Modern Sport

The demands of professional, scientific, and academic life have made it necessary to identify the various difficulties faced by postgraduate female students, which lead to problems that hinder their achievement of the required goals. This necessitates directing efforts toward finding solutions to confront and solve problems through appropriate cognitive behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to identify information processing styles and problem-solving and their relationship with metamotivation and perceived control among postgraduate female students (PhD/Master's). To achieve this aim, the descriptive approach using the survey method was adopted due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem. The population was defined as postgraduate female students (PhD and Master's) for the academic year 2023–2024 at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Women, numbering (43 students): (20 PhD) and (23 Master's). Data were analyzed using (SPSS), Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, arithmetic means, and standard deviations for statistical data processing. The findings revealed that postgraduate female students possess the abilities in (information processing styles / problem solving / metamotivation / perceived control). Accordingly, the study recommends the necessity of paying attention to providing course materials that stimulate postgraduate students' desire to use multiple methods appropriate to information processing styles, problem solving, metamotivation, and perceived control, for the purpose of developing and improving their academic performance, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health).

Fencing is characterized by rapid and sudden changes that require speed in decision-making and motor responses. In addition, it requires high sensorimotor awareness and strong coordination between leg, arm, and eye movements. In the current study, the researchers used cognitive coordination response speed exercises and physical and skill exercises in order to develop performance in the time counterattack. The aim of the study is to identify the effect of cognitive coordination response speed exercises on the performance of the time counterattack of female foil fencers. An experimental method was used on the female fencing team players at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Women/University of Baghdad in the sports season (2025-2026). The sample consisted of (12) players. They were divided equally into an experimental group (practiced cognitive coordination response speed exercises) and a control group (practiced traditional exercises). The post-test results showed that the experimental group, which practiced cognitive coordination response speed exercises, outperformed the control group with a mean score of (9.5) compared to a lower mean score of (7) for the control group. The calculated t-value was (7.31) at a significance level of less than (0.05) regarding the experimental group. The results proved that the cognitive coordination response speed exercises were effective in developing time counterattack performance. Therefore, the study recommended conducting studies based on cognitive coordination response speed exercises due to their importance in developing time counterattack performance. The current study fulfills the third Sustainable Development Goal (good health and well-being).

Artistic Gymnastics is a sport that requires high integration of physical, skillful, and mechanical abilities. Success in this sport depends on controlling coordinating the movements of body parts during different performance phases. The vaulting device requires the production of high speed and strength in a relatively short period of time because artistic performance goes through many essential phases including approaching, taking off, first vaulting, second vaulting, then landing. Previous studies reported that taking off is the most effective and decisive phases on achievement in vaulting. The goal of the study is to identify the relationship of muscular strength and joint angular range for some joints of the body in the take off and vault performance phases on the vaulting platform. To achieve this, the descriptive approach was used. The sample consisted of (10) female students from the first stage in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Women, who were selected purposively. The results showed that the mean score for jumping (opening) was (5.90) with a standard deviation of (1.853), while the mean score for body mass index (BMI) was (108.37) with a standard deviation of (1.210). The correlation coefficient was (0.654), indicating a moderate positive correlation between the studied variables. These results reflect the efficiency of converting muscular strength into effective motor skills during the take-off phase. Based on these findings, the study recommends that educational and training programs focus on developing lower limb muscular strength, and emphasizing its connection to specific skills required during the take-off phase on the vaulting platform.

The objective of this study is to design a rehabilitation program involving the use of suspension training straps and find out whether it helps improve the range of motion for injuries of the medial elbow muscle tendons. It is assumed that there exist statistically significant differences between the pre-tests and post-tests concerning the range of motion in the elbow joint, in favor of the post-test results. The experimental approach is used, with the adoption of the single-group pre-test/post-test experimental design. The research population includes seniors tennis players that have sustained injuries to their medial elbow muscle tendons at Middle Euphrates clubs. The sample group is selected through a total enumeration method, with five players being diagnosed as having suffered such injuries by an expert physician. After the pilot test and pre-test process, the main experiment was carried out over a period of eight weeks, conducting three rehabilitation sessions weekly for every participant due to conflicting schedules among them. Exercises were developed in order to enhance range of motion and strengthen the medial tendons. We conclude numerically that the differences were significant for the bending variable, which reached (0.002), and for the extension, which reached (0.001), at a significance level of (0.05), which indicates the improvement that occurred in the research sample. It is recommended to use this technique in all types of injuries as well as to apply it to other types of games, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health).

