Egypt, the nature of life changed at all political, economic and social levels in this country. The Rightly-Guided Caliphs and those who followed them from the caliphs and sultans worked to apply Islamic systems in the administration of government in this country. For this task, the best of the honorable companions, followers and other judges from Egypt and other Islamic cities were chosen who were entrusted with changing the old administrative system, including the judicial system. Judges from other Islamic countries had a great impact and contribution in the development of administrative and judicial systems in Egypt, headed by the Ashkelon judges who enriched the administrative system with their sciences and knowledge. After this achievement, Egyptian society became following the Islamic systems through which the principle of justice and equality was spread, injustice was lifted, rights were established and no aggression against others was infringed upon. The research was divided into three sections. The first section: Definition of the judiciary and its importance. The second section: A study of the Mamluk state. The third section: A study of the Ashkelon judges in Egypt during the Mamluk era.

The Muslim nation is one of the largest nations in the world, and it has a long and rich history in the field of science and technology, as witnessed by those near and far. Our history is full of scientists who have contributed to human civilization in ways that no one else has. Despite all of this, we find our nation today suffering from decline in most scientific fields, and begging for knowledge from other nations. Rather, they sometimes wait for the crumbs from the tables of scientific advancement from Western and Eastern countries. This is what troubles Muslim thinkers today. Despite the material resources available to them and the natural wealth that God Almighty has bestowed upon them, scientific progress still lags behind other nations, even though we sometimes find some Islamic countries making progress in the field of civilization and development in general. But the signs of scientific decline are still clearly visible. Naturally, both progress and decline have manifestations, causes, and justifications, and this is what we will discuss in these papers, according to the time available. May God grant us success.

This research examines the dimensions of the Muslim migration to Abyssinia as the first instance of mass displacement in Islamic history, and its profound religious, political, and humanitarian implications. The migration occurred amidst escalating persecution of Muslims in Mecca, and Abyssinia offered a safe haven under the rule of the Negus, known for his justice and tolerance. The research aims to analyze the direct and indirect motivations behind this migration and its impact on establishing the principle of freedom of belief and building relationships with others. It also discusses its strategic dimensions in protecting the early stages of the Islamic call. The research employs a historical-analytical approach to understand the event within its temporal and political context and to elucidate its consequences for the subsequent course of the Islamic call. Therefore, the research’s value lies in highlighting these dimensions and the evidence supporting them, along with their historical analysis.

Abu Hilal Al-Askari and Abu al-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi: cases and positions
Criticism is a discourse upon discourse. It is linked to the emergence of prominent poets who become the focus of critical attention. Hence, this research examines the image of the poet Al-Mutanabbi in the eyes of one of the most prominent historical Arab critics, Abu Hilal Al-Askari. The study examines his artistic perspective through two of his works: The Book of the Two Crafts (Writing and Poetry(
and the Book of Meanings. It also examines the differing opinions regarding this poet. This is presented according to three aspects:
First: The Poet’s Name Second: The Expression Third: The Meanings
The research presents examples of Abu Hilal’s critical analysis of Al-Mutanabbi, where he erred and where he was right. It also explains how these opinions differed from one context to another, the justifications behind these differences, the extent of their validity, and the responses to them.

 After this research modest about the fulfillment of dowry in Islamic law and the Iraqi legislation, which also included topics related Kaltarev dowries and the statement of legitimate truth and the possibility of accelerating the dowry and postponed and the amount of increase and degrade him and cases of wife›s entitlement to all the dowry or half of the cases fall reached
1. dowry from the consequences of the marriage contract, one of the financial rights of the wife to her husband, one of the provisions of the marriage contract and is not a health condition and that marriage shall not mentioned in the contract.
2. Dowry is the duty of the husband to his wife because the woman in marriage intervention in obedience to the husband and the intervention of his house because the encroachment of women in the home and raising children while the nature of man being able to gain as well is a tribute to women and the lifting of the order of marital permanence and continuity so it is considered a gift from the husband to his wife But it is obligatory gift to bring hearts and tight ties.
3. Dowry is not a price for women or the price for its beauty or to enjoy as claimed by the enemies of Islam and Atohmh public but it is a symbol of the desire firm in conjuction women and Aazazh to humanity and the meanings of his residence to and inhabited by him and these meanings of great transcends all just be sexual arousal, and invaluable to any anyway.
4. Dowry is required even if the couple agreed that it is not Friendship of two types: Dowry named who was named the contract and Friendship ideal time who has not called the contract time.
There are cases where the wife deserves all the dowry and the situations in which deserve half the dowry and dowry cases where the fall may also increase and degrade it may also be accelerated and delayed.

