Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities

Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) is a vital indicator of climate variability, especially in arid regions. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the trends of the daily temperature range in Iraq over the period 1970–2024, based on daily minimum and maximum temperature data derived from ERA5 reanalysis datasets at both annual and seasonal scales. Sixteen points representing meteorological stations across Iraq were selected. The Mann-Kendall test and simple and partial correlation analyses were employed. The results revealed a significant increase in both minimum temperature (Tmin) and maximum temperature (Tmax), with average rates of 0.55°C and 0.46°C per decade, respectively. This increase consequently led to a decline in the annual DTR at a rate of -0.07°C per decade. Seasonally, the decrease in DTR was more pronounced during autumn and summer, with the northern and central regions exhibiting greater clarity in the summer season. This decline is primarily attributed to the faster rise in Tmin compared to Tmax during these two seasons. Correlation analyses indicated that changes in Tmin and Tmax are the most influential factors affecting DTR. Additionally, wind speed showed a significant negative correlation with DTR, while solar radiation exhibited a positive correlation. The effects of precipitation, humidity, and cloud cover were found to be weak. This study provides a fundamental understanding of DTR variability and its driving factors, which is essential for future climate change assessments and the development of adaptation strategies in Iraq

This study examines the methodology of Shaykh ʿAbd Allah Jawadi Amuli (may his shadow endure) in his Qur’anic exegesis. He is regarded as one of the most prominent contemporary scholars of the Twelver Shiʿi school, particularly in the fields of tafsir and philosophy. His intellectual and mystical background enabled him to compose his monumental work Tafsir al-Tasnīm, which is considered among the most significant rational and mystical commentaries on the Qur’an. The findings of the research indicate that Shaykh Jawadi Amuli did not confine the discussion of muhkam (clear) and mutashabih (ambiguous) verses to their apparent meaning. Rather, he expanded the concept to encompass an ontological dimension, grounding it in a method that is both rational and mystical. In this regard, Amuli emphasized the authority of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), identifying them as “those firmly rooted in knowledge.” In his exegesis, he systematically integrated verses and narrations related to the interpretation of ambiguous verses and their return to the clear ones, linking the levels of Qur’anic expression with the levels of rational cognition. Consequently, his tafsir is replete with profound hermeneutical and mystical dimensions.

The reader did not receive the attention they deserve in literary criticism for a long time, and was seen only as a consumer of the literary text, the attention was focused on the author, as a creator of the literary text, and it continued in this way until the beginning of the twentieth century, as there were signs of interest in the literary text and care for it, with the impact of linguistic studies, and the efforts of the Russian formalists, and even then ignoring the reader remained a reality in literary criticism, but in the sixties of the last century there was an important development in The University of Constance, Germany, through the writings of Ingarden and Iser, so interest in the reader and reading became at the forefront of the critical scene, and the reader became the subject of the first attention, while interest in the author and the text declined since the text is an entity closed to itself to the external influences surrounding it, and the semantic gaps are one of the most prominent techniques that contributed to activating the reader's imagination, with the questions they raise, requiring answers. Also, the term ‘semantic gaps’ was defined by Iser, one of the poles of the theory of reception, which he took from Ingarden, and the function of the semantic gaps is to participate with the reader actively. Therefore, this research deals with semantic gaps in the stories titled (Stick of Madness) authored by the novelist and storyteller Ahmed Khalaf in two main topics, that are, the semantic gaps in the titles of the stories and the semantic gaps in the story.

The study aims to find out the extent of the influence of grammar in the interpretation of verses and extract the mansub in the verses mentioned in the interpretation of Bayan al-Ma'ani, as well as explaining the opinions of exegetes and grammatical scholars on the grammatical issue and the intended meaning of the verses, as the meaning can change by changing the expression, as well as showing the personality of the exegete with his trends, and showing his agreements with his differences with the rest of the exegetes and also explaining his approach in his book Bayan al-Ma'ani, as he relied on the order of descent of the Holy Qur'an and explains the meaning of words and expressions based on the rules of grammar and providing a deeper understanding of the texts .this study helps in an accurate understanding of texts by focusing on grammatical aspects .