The study aimed to find out if using drawings helps students learn how to officiate basketball This study is important because it uses teaching tools to help students understand refereeing better and provide a high-quality education. The researchers used a method with two groups: an experimental group and a control group. There were 22 students in total divided into two groups of 11 The experimental group used a curriculum with drawings for six lessons while the control group used the usual method. The results showed that the experimental group did better than the control group. The results also showed differences in both groups from the start to the end with the end results being better. The study used drawings to teach students. It helped them learn how to officiate basketball. The drawings made a difference, in how well the students understood the officiating signals. Sustainable Development Goal: Good education is helped by learning tools. * A test showed that at a significance level of 0.05 the average score of the group was 66.53 with a small variation of ± 1.49. The value of the test was t = 7.13. * In comparison the control groups average score was 51 with a variation of ± 1.64. The groups performance in understanding signal mechanics improved a lot by almost 110%. The control groups performance only improved by 58%. This helps achieve one of the UNs goals in Iraq, which's Quality Education. The goal is to provide high-quality education. Good education is important, for development. The experimental group showed results. Quality Education is a goal.

This research contains four chapters, including an introduction and its significance. The research problem arises from the researchers' extensive professional and practical experience as former athletes and instructors, their experience in field athletics, their observations of jumpers' performance and their own review of scientific sources and studies concerning the long jumps. The study aimed to examine the effect of the dual-task strategy on developing certain sensory abilities and improving long jump performance among specialized school athletes. The researchers used an experimental method based on a one-group pretest–post-test design. The research sample consisted of six long jump athletes from specialized schools. Tests of time perception, force perception, and distance perception were used, along with a long jump performance test. The data were then analyzed statistically using the SPSS software. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-test. The mean score for time perception was 1.458 in the pre-test and 1.214 in the post-test, with a t-value of 7.071. For force perception, the mean was 1.571 in the pre-test and 0.857 in the post-test, with a t-value of 3.528. For distance perception, the mean was 2.614 in the pre-test and 1.571 in the post-test, with a t-value of 8.896. Long jump performance also improved, increasing from 5.774 to 5.864, with a t-value of 5.612. The researchers concluded that the dual-task strategy had a positive effect on developing sensory abilities and improving long jump performance among the participants.

Football is a dynamic sport that requires both physical and technical skill because it is played within a specific timeframe and in a large space; physical ability is inseparable from technical proficiency among a match. This research aims to analyze the relationship between the timing of foot pressure, force generated at take-off, and heading accuracy in youth football players. A descriptive correlational approach was used on a sample of (8) players. Data were collected using a Foot Scan platform andvideo analysis. The results it was significant correlations between biomechanical variables and heading accuracy. The highest recorded correlation reached (R = 0.845) between instantaneous propulsive force and heading accuracy, indicating the critical role of rapid force production. Additionally, the elevation of the center of mass during take-off showed a strong correlation (R = 0.826), highlighting the importance of vertical force application. The findings confirm that optimal heading performance depends on the integration of explosive power, precise timing, and balanced plantar pressure distribution. The research concluded that improving heading accuracy requires generating high force in a short time while maintaining dynamic balance during take-off.