This study examines the efficiency of sustainable development in education, highlighting the vital role that educational institutions play in fostering sustainable development values among learners. The research emphasizes that sustainable development is an ongoing process aimed at achieving balance among economic, social, and environmental dimensions while ensuring that present needs are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Despite the global and regional attention given to this field, education in many contexts faces a noticeable gap between theory and practice. Concepts of sustainability remain limited within curricula, and insufficient teacher preparation, along with a lack of practical activities, continues to hinder the achievement of sustainable development goals.The study explores the dimensions of sustainable development competence in education and reviews successful international models—such as those of Finland, Japan, and Canada—contrasting them with efforts in Arab countries. It also examines Arab and foreign studies that reveal varying levels of integration of sustainability concepts within curricula and educational activities, underscoring the need to develop educational programs and train teachers to enhance the effectiveness of education in this field.
The study concludes that the efficiency of sustainable development in education requires integrating knowledge, skills, and values into the educational process, while strengthening practical learning environments. This enables educational institutions to become an active force in preparing generations capable of addressing future environmental, social, and economic challenges.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of AI-supported contradiction-based interaction on developing creative linguistic thinking (fluency, flexibility, originality) and breaking rigid linguistic patterns (stereotypical structures, ready-made expressions, semantic rigidity) among Arabic learners as a foreign language in Iraq. The study was conducted in Najaf Governorate, where Arabic learners face dual challenges represented in the diglossic situation between Standard Arabic and Iraqi dialect, in addition to excessive reliance on stereotypical structures in expression.
The study employed a quasi-experimental method with a two-group design (experimental and control) including pre- and post-measurements. The sample consisted of (64) advanced-level learners at an Arabic Language Teaching Institute in Najaf, randomly assigned to two equivalent groups. An interactive environment based on an AI application generating linguistic contradictions and providing immediate feedback was designed for the experimental group, while the control group studied using traditional methods.
The research instruments consisted of two scales developed by the researcher: the Creative Linguistic Thinking Scale and the Breaking Rigid Linguistic Patterns Scale, after verifying their psychometric properties (validity and reliability). The results revealed statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-measurement of the study variables in favor of the experimental group, with large effect sizes (η² = 0.53, 0.50) according to Cohen’s criteria.
The study recommended employing AI applications based on creative thinking strategies in Arabic language curricula, training teachers to design contradiction-based interactions to stimulate linguistic innovation, and conducting further longitudinal studies to investigate the effect of this strategy on retaining creative thinking skills.

The research addresses the topic of critical geography as one of the modern trends in geographical thought, emphasizing the necessity of monitoring contemporary transformations in geography and directing the attention of specialists to these changes and the possibilities of examining and applying them. It is known that writings and articles have started since the mid-1960 to lean towards geographical topics related to social aspects, such as poverty, racial discrimination, crime, women, minorities, and the Third World. Some have viewed geography and its traditional quantitative interests as socially and politically detached from the events occurring around it. Under the title of the social connection of geography to societal issues and problems, this modern trend emerged to bring about fundamental social change. The research aims to define the essence of critical geography and the reasons for the emergence of critical social theory, while also illustrating the geographical distribution and the main challenges facing this trend, based on a descriptive analytical approach, The research has concluded that qualitative, analytical, and positivist methodologies can enrich each other For instance, quantitative methods can be used to address critical geographical issues, bridge the gap between the two approaches, and enhance their integration to achieve more comprehensive and reliable results in geographical research.

The topic of polytheism (shirk) is one of the doctrinal issues addressed in the Quranic text in various forms and expressions, reflecting a behavioral and doctrinal reality that underscores the danger of this concept, which the Holy Quran has warned us against.
Given the multiplicity and diversity of polytheism, it has become imperative to uncover its nature, causes, and consequences in order to understand its variations and address them. Hence lies the importance of this research.
This research attempts to examine the Quranic discourses on polytheism, its implications, and its causes in order to avoid engaging in it.
The research aims to trace the Quranic texts.
It focuses on the general warning against polytheism, specifically highlighting its multiplicity and diversity, and understanding its significance.
This research focuses on the Quranic discourses on the concept of polytheism, using the various forms the text employs to address the phenomenon, eradicate its sources, and examine its causes.
If polytheism were a single, uniform concept, would the Quranic discourses on it differ?

If we want to talk about educational issues and problems facing those working in this field, we must talk about educational means as an important pillar in the educational process that helps simplify concepts and information in the mind of the learner. A successful teacher, as many see it, is the one who uses these means well, in addition to the other elements that he must possess in various educational situations. And because the educational media has an important position in the educational field, it is necessary to highlight it with a strong focus that makes this fact clear to those who respect it.

The current research aims to analyze the fourth-grade Arabic language textbook in light of thinking skills, the extent to which these skills are available, and their identification, in order to achieve the desired results, where users search for the descriptive information.Based on the method of content analysis with the aim of reaching the logical thinking skills included in the Arabic language book for the fourth preparatory grade. The research population was the Arabic language book for the fourth literary grade. In order to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher formulated a standard for logical thinking skills and the sub-skills from it, and it consisted of (6) main skills and (16) Sub-skills were then presented to a group of experts specializing in Arabic language curricula and teaching methods, as well as specialists in grammar and linguistics, for the purpose of using them in analyzing the book’s content and determining the extent to which they were include, After verifying the validity and reliability of the instrument, the researcher analyzed the book, and then verified the reliability of the analysis through time- and individual analysis, obtaining a reliability rate of more than (83%)Using Holsti’s equation, the analysis results showed that the Arabic language book contains logical thinking skills in varying proportions between one skill and another, and this indicates the inclusion of skills in the book. The researcher then concluded that the Arabic language textbook used in the fourth preparatory grade has limited potential for preparing the learner according to logical thinking skills.Therefore, the researcher recommended the necessity of reviewing, re-evaluating, and rebuilding the book based on the skill of logical thinking and including it in very high proportions, and suggested conducting similar research to show the extent to which logical thinking skills are included in Arabic language books for other stages.