Political geography represents an important aspect of geography that clarifies the impact of geographical reality on the political factor and its impact on it. Russia works to exploit its distinctive geographical reality in terms of its vast geographical extension and the nature of its wealth and exploit it in an optimal way that guarantees the state’s benefit from all its economic resources in service of its geopolitical aspirations within its vital sphere. The research, after relying on political geography methods, including descriptive and analytical ones, focuses on the nature of Russia’s foreign political orientation towards Central Asia in light of Russia’s reliance on modern geopolitical ideas that contributed to raising the economic and political value of the Central Asian region, which affected the nature of the behavior of the Russian political system in building the strategy of the Russian orientation, especially after the year 2000 AD, and the nature of the events and changes witnessed by the world and the economic trend to exploit economic wealth and depend on the energy file and what Central Asia possesses of precious wealth and meanings such as gold, copper, aluminum, tin and uranium, especially after the independence of the Central Asian republics and the increase in their external aspirations and rapprochement with the West and the United States of America.

This research explores the virtues and scholarly aspects of the personality of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) as presented in the book Tarikh al-Islam wa Wafayat al-Mashahir wa al-A’lam by Shams al-Din al-Dhahabi. Although al-Dhahabi was not always fair in presenting the merits of the Imam, the prominent position that Imam Ali holds in Islam compelled the author to acknowledge elements of his vast knowledge, profound asceticism, and noble virtues. The study focuses on analyzing al-Dhahabi’s narrations concerning the Imam’s knowledge, jurisprudence, ascetic sayings, and actions that demonstrate his justice and wisdom. It also examines the degree of objectivity in al-Dhahabi’s accounts and considers the historical contexts that influenced his style of presentation. The research concludes that the personality of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) remains a towering example of scholarship, asceticism, and moral excellence—one that continues to assert its presence even in the most reserved historical sources.

Culture is the set of basic values, perceptions, and behaviors that an individual has learned from the family and other institutions in society, such as religious, educational, and professional institutions. The research problem lies in the fact that the value system is a set of social standards, ideas, trends, practices, and behaviors that are formed in the individual through his interaction with his social environment, including individual and social positions and experiences, so that he can choose goals and directions for his life system, and in his dealings with others. The importance of the research lies in the fact that the cultural environment plays a role in instilling concepts related to the physical environment of the school and has the same importance.

Among the phonetic topics to which Ibn Jinnī devoted particular attention in his book Al-Lumaʿ fī al-ʿArabiyyah is imālah. Imālah represents a distinctive phonetic phenomenon in the language, as it combines the vocalic length of alif with that of yāʾ, producing a different sound known as imālah. This study examines the phenomenon based on Ibn Jinnī’s views, along with selected commentaries that shed light on his work, while also grounding these views through reference to earlier scholars and drawing on the opinions of later ones. The research identifies the causes and constraints of imālah and the resulting perspectives, noting areas of agreement and disagreement. It also determines the contexts in which imālah occurs. Overall, agreement between the commentators and Ibn Jinnī predominates, alongside some differences and additions.

The study highlighted the most important sources of renewable energy successfully utilized by humans without causing harm, pollution, or global warming in the surrounding environment. Despite the diversity of renewable energy sources and their role in protecting and sustaining the environment, the focus was placed on solar energy as a model, given that this type of renewable energy has been employed within Iraq.
Several factors prompted the consideration of renewable energy, foremost among them the rising levels of air pollutants. Therefore, data on pollutant gases from the Al-Saydiya Station were adopted as a case study, as it is located in the center of Baghdad Governorate, where the high population density corresponds to elevated human activities that contribute to pollution.
Statistical analysis was conducted, including the calculation of the linear regression value, alongside descriptive analysis to extract annual values for each of the following metrics: mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum for the obtained pollutant gases: SO₂, NO, NO₂, NOx, CO, CH₄, PM₂.₅.
The study concluded with the most important findings and recommendations regarding renewable energy.