The primary objective of this study was to identify the effectiveness of the Think–Pair–Share strategy in volleyball, particularly with regard to the two skills under investigation. The study was conducted on a sample of female students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for Women, University of Baghdad. Concerning the methodology, the researchers adopted an experimental approach. The research population consisted of 93 female students distributed across five sections, and the study sample comprised 40 students selected randomly. Of these, 20 students were assigned to the experimental group and 20 to the control group, representing 43% of the original population. The instructional units continued for two months. The researchers employed skill-based tests specifically designed for the two skills examined in the study. The findings revealed that the experimental group achieved a higher level of performance in the post-tests of the first skill, with a mean score of 7.25 compared with 5.30 for the control group, yielding a difference of 1.95 points, a t-value of 7.462, and a significance level of 0.000. As for the second skill, the mean score of the experimental group was 7.95 compared with 5.50 for the control group, resulting in a difference of 2.45 points, a t-value of 9.759, and a significance level of 0.000. The most important conclusions and recommendations indicated that the application of the Think–Pair–Share strategy was appropriate for the students in the sample and contributed to improving their performance in the two skills under study. The students who learned through this strategy outperformed those who learned without it. Accordingly, the researchers recommended the use of this strategy in learning other skills and the organization of training courses for teachers to promote its use, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The research problem lies in the high levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the weakness of some functional and physical indicators in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Some of these individuals also experience difficulty continuing traditional exercise, necessitating the search for safe and effective training methods that contribute to improving their health. The research aimed to develop a deep-water training program supported by nutritional guidelines and to identify its effect on improving vital capacity (FVC), reducing HbA1c levels, and developing physical efficiency in men with type 2 diabetes aged 40–45 years. The researcher used a pre-experimental with a single group pre-test and post-test. The research sample included six men with type 2 diabetes. The training program was implemented for eight weeks, with three sessions per week, totaling 24 training sessions, along with accompanying nutritional guidelines. The results presented according to the data notable contrasts related to the post-test throughout all of the research factors. Vital capacity increased from 3.88 liters to 4.77 liters, a 22.94% improvement, while HbA1c levels decreased from 7.00% to 6.30%, a 10.00% improvement. Physical fitness also increased from 63.32 to 74.23, a 17.23% improvement. The researcher determined that deep-water aquatic training supported by nutritional guidance can effectively enhance the respiratory function, lowered HbA1c levels, and improved physical fitness in men with type 2 diabetes.These findings align with Sustainable Development Goal 3 (good health and well-being) by promoting health, reducing the impact of chronic diseases, and improving quality of life.

This study aimed to examine the effect of the Driver Model on learning selected pommel horse skills in artistic gymnastics among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Basrah. The importance of the study lies in applying a constructivist instructional model that organizes learning steps, enhances motor understanding, and increases student engagement, which contributes to improving skill performance. The research problem was identified in students' difficulties in mastering pommel horse skills, frequent performance errors, and the inability to connect movement phases effectively due to reliance on traditional teaching methods.An experimental design with two equivalent groups (control and experimental) was used. The sample consisted of 20 students, randomly divided into two groups of 10. The instructional program lasted eight weeks and was implemented according to the five stages of the Driver Model: orientation, elicitation and demonstration, restructuring of ideas, application, and review. The results showed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in post-tests. In the front support leg swing skill, the experimental group improved from a pre-test mean of 3.34 to a post-test mean of 7.21, compared to 5.12 for the control group. Similarly, in the entry and exit skill on the pommel horse, the experimental group achieved a mean of 7.33 compared to 5.089 for the control group, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).It was concluded that the Driver Model has a strong positive effect on improving motor skill performance and learning outcomes in artistic gymnastics. The findings support the effectiveness of constructivist instructional approaches in physical education and align with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education).