There is no doubt that religion—regardless of its essence or nature has, since ancient times, been one of the primary forces shaping societies, and it remains so to this day. It constitutes a fundamental component of human communities, formed in response to human needs. Religion serves as a vital means of establishing social relationships, which are strengthened through culture—a system of shared ideas, values, and customs that evolve over time. Religion is considered one of the core pillars of culture, bringing individuals together and shaping the identity and characteristics of their societies. Historically, there has always been a dynamic and reciprocal relationship between religion and culture.This study explores the impact of contemporary culture and its outcomes on religious reasoning in the thought of Mohammad Shahrour and Hassan Farhan al-Maliki. The research includes an analysis of selected examples of their Qur’anic interpretations and reasoning.

Poetic texts are considered among the richest linguistic compositions in terms of significance and meaning. Consequently, «Hashimiyat al-Kumayt» was selected for this study due to its profound semantic and linguistic depth. The poet utilized expressive linguistic connotations to reveal psychological dimensions, notably through the prevalence of the interrogative style (Istifham), which stands out among other compositional styles in his collection.
The study explores how these interrogatives transitioned from their literal meanings to metaphorical ones, enriching the poetic text and imbuing it with evocative dimensions and distinctive expression. The interrogative tools functioned first as rhythmic-acoustic features and second as emotive, cautionary, and explanatory tools emerging from the poet’s inner consciousness. This served the overarching ideas he aimed to convey, transforming language into an argumentative and persuasive element to convince the recipient of his message.
Al-Kumayt was deeply rooted in various cultural springs; his intellectual background was multifaceted, drawing from the Holy Qur’an, Prophetic Hadith, proverbs, and classical Arabic poetry. The poet relied on these sources as argumentative pillars to establish and defend the legitimacy and rights of the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUT).

This research aims to highlight the most prominent pillars of marshland tourism, a phenomenon with a global dimension due to the site›s renown and uniqueness on the international tourism map. The research problem lies in the numerous challenges facing tourism in the Iraqi marshes, related to the ineffectiveness of tourism marketing strategies and their inability to keep pace with the social and cultural transformations occurring within the communities of this unique location. The research sample consisted of 192 individuals working in tourism companies, independent tour operators, and some members of semi-official institutions concerned with the environment and active in preparing and organizing tourist trips to the marshes. Their opinions were gathered through a questionnaire prepared for this purpose, and the data was statistically processed using approved programs. One of the most important conclusions of the research is the decline of tourism thinking among many, with a retreat to the traditional marketing approach that prioritizes the nature of the tourism product over meeting the tourist›s needs. This contrasts with the modern tourism marketing approach, which has reached the level of specializing in specific types of tourism. Service should be tailored to the tourist›s personal preferences, reflecting the evolving consumer awareness among tourists. One of the most important recommendations is that official bodies (the Ministry of Culture, Tourism, and Antiquities, and the Tourism Authority) develop marketing strategies of the highest standards. These strategies should leverage the most important and prominent tourist attraction (the marshes) to promote a positive image of this unique geographical location and its rich heritage, highlighting the lives of local communities and their unique character.

The Orientalist sought to discredit Ibn Abbas by citing his young age as a reason to question his reliability as a narrator of the Prophet’s sayings, despite evidence of his intelligence and knowledge. He then attempted to cast doubt on Ibn Abbas’s narrators. First, he claimed they were liars; second, he claimed their chain of transmission was broken—despite the fact that it was not—alleging that his knowledge consisted of mere conjecture and speculation about the unseen. He pointed out that Ka’b al-Ambar and Abdullah ibn Salam possessed this knowledge, and that Ibn Abbas had derived it from them. Gaulthier did not stop there; rather, he attacks the very essence of the Islamic faith by claiming that the Holy Quran is not Arabic, as it contains non-Arabic words.
In his attempt to prove that the one who was sacrificed was Isaac, he cites a chain of transmission from Ka’b through Ibn ‘Abbas as evidence of its authenticity, and then proposes a compromise solution that both Isaac and Ishmael were the ones sacrificed Comparison between the narrations has conclusively proven, based on the evidence of the Holy Quran, that the one sacrificed is Ishmael and not Isaac. Nor can the Orientalist’s view be accepted, which suggests that both Isaac and Ishmael could be the sacrificial victim; this is an unacceptable proposition because the sacrificial victim is one and not two, in addition to other objections and doubts he raised in the course of this study.

The kings of ancient Iraq, from the Sumerian era to the Assyrian era, sought to affirm their divine right to rule ancient Iraq, and thus elevate their status and sanctity before their people. This was achieved by organizing a number of festivals that were linked to the religious aspect, as most military campaigns were considered to be the implementation of the orders of the gods. The royal writings of the kings did not lack the fact that the gods were the ones who supported and assisted them in battles, according to religious rituals, including coronation rituals, purification rituals, and victory rituals.