Abstract
Biographical entries of notable figures constitute an art dedicated to documenting everything related to influential individuals. This is achieved by recording their histories—beginning with their names, lineage, teknonyms, and titles, and extending to their customs, traditions, physical and moral characteristics, clothing, and religious affiliations. This field also investigates their birthplaces, upbringing, and corresponding dates, preserves the names of their teachers and students, and examines the authenticity of the information and its sources. This study explores the biographical entries found in Nuzhat al-Jalīs wa-Munyat al-Adīb al-Anīs by Sayyid Abbas al-Mūsawī through a detailed analysis that traces their structure and examines the components of each entry—such as name, lineage, teknonym, title, and the intellectual, cultural, and religious aspects of the individuals. The research demonstrates the diversity of the figures included in terms of profession and historical period, and it also reveals that the methodology employed does not significantly deviate from well-known biographical traditions.

The importance of establishing political parties is one of the most important issues in contemporary Iranian history, due to its direct impact on political life. Mozaffar Baghaei Kermani, a member of the Iranian National Consultative Assembly for three consecutive terms (15th, 16th, and 17th), emerged as a prominent figure. With the help of his friends, he founded the newspaper Shahid. In May 1951, he founded the Toilers' Party, which included intellectuals who had withdrawn from the Tudeh Party. The party had economic, political, and social objectives, perhaps the most important of which was the nationalization of Iranian oil. The party had an influential voice through its members in the Consultative Assembly, led by Baghaei. Furthermore, the newspaper Shahid, the voice of the party, published daily articles defending the rights of the Iranian people. He supported the nationalization of oil, and together with his colleagues, he established the Petroleum Law Monitoring Organization. Ultimately, at the insistence of the government headed by Mosaddegh and members of the National Front, including members of the Toilers' Party and Baghaei, the International Court of Justice ruled that it had no jurisdiction on July 22, 1952. This marked a victory for the Iranian people in the case of oil nationalization.

The Battle of Marj al-Saffar (Shaqhab) is one of the immortal historical battles, although it is less famous than other battles fought by the Mamluks, but it had a great impact on both Mamluk and Mongol history, in which the common people and scholars played a major role in the victory of the Muslims under the leadership of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun and his princes in this battle. This incident also limited the Mongol influence and refuted the ambitions of the Mongol Khan Mahmud Ghazan to expand in the Islamic world, and kept them away from Egypt and the Levant for a long period of time.

The current research aims to identify the planned competence and spiritual intelligence among university students and the statistical significance of the correlation between spiritual intelligence and planned competence among university students. The current research adopted the descriptive correlational approach and the sample size reached (400) male and female students from Al-Mustansiriya University for the academic year (2024/2025). The researchers adopted the planned competence measurement tool from the Trache & Sweet study for the year (2009) and to measure spiritual intelligence from the King study (2008) and extract the values of validity and reliability for it and using several appropriate statistical methods. The researchers reached several results, namely that university students have planned competence and spiritual intelligence and there is a statistically significant relationship between planned competence and spiritual intelligence. In light of the results, the researchers reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to identify bullying and its relationship to domestic violence among middle school students, and the research sample consisted of (200) students chosen by random stratification method. To identify bullying, the researcher adopted a scale (Al-Sahi 2013) to measure bullying, and to prepare a measure of domestic violence. Psychometric properties of the two tools through apparent validity by presenting it to experts and validation by means of re-testing and half-segmentation. The data were statistically treated using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the T-test for one sample and two independent samples. The results showed that the students do not suffer from bullying, have a good level of social awareness, and feel family violence, as well as there is an inverse relationship between bullying and domestic violence, and in light of these results the researcher came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Studying the logical foundations of renewal in Islamic thought does not mean renewing the religion itself, as this was fully revealed and completed according to the verse of completion and perfection. Furthermore, the foundations and soundness of the religion do not require reform or renewal. The very essence and proof of the religion, in its true sense, are divinely sourced. Rather, the apparent meaning, which is the focus of this research, refers to reformulating the foundational concepts upon which Islamic thought is built, in light of modernity and renewal. This ensures the continued validity of faith in its relevance, so that it may serve as the guiding force for humanity. This is achieved by linking intellectual concepts to a renewed vision, based on the new perceptions imposed by the realities of modernity, to keep pace with developments in human and social nature. These developments form the foundations for future generations. In other words, renewal is the domain of Islamic thought, encompassing the intellectual output of both early and later scholars, as well as understanding Islamic principles through new perspectives to derive theories and methodologies for the advancement of humanity, the security of its social interests, and the codification of its laws in accordance with its needs and the imperatives of its security. And the safety of her community.