The present study aims to identify the relationship between academic adaptation and teaching skills of football instructors from the students' perspective. The research problem lies in the observed variance in students' academic adaptation levels and the corresponding differences in their perception of the teaching skills of football instructors, which may affect the quality of the educational process. The two researchers employed a descriptive correlational approach. The research population consists of (175) fourth-grade students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Wasit University, for the academic year (2025–2026). A random sample of (150) students was selected, while (20) students were chosen for the pilot study. The results reveal a statistically significant positive correlation between academic adaptation and the perception of teaching skills among football instructors. The correlation coefficient reached (0.433) at a significance level of (0.05). This indicates that higher levels of academic adaptation in students lead to improved perception of teaching skills. The two researchers recommend enhancing the academic adaptation environment within practical lessons due to its effect on improving students' perception of teaching skills.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of strength training on the development of selected core muscles and arm strength in young boxers. Boxers utilize maximum and fastest arm punches and core movements to achieve optimal performance against their opponents in bouts. Despite the importance of these elements, variations in specific strength levels are observed among young boxers aged 17–18 years. The problem lies in the fact that traditional training may not adequately or specifically focus on the "selected core muscles" that support dynamic balance during a fight, or on the link between core strength development and increased arm strength efficiency. The researcher's sample consisted of 16 young boxers from the Army Sports Club, in the lightweight category (46–56 kg). The sample was divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group, each with 8 boxers. The results showed significant differences favoring the experimental group. The percentage of improvement in the tests (dynamic sitting, plank, sitting from a prone position, and medicine ball throw to the left and right) was 34%, 20%, 38%, 26%, and 29% for the experimental group, while for the control group it was 4.4%, 1.34%, 4.54%, 2.56%, and 2.76%, respectively. This study also contributes to achieving one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in Iraq, namely improving physical health, by enhancing the physical capabilities and performance of junior boxers.

This study aimed to develop an academic tenacity scale for students in Faculties of Physical Education and Sport Sciences and to identify their level of academic tenacity. Given the theoretical and practical nature of study in these faculties, which may influence students' academic engagement, and the lack of standardized tools to measure this construct in the field, the need emerged to develop a valid and reliable measurement instrument and to answer the main research question: Is it possible to develop a scientific tool to measure academic tenacity among students in some Faculties of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. The researchers adopted the descriptive survey method, as it was appropriate for the nature and objectives of the study. The population consisted of students from the Faculties of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the Universities of Samarra, Tikrit, and Kirkuk for the academic year (2025–2026), totaling (921) male and female students. The population was divided into a construction sample and an application sample. The construction sample included (600) students after excluding the pilot study participants, while the final application sample consisted of (267) students after excluding incomplete responses. The researchers followed standardized scientific procedures for scale construction and psychometric validation. The scale was then administered to the final sample. The results indicated that students in Faculties of Physical Education and Sport Sciences demonstrated a high level of academic tenacity, with a mean score of (186.813) compared to the hypothetical mean of (120). The calculated t-value was (139.892) at a significance level of (0.000).The study concluded that academic tenacity plays a significant role in enhancing students' ability to persist, overcome academic challenges, and achieve educational goals. These findings align with the fourth Sustainable Development Goal (Quality Education) by improving higher education outcomes and fostering lifelong learning competencies.

The importance of the study lies in measuring the impact of the evolutionary competition strategy on developing creative thinking and improving the technical performance of the long jump event among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The research problem is represented in the difficulties that students face in learning motor skills, especially skills that require linking the stages of technical performance, in addition to the weak superficial understanding of information and the inability to employ it effectively in practical performance, The research aimed to measure the effect of the evolutionary competition strategy according to learning styles in developing creative thinking and improving the technical performance of the long jump event. The study used the experimental method with the design of equivalent groups with two groups (control and experimental) with pre- and post-tests, The sample included first-year students at the University of Babylon for the academic year 2025–2026, numbering (164) male and female students distributed across four academic sections. The results showed significant differences in favor of the post-test in all learning styles, as the theoretical learners style achieved the highest percentage of improvement in creative thinking from an average of (78.667) to (125.667) by 59.7%, and the technical performance of the long jump also improved from (2.333) to (5.333) by 128.6%, which indicates the effectiveness of the evolutionary competition strategy in improving the variables under study, The study concluded that the developmental competition strategy had a clear positive impact on developing creative thinking and improving skill performance, and recommended the possibility of employing it in teaching field activities, and adopting developed creative thinking measurement tools, in a way that contributes to improving the quality of university education and achieving better learning outcomes in light of the principle of good education.