Suspension from duty is a precautionary administrative measure stipulated in the State and Public Sector Employees Discipline Law No. (14) of 1991, as amended. It involves temporarily removing an employee from performing their job duties, either due to their arrest by a competent authority or for reasons related to the public interest and the integrity of the administrative investigation. This measure is exceptional and is not intended to punish the employee, but rather to protect the investigation process and ensure its impartiality.
Suspension from duty prevents the employee from carrying out their job duties for the duration of the suspension. Their powers and responsibilities are temporarily suspended, and they are considered to be on leave without termination of service. This means that the employment relationship remains in place, but the performance of the job duties is temporarily suspended. The employee may be reinstated to their original position after the suspension period ends, or reassigned to another position if deemed necessary, particularly in cases involving financial responsibilities or sensitive roles.
One of the most significant consequences stipulated by law is the withholding of the employee›s full salary. During the suspension period, the employee receives only half their salary, while the other half is withheld pending the conclusion of the investigation or the issuance of a final decision.
Suspension affects the employee›s legal standing, negatively impacting their competence, a fundamental requirement for promotion, especially if the investigation results in a disciplinary penalty.
The impact of suspension extends beyond the legal realm, affecting the employee›s psychological and social well-being. It can damage the employee›s reputation and professional standing, and impact their financial stability due to reduced income, particularly since half their salary is withheld during the investigation.

The concept of “State Power” is considered one of the most vital concepts in political studies and international relations, as it determines a state’s standing among other nations and its ability to protect its interests and achieve its objectives. Power here is not merely linked to the military aspect; rather, it is a combination of material and moral elements that integrate to grant the state the capacity to exert influence both internally and externally.
A state’s power begins with its geographical components, which provide strategic depth and natural resources. It then extends to human power, represented by population size, quality of education, and the efficiency of its workforce. Furthermore, economic power serves as the foundation upon which the state relies to achieve stability and progress; it is the true supporter of all other aspects of power, including military strength. While military power remains essential for deterrence and protection, it loses its value if it is not supported by a robust economy and balanced policies.
The role of “Soft Power”—which includes culture, diplomacy, and media—also emerges as a crucial factor. It contributes to improving the state’s image, gaining allies, and enhancing its influence on the international stage.
Measuring state power is a complex process that relies on a set of indicators, such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the level of political stability, technological advancement, and military spending, in addition to the state’s ability to influence regional and global decisions. The role of political legitimacy cannot be overlooked, as citizens’ trust in their government strengthens the state’s internal unity, which directly reflects its external strength.
The research concludes that a state’s true power lies in achieving a balance between its various elements. A state that overemphasizes military power without economic development or political stability becomes more vulnerable to crises. Conversely, a state that invests in human and economic development and manages its resources efficiently can build comprehensive and sustainable power. Thus, state power is measured not only by the possession of power elements but by how they are utilized within a strategic framework that serves security, development, and enhances international standing.

This study explores the use of digital image processing technology to enhance the message and content of print advertisements targeting a general public. These advertisements serve as a guide and advocate for combating widespread corruption. Photographs, as realistic symbols, are effective tools for advertising designers to embody and express abstract and unspoken concepts related to corruption, aiming to produce a powerful visual representation. The research problem can be summarized as follows: To what extent do digital image processing techniques contribute to strengthening the advertising message and increasing the audience›s ability to be influenced by Anti-corruption ads The research objective was defined as understanding digital technology programs and how they work with the content and message of printed materials sent to recipients in anti-corruption advertisements. Chapter Two, the theoretical framework, included two sections: (Technology, Technical Processes, and Images, their Types, and Uses in Anti-Corruption Advertisements). A set of indicators was derived based on the theoretical framework to create an analytical tool. Chapter Three, the research procedures, employed a descriptive methodology for sample analysis. The sample was purposefully selected from the research population, which consisted of 30 advertisements designed by the researcher for the Rusafa II Education Directorate, based on a ministerial booklet from July 2023. Three advertisements were selected as relevant to the research topic, leading to the research findings Research Results
-All analyzed advertisements utilized image processing technology using computer programs, including design software, as seen in samples (1 and 2) and Illustrator, as seen in sample (3). The recommendations were To establish technical training courses to enhance the designer›s design skills and familiarize them with modern topics and research proposals that incorporate modern technologies and developments (such as studying modern technology (artificial intelligence) and its role in advancing advertising design(..