Water is a fundamental component of life. Accordingly, this study investigates whether this vital resource is adequate in terms of both quantity and quality, as well as the patterns of its usage within the area under study. The research specifically aims to assess the current state of potable water services in the Al-Shaab Municipal Unit, examine the patterns of potable water consumption, and determine the volume used for each category of usage. Furthermore, it seeks to identify existing water purification projects and treatment complexes in the study area, their production capacities, and the distribution systems they support.
The findings indicate that domestic consumption represents the highest usage category, with a total volume of 284,064,376 liters per day. The average daily per capita consumption was 388 liters, exceeding the standard set by the Baghdad Water Authority—299.6 liters per day—by 88.4 liters.
To reach these conclusions, the study employed a variety of measurement tools and standards related to the variables influencing potable water usage and its patterns. These included household characteristics, indicators of potable water service efficiency, domestic and governmental usage trends, and general public awareness and practices related to potable water consumption.

Drinking water is a precious necessity for the sustainability of life in the cities. The Al-Wathba Water Project was selected because it supplies the most important residential and commercial areas in Baghdad city. It has not been witness any development in the recent years, thus representing a problem that requires study and analysis. The project extends over an area of approximately 12.8 square kilometers. Geographically, the study area bounded between latitudes 33° 18' 37" and 33° 21' 35" N and longitudes 44° 22' 18" and 44° 26' 4" E. The study aims to evaluate the spatial distribution of water head pressure in the supplied area, prepare isobaric maps, and demonstrate the role of land use, water network specifications, area topography, and the distance from the main pumping station in spatial water head pressure variations. Field measurements of water head pressure were conducted during the winter and summer seasons using special gauges that measure water pressure from pipes directly connected to the network. Two types of gauges are used, one reading up to 1 bar and the other up to 11 bar. Information about the main and secondary pumping stations and their mechanical and hydraulic specifications was also collected from the relevant departments. Spatial analysis software are used to build the geographic database and to conduct the spatial analysis, i.e., ArcGIS 10.8.2, ArcGIS pro 3.3.2, and ArcGIS online. The water head pressure measurement results and maps showed spatial variation in the pressure values; this is due to several reasons, including the density of residential buildings, changes in pipe diameters, and the increase in the number of connections between pipes, all of these factors led to changes in the water head pressure. The increase in water demand during the summer season also showed a difference in the head pressure drop in the area compared to those measured during the winter season. In conclusion, the study recommends the need to update and develop the water network, as it has not witnessed expansion for a long time, despite the population increase in the project area.

The pronominal irony in the poetry of Fadhl Khalaf Jabr stands as one of the most significant stylistic phenomena reflecting the poet’s deep awareness of transformation and human alienation. This irony manifests through the shifting use of pronouns—from the first to the second and third person—revealing the fragmentation of the self between the “I” and the “Other,” and the tension between inner vision and external reality. The pronoun “I” conveys existential anxiety and spiritual fracture, while the transition to “you” or “he” creates a paradoxical fusion of self and other, turning the pronoun into a semantic and aesthetic space that mirrors the crisis of modern identity. Thus, pronominal irony in Jabr’s poetry is not a mere linguistic variation but a structural paradox that destabilizes conventional poetic expression and redefines meaning. It serves as both an aesthetic and philosophical device to articulate inner division and existential awareness in modern Arabic poetry.

The current research aims to identify the statistical significance of the correlational relationships between the Locus of hope, Spiritual Bypass and Prioritizing Positivity among university students and the direct, indirect and total effects of the relationships between the Locus of hope and Prioritizing Positivity in the presence of Spiritual Bypass as an intervening variable among university students. The current research adopted the descriptive correlational approach and the sample size reached (400) male and female students from the University of Babylon for the academic year (2024/2025). The researchers adopted the research tools and extracted the values of validity and reliability for them and using several statistical methods, including confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and path determination coefficient. The researchers reached several results and came out with a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The Prophet treated the People of the Covenant in general with kindness and goodness. He granted them the freedom to practice their religion and to pursue their economic and social affairs and businesses, in addition to protecting them and providing them with security and safety in exchange for their pledge not to harm Muslims and not to plot against them. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) imposed on every dhimmi the payment of a jizya of one dinar per year. This did not include women, the sick, the disabled, and children, but only healthy men. His kind and generous treatment of the People of the Covenant was clear and evident, despite the conspiracies and plots they committed against him and Muslims to destroy Islam and Muslims and kill the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family).

The study highlights the pioneering role of Muslim women in jihad and defense during the Prophetic era, challenging the stereotypical view that confines their role to the domestic sphere. Nusaybah bint Ka'ab presented a unique example of bravery in the Battle of Uhud by personally defending the Prophet. Safiyyah bint Abd al-Muttalib demonstrated military acumen in the Battle of the Trench by killing a Jewish spy, while Asma’ bint Yazid al-Ansari showed heroic resolve during the Battle of Yarmouk. Women's roles varied from direct combat and medical care to logistical support and morale boosting, reflecting the flexibility of the Islamic system and its appreciation for women's contributions. The testimonies of the Prophet and his companions affirmed the value of these roles. These historical models underscore the need to revisit Islamic heritage free from contemporary biases, drawing inspiration from the active and meaningful participation of women in all spheres of life.

The current research aims to determine the effect of the rhythmic criticism strategy on the achievement of prosody material among second-year students in colleges of education. To achieve the research objective, the researchers followed the experimental method in their research procedures. The research sample consisted of (70) students, with (36) male and female students in the experimental group and (34) male and female students in the control group.
The experiment continued throughout the second semester of the 2023-2024 academic year. After statistically analyzing the data obtained, several results were obtained, the most important of which was:
The performance of the students in the experimental group who studied prosody using the rhythmic criticism strategy was superior in the prosodic achievement test. In light of these results, the researchers drew a number of conclusions and made several recommendations. To further explore the research, the researchers also proposed a number of suggestions.

The Study discusses the Impact of American policy on the Situation in China since the American Recognition of the Republican System in China in 1913 until the Japanese invasion in 1937, and how the United States of America relied on the policy of Idealism and not touching China's independence and the necessity of protecting it from foreign interference, with the aim of preserving the open door policy that it adopted between the colonial powers in China at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, the Study reached the fact that American policy is subject to change with the Requirements of the Stage, as it succeeded in Containing Japanese expansionist ambitions and depriving Japan of its vital sphere in China when American diplomacy sought to implement the open door policy, but Japan exploited the hostility of the United States and other capitalist regimes to the communist tide, and also, the Chinese nationalist forces’ fight against the communists since 1927, and the American position supporting any forces opposing communism, a means to achieve its expansionist ambitions in China, and an outlet for its occupation of Manchuria in 1931, and the coldness of the international position towards the occupation was a motive for Japan to occupy the rest of the Chinese territories in 1937, under the pretext of protecting its interests from the communist tide.

Northern Kurdistan is one of the most important regions in the ancient Near East, inhabited by humans since the earliest prehistoric times, due to its suitable climate, fertile soil, and diverse terrain, which made this region an ideal environment for living, which provided the foundations for settlement and the development of human life. Archaeological discoveries indicate that the oldest human who lived and settled in the caves of Kurdistan since the Paleolithic Age was Neanderthal, who practiced economic activities. Social and intellectual life was limited and simple. Then, semi-stable human communities emerged here and there. The region witnessed early civilizational achievements, such as the domestication of plants and animals and the emergence of agriculture as one of the pillars of human settlement, which played a major role in the evolution and transformation of primitive man's life.
Northern Kurdistan is one of the most important regions in the ancient Near East, inhabited by humans since the earliest prehistoric times, due to its suitable climate, fertile soil, and diverse terrain, which made this region an ideal environment for living, which provided the foundations for settlement and the development of human life. Archaeological discoveries indicate that the oldest human who lived and settled in the caves of Kurdistan since the Paleolithic Age was Neanderthal, who practiced economic activities. Social and intellectual life was limited and simple. Then, semi-stable human communities emerged here and there. The region witnessed early civilizational achievements, such as the domestication of plants and animals and the emergence of agriculture as one of the pillars of human settlement, which played a major role in the evolution and transformation of primitive man's life.