The Arabian Peninsula is among the driest and hottest regions in the world due to its location near the equator, with most of its territory lying within the tropical zone. The Arabian Peninsula cannot boast a single permanent river that flows year-round into the sea, and its small streams are generally unsuitable for navigation. In regions dominated by aridity, rainfall is scarce. The Rub’ al Khali (Empty Quarter) desert has experienced periods of humid climate during which heavy rains fell, leading to the formation of a large lake in the central part of the desert in Saudi Arabia. Continued rainfall eventually caused the lake to overflow. Permanent rivers are not found in the Arabian Peninsula. However, there are major perennial rivers elsewhere—such as the Euphrates, Tigris, and Nile—upon which ancient civilizations flourished.

all countries seek to legalize water consumption in all aspects of life, especially in the field of agriculture. The use of modern methods in irrigation was one of the means to address water scarcity. Modern methods of water management were also introduced, which is the uses of artificial intelligence. The paper aims to
explain the requirements for adopting artificial intelligence in agriculture. What are the stages of preparation for it, as well as the amount of water consumption of the wheat crop, during the study period from (2016-2022), and it was found that there is a large waste of water, as the productivity of one dunum of wheat tends to decrease, while the values of water consumption for the cultivated area increase

The Almoravid civilization played a prominent role in Islamic Morocco, as their rule in Morocco lasted for about a century. The Almoravids annexed Andalusia under their rule, and Moroccan civilization blended with Andalusian civilization, giving Moroccan civilization during the Almoravid era a distinctive character. Also, the Almoravids› recognition of the Abbasid Caliphate encouraged the transfer of Eastern civilization to Islamic Morocco under Almoravid rule.

The Ahlul-Bayt (peace be upon them) are the family of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family). In Shia literature and books, they refer to the Fourteen Infallibles. Other examples of the Ahlul-Bayt (peace be upon them) are also mentioned, such as the People of the Cloak. One of the greatest blessings of God Almighty upon all of humanity is the guardianship of the Prophet’s family, may God’s prayers and peace be upon them all. We find many writers and poets who have a large share in showing love and allegiance to them in their poetry. One of these examples is Sheikh Taqi al-Din Ibrahim bin Ali bin al-Hassan al-Kaf’ami, may God be pleased with him. He mentioned a poem in which he praises the Prophet Muhammad, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family, which is known as the Badi’iyya in praise of the best of creation. In it, he gathered the various aspects of the science of Badi’, which consists of ninety-nine verses. In this poem, he employed verbal and semantic rhetorical devices in its two categories. In this research, we focused on one of these two categories with its branches—we mean the verbal devices—and we stood and analyzed some of the verses that I chose in this research. The research was divided into an introduction, two sections, a conclusion, and a list of sources and references. In the first section, we dealt with the life of Sheikh al-Kaf’ami, and it was divided into paragraphs, including: his name and lineage. His family, his culture, the opinions of scholars about him and their praise of him, and other related topics. The second section discusses verbal rhetorical devices, including (paronomasia of misspellings, the use of the nominative and the compound, agreement, verbal appropriateness, rhyme, hemistich, adherence to necessary rhyme, embellishment, inlaying, harmony of word and meaning, the art of the opening, and paronomasia of the compound and the use of distortion). Due to the sheer number of poetic examples in this research, which is limited in pages according to academic research standards, I cannot include all of them in this section. Therefore, I have selected a few examples for analysis.
The conclusion summarizes the most important findings of the research, and finally, the bibliography is provided.

This study investigates the correlation between beliefs, metacognitive knowledge, and reading techniques among Iraqi students who are learning English as a foreign language (EFL). The aim is to understand and tackle the academic difficulties they encounter in reading comprehension. Proficiency in reading comprehension is an essential ability in advanced education, but it is often insufficiently developed among numerous English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, especially in Iraq. This is mostly owing to their restricted access to English reading materials and a lack of enthusiasm. This study aims to explore the impact of students’ reading beliefs, metacognitive methods, and motivation on their reading performance, by building upon previous research in the field. The study seeks to ascertain the most and least frequently employed tactics, favored reading subjects, and the factors that influence students’ motivation. Moreover, it analyzes the connections between these characteristics and their influence on reading comprehension. This project aims to use an exploratory research methodology to offer educators valuable insights on how to improve students’ reading abilities in the Iraqi EFL setting. This will be achieved by aligning instructional tactics with learners’ beliefs and metacognitive practices, ultimately leading to improved reading outcomes.

The aim of the present study was to identify the effect of the Active Thinking Model on the achievement of fifth grade primary pupils in Social Studies for the academic year 2024–2025. The researcher selected a sample consisting of two groups: an experimental group with (41) female pupils, and a control group with (42) female pupils.An achievement test was prepared as the tool for the study, consisting of (30) objective test items. The results of the study indicated the presence of a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group pupils who were taught according to the Active Thinking Model, compared to the control group pupils who were taught using the traditional method.

This study was conducted within the framework of the descriptive methodology and aimed to identify the correlational relationship between mathematical power and cognitive motivation among fourth-grade scientific track students by answering the following questions:
1. What is the level of mathematical power among fourth-grade scientific students?
2. What is the level of cognitive motivation among fourth-grade scientific students?
3. Is there a correlational relationship between mathematical power and cognitive motivation among fourth-grade scientific students?
To achieve the objectives of the study and answer its questions, a number of null hypotheses were formulated. The main sample of the study was selected randomly and consisted of (406) fourth-grade scientific students from the study population. To accomplish the study objectives, the researcher carried out the following procedures:
1. Preparing a mathematical power test consisting of (20) multiple-choice items with four alternatives. Its validity and reliability were verified, with a reliability coefficient of (0.882).
2. Adopting the cognitive motivation scale developed by Al-Shammari (2009), which was applied to preparatory stage students. Its validity and reliability were confirmed, with a reliability coefficient of (0.942). The scale consisted of (46) items with four alternatives.
3. Applying the two research instruments—the mathematical power test and the cognitive motivation scale—to the main sample. The application period lasted for ten days, from Sunday 17/11/2024 to Tuesday 26/11/2024.
Using appropriate statistical methods, the results revealed the following:
1. Fourth-grade scientific students possess mathematical power.
2. Fourth-grade scientific students possess cognitive motivation.
3. There is no correlational relationship between mathematical power and cognitive motivation among fourth-grade scientific students.
In light of the results obtained, the researcher recommended holding seminars and workshops for teachers on how to prepare and formulate questions related to the dimensions of mathematical power and to highlight the importance of cognitive motivation for learners. The researcher also proposed conducting a study on the relationship between mathematical power and self-efficacy among students of the Mathematics Department in the College of Basic Education.

This study examines how age and gender of instructors affect the learning process of students in the English Department ,College of Education for Humanities , University of Kirkuk. The research question of this study is to establish how the age and gender of instructors influence teaching methods, learner interaction, and the learning outcomes. The sample comprised 13 instructors and 90 students were selected randomly from various stages and classes. The structured questionnaire was used to gather data. The results indicate that age as well as gender of instructors greatly influence the issues of the learning process, and the demographic variables should be taken into account in the organization of the educational process.

The approaches of Quranic commentators to interpret verses varied according to their different scholarly tools and purposes of argumentation. Among these, interpretive trends emerged that combined jurisprudence, legal theory, and linguistics. Verses of rulings represent one of the fundamental pillars of Islamic legislation, as they form the bridge between the Quranic text and the practical reality of the individual. The interpretation of these verses... Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi (Madarik al-Tanzil wa Haqa’iq al-Ta’wil) deals with the interpretation of verses containing rulings and approaches texts with a legislative dimension.

As a part of the Ministry of Education’s efforts to initiative to mainstream human rights principles across the curriculum, including physics. Physics teachers are often at a loss as to how to incorporate such values into a mathematically rigorous curriculum that many students find unappealing. This challenge is compounded by severe time constraints that barely allow for completion of prescribed syllabus. Some may perceive this integration as unnecessary filler, potentially distracting both the teacher and the student. This article examines this reality and explores how this challenge can be transformed into an effective tool for teaching physics, by linking physical concepts and laws with human rights principles. This subject can become inspiring for both educators and learners, ultimately fostering a deeper internalization of these values, along with providing practical ideas and suggestions to teach physics from a human rights viewpoint.

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This research presents a spatial analysis of population distribution and concentration in Babylon Governorate, Iraq, focusing on demographic dynamics and influencing factors during the period from 2007 to 2025. The research is structured into an introduction and two main sections; the introduction covers the comprehensive methodological framework, including spatial boundaries (encompassing the districts of Al-Hilla, Al-Musayab, Al-Mahawil, and Al-Hashimiyah) and temporal boundaries (from 2007 to 2025 estimates). It also outlines key objectives such as assessing population disparities, identifying contributing geographical and economic factors, and formulating the research problem regarding increased urban concentration and its impact on sustainable development. The hypothesis posits that population concentration reflects an interaction between natural factors (such as the banks of the Euphrates River) and human factors (such as migration resulting from conflict and economic development). The methodology relies on spatial statistical analysis, including the use of historical census data and modern estimates from sources such as the Iraqi Ministry of Planning (Central Statistical Organization - CSO) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), while integrating demographic forecasting models for 2025 based on average annual growth rates (approximately 2.2% at the national level, with local adjustments based on migration and displacement).
In the first section, the relative distribution of the population by administrative units is discussed, where results reveal significant disparities reflecting demographic shifts over the years. For example, Al-Hilla District center recorded the highest concentration levels, reaching 29.3% in 2007 (with an estimated population of about 470,000 out of a total governorate population of about 1.6 million), with an estimated rise to about 35-40% by 2025 based on urban population projections (where the population of Al-Hilla city alone is estimated at 900,000-1,000,000 in 2025, compared to an expected governorate total of 2.4-2.5 million). This increase is attributed to factors such as urban development, infrastructure investments, and internal displacement resulting from conflicts in neighboring areas (such as the aftermath of the 2014-2017 events with ISIS, where the number of internally displaced persons in the governorate exceeded 100,000 between 2014-2020). Conversely, sub-districts such as Al-Iskandariya, Al-Midhatiya, and Al-Hashimiyah district recorded the lowest distribution percentages, collectively not exceeding 10-15%, due to their predominant rural character and reliance on traditional agriculture, with a slight decrease in percentages due to migration toward major cities. According to 2018 CSO estimates, the governorate›s total population reached approximately 2,065,042, with urban concentration hitting 65% (about 1.34 million in urban areas vs. 0.72 million rural), compared to 60% in 2007, reflecting a general trend toward rapid urbanization in Iraq. By 2025, the total is estimated at approximately 2.4-2.5 million, with continued administrative disparity driven by economic growth in sectors such as agriculture and historical tourism (such as the Babylon archaeological site).
The second section focuses on the applied aspect through the use of the Lorenz Curve—which represents a cumulative distribution of population against area to measure disparity—and the Gini Coefficient as a quantitative indicator of the degree of population concentration, where the coefficient ranges between 0 (perfectly equal distribution) and 1 (complete concentration in one point). Calculations showed a Gini Coefficient value of 52.6% in 2007. Based on recent data and predictive models, the coefficient is estimated at about 50-52% for 2025, with a slight decrease attributed to reconstruction efforts and rural development programs after 2018, though it remains relatively high compared to global rates (such as 30-40% in developed countries). This estimate is based on data from UNFPA reports and the Iraqi Ministry of Planning (CSO), taking into account the impact of displacement and economic growth.
The research concludes that the characteristic of population concentration remains prevalent in Babylon Governorate, driven by the attraction of residents toward main city centers (like Al-Hilla), riverbanks (especially the Euphrates, which supports agriculture and trade), and the extensions of major transport routes. It also highlights additional factors such as past conflicts, climate change (which reduces rural fertility), and government policies for sustainable development, necessitating recommendations to enhance balanced distribution through rural housing programs and investment in sub-infrastructure. This analysis contributes to a broader understanding of demographic dynamics in central Iraq, suggesting future studies that integrate remote sensing techniques to monitor changes in real-time.

The phenomenon of discontinuity is one of the features that has appeared in Arabic poetry and has been addressed by many poets, including the great poet Mahmoud Darwish. From our examination of his complete works, we found many instances of discontinuity achieved through shifts in perspective. We selected a sample suitable for this study, titled «Discontinuity Through Shifts in Perspective: A Stylistic Phenomenon Relying on Violating the Known Linguistic Pattern by Deviating from the Norm through Consonance.» When discussing Darwish›s poetry, we find that shifts in perspective are a stylistic feature in most of his poems, and they are forms of expressing meaning in one of several ways (absence, first-person, direct address).

Tourism encompasses multiple dimensions across various sectors. Al-Mutanabbi Street, in particular, holds exceptional historical, heritage, and cultural significance as a prominent landmark housing numerous intellectual edifices and heritage libraries. This street plays a pivotal role in attracting intellectuals and visitors, serving as a fundamental pillar of national identity by connecting citizens and society to the nation’s cultural history. As a living documentation of intellectual antiquity and historical events, it has become a cultural symbol of Baghdad and a key factor in cognitive and touristic attraction. Consequently, its social and cultural dimensions have directly contributed to shaping the country’s civilization throughout the ages.
This study is based on two interacting variables to formulate an intellectual and philosophical framework: (Al-Mutanabbi Street and Cultural ldentity). The research problem stems from diagnosing the reasons that have hindered the optimal investment of this street for tourism purposes, the extent of attention given by relevant authorities to this historical landmark, and identifying the causes of service deficiencies or neglect facing this ancient site. The study population consisted of visitors to Al-Mutanabbi Street in Baghdad, as their perspectives directly serve the study’s objective; they are best positioned to evaluate the street’s attributes and its effective role in enhancing cultural ldentity.
In the practical analysis, the researcher employed a suite of advanced statistical programs: Amos for performing Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), SPSS for data processing and conducting various tests, and Microsoft Excel 2016 for organizing and classifying primary data. A range of descriptive and statistical methods were utilized to ensure the accuracy of the results, starting with Cronbach’s Alpha to measure tool reliability and CFA to ensure construct validity. For analyzing sample responses, the study relied on the weighted mean, standard deviation, and relative importance, supported by visual representation via Bar Charts. To test hypotheses and verify relationships between variables, the researcher utilized Z-tests, F-tests, and Pearson Correlation to determine the strength and direction of relationships. Furthermore, Simple and Multiple Linear Regression were used to measure the level of impact and test the proposed models.
The study reached several conclusions, most notably that historical, architectural, social, and economic dimensions have a clear impact on enhancing the cultural identity of Al-Mutanabbi Street. Based on these findings, the researcher provided a set of recommendations, including the development of facades and infrastructure, the necessity of preserving the street’s architectural and historical-cultural character, and replacing current street stalls with carts that reflect a cultural and heritage identity.

This research examines current criminal policy in facing cyber crime and its impact on upholding security in society with dramatic changes in digital transformation. It examines the conceptual structure of criminal policy and cybercrime and assesses the legislative and procedural measures that have been adopted to deal with digital crime and especially the Iraqi legal system.Using descriptive and analytical methods, the research determines that Iraqi legislation establishes a general procedural foundation for fighting against cybercrime, particularly in terms of legality, protection of privacy and measures to be adopted during an investigation, but it is not yet sufficient to create a comprehensive digital criminal policy.The research concludes that in order to be effective in protecting the security of society, an integrated criminal policy beyond punishment should also comprise of prevention, specialized investigation, preservation of digital evidence, and capacity building in institutions and technical expertise. It recommends the enactment of a comprehensive cybercrime law, the elaboration of specific procedural rules for digital evidence and the improvement of professional training and awareness.

This research examines current criminal policy in facing cyber crime and its impact on upholding security in society with dramatic changes in digital transformation. It examines the conceptual structure of criminal policy and cybercrime and assesses the legislative and procedural measures that have been adopted to deal with digital crime and especially the Iraqi legal system.Using descriptive and analytical methods, the research determines that Iraqi legislation establishes a general procedural foundation for fighting against cybercrime, particularly in terms of legality, protection of privacy and measures to be adopted during an investigation, but it is not yet sufficient to create a comprehensive digital criminal policy.The research concludes that in order to be effective in protecting the security of society, an integrated criminal policy beyond punishment should also comprise of prevention, specialized investigation, preservation of digital evidence, and capacity building in institutions and technical expertise. It recommends the enactment of a comprehensive cybercrime law, the elaboration of specific procedural rules for digital evidence and the improvement of professional training and awareness.

This research examines the deconstruction of narrative structure in the contemporary Arabic novel, focusing on polyphony and temporal fragmentation as key techniques of modern narrative innovation. The study argues that the contemporary Arabic novel has moved beyond traditional linear narration and a single narrative voice toward more open and complex narrative forms that reflect shifts in reality and aesthetic perception.The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on modern narratological theories to analyze narrative structures and explore how multiple voices and fragmented time contribute to meaning production. The findings reveal that polyphony dismantles the dominance of the single narrator and creates a dialogic discourse, while temporal fragmentation disrupts chronological order and reconstructs narrative time as a dynamic and layered structure. These techniques ultimately render the text open-ended and enhance interpretive possibilities.The research concludes that narrative transformations in the contemporary Arabic novel reflect a broader shift from monologic narration to a pluralistic narrative mode characterized by openness and interaction.

The study aims to highlight the potential of the marketing mix as an effective strategic option that aligns with modern tourism marketing principles (7Ps). The research is designed with the marketing mix as an independent variable influencing tourism demand in Iraq for the period (2020–2025). It focuses on economic objectives centered on the necessity of diversifying Iraq’s wealth sources to support the federal budget. The study employs the Johansen Cointegration econometric model, and the research hypotheses are formulated based on the relative elasticity responses of tourism demand. The results indicate a significant, long-term equilibrium relationship between the study variables, necessitating the adoption of digital promotion strategies to enhance Iraq’s image as a premier

This research examines the concept of Wilayah in the Imami Shiite heritage through the narrations transmitted from Imam Musa al-Kazim (peace be upon him). It aims to analyze the foundations adopted by the Imam in clarifying the position of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) as the legitimate continuation of divine guidance after the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family). The study also focuses on the use of Qur’anic verses to support the doctrine of Imamate and to highlight the role of the Imams in preserving religion and safeguarding its principles. Furthermore, the research addresses the different dimensions of Wilayah, explaining its doctrinal aspect connected to divine selection, as well as the authority manifested by God’s permission within the realm of creation. It also discusses the religious authority of the Imams in interpreting sacred texts, issuing legal rulings, and organizing the affairs of the Muslim community. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology by collecting narrations and examining their meanings within theological and exegetical contexts. The research concludes that the narrations of Imam al-Kazim (peace be upon him) represent a central source in shaping the Imami perspective on religious leadership after prophethood, presenting its intellectual and legislative dimensions within an integrated framework.

This study aims to demonstrate the role of compliance auditing according to ISSAI 400 in improving the quality of financial reports in economic units. The research sample was limited to auditors in private auditing firms across Iraq. The researchers used a questionnaire as the instrument to achieve the study’s objectives, distributing (200) forms and receiving (193) valid responses. The study relied on statistical analysis, employing data reliability and validity tests, as well as a range of descriptive statistical methods including means, relative frequencies, standard deviations, relative importance, and discriminatory power tests. Based on this analysis, the research reached several conclusions, most notably:(that auditing based on evaluating the results of activities and operations in terms of their compliance with predefined references, including regulations, instructions, and laws, is more effective in improving the quality of financial reports. Furthermore, the study found that financial reports prepared in compliance with INTOSAI standards, particularly ISSAI 400, increase overall reliability, leading to greater confidence. The beneficiaries benefit from the quality of information contained in the financial reports in a way that contributes to activating the Public Accountability Law to reduce financial and administrative corruption and preserve public funds). The research concluded that (there is a need to work on increasing institutional awareness of the standards issued by the INTOSAI organization, especially the commitment to applying the ISSAI400 standard and the importance of adhering to it, as well as involving employees of audit and accounting departments in regular programs, workshops and training courses to increase their awareness of the need to adhere to INTOSAI standards, especially the commitment to the ISSAI400 standard).

A storm is defined as an atmospheric phenomenon that indicates intense activity in weather conditions and is associated with strong and rapid air movements, usually carrying rain, snow, or sand. Storms vary in their size and duration, and the largest storms may affect entire continents and persist for several weeks.
Storms can be classified into three main types: thunderstorms, sandstorms, and cyclones. There are also other types of storms, such as snowstorms and tropical storms, each of which has its own distinctive characteristics and features.Thunderstorms develop in temperate and tropical regions and are characterized by electrical discharges accompanied by lightning and thunder. Sandstorms, on the other hand, occur in many regions of the world, particularly in the Gulf countries and North Africa. They arise when near-surface wind speeds exceed 50 kilometers per hour over dry sandy or dusty surfaces, forming dense clouds that significantly reduce visibility.