The significance of studying emphasis lies in its role as a psychological force reflecting the speaker's ability to influence skeptical recipients through pragmatic cooperation aimed at consolidating meaning. This topic was selected to uncover modern linguistic justifications overlooked by traditional grammar, integrating classical and contemporary concepts to address issues of performativity and indirect persuasion. These justifications are condensed in the introduction of "Double Emphasis," which transcends the direct listener to achieve broader influential goals evident in miraculous Quranic models. Furthermore, the research demonstrates the purely emphatic nature of particles like the negative Lan, which were not previously classified by rhetoricians as tools of deterrence and irony. The study asserts that structural variations in the predicate of Ma are intentional deviations for strengthening judgments rather than mere dialectal differences between the Hijazi and Tamimi tribes. The research presents repetition as a creative argumentative pattern that achieves its artistic imagery in pre-Islamic poetry and Quranic text, moving beyond mere verbal redundancy. By addressing structures not typically categorized within emphatic activity, the research offers a critical vision that restores the status of linguistic systems as flexible persuasive tools.

The research aims to identify the impact of the Issues Investigation Strategy and Design-Based Learning on computer science among fifth scientific grade female students. To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher developed an achievement test to measure the academic achievement of fifth scientific grade female students in computer scienceThe researcher randomly selected a sample of (91) female students from Al-Ikhlas Girls School for the purpose of implementing the experiment. The researcher personally taught the three research groups. After analyzing the data using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Cronbach’s alpha equation, several conclusions were reached. Among them: the use of the Issues Investigation Strategy and Design-Based Learning led to positive interaction among the students, active participation, increased motivation, and productive thinkingThe recommendations, includingncouraging the implementation of design-based projects within classroom lessons and linking them to the academic content.

This study aims to investigate the illocutionary structure and pragmatic argumentation in the poetic discourse of Al-Sharif Al-Radhi, taking the poem "Ya Zabyata Al-Ban" as an analytical model, within a pragmatic-rhetorical framework. The research addresses the central question of how speech acts interact with rhetorical structures in poetic discourse to perform argumentative functions that go beyond mere. description and aesthetic expression.
The study adopts a pragmatic approach based primarily on John Searle's Speech Act Theory, while drawing on concepts from classical Arabic rhetoric-epecially the principle of contextual appropriateness (muqtada al-hal)- to elucidate the illocutionary force of poetic utterances. The analysis is organized into two main sections: the first examines direct and indirect speech acts in the poem according to Searle's fivefold classification, while the second explores pragmatic argumentation mechanisms, such as complaint, remembrance, emotional paradox, and cultural memory, as persuasive strategies aimed at influencing the addressee
The study concludes that Al-Sharif Al-Radhi's poetic discourse is not limited to emotional expression, but rather constitutes a complex pragmatic-argumentative structure in which rhetorical imagery functions as an illocutionary and persuasive device. The findings highlight the significance of Arabic rhetoric as a foundational framework for pragmatic analysis and demonstrate that applying pragmatic perspectives to classical poetry offers deeper insights into its communicative and argumentative dimensions

The current research aimed to identify the effectiveness of teaching using the Brainstorming strategy on history achievement among fifth-grade literary section students, by comparing it with the traditional method. The researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control for two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research sample consisted of (70) female students from Al-Fikr Secondary School for Girls, affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Rusafa Second, divided equally into two groups: an experimental group taught using the brainstorming strategy and a control group taught using the traditional method. To achieve the research objective, the researcher developed an achievement test consisting of (40) multiple-choice items, ensuring its validity, reliability, and psychometric properties.The results revealed a statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level in favor of the experimental group taught via the brainstorming strategy. This result is attributed to the strategy's ability to break the deadlock, provide an environment of intellectual freedom, and transform the student from a passive recipient into an active participant in constructing historical knowledge. The research concluded with several recommendations, most notably the necessity of training history teachers on active learning strategies.

In recent years, the city of Baghdad has experienced high levels of air pollution due to industrial, human, and traffic activities, along with the absence of regulatory oversight. It is well known that climatic elements—namely temperature, wind, humidity, and rainfall—play a significant role in the distribution, spread, and transfer of pollutants from one place to another. This study aims to clarify the relationship between these climatic elements and the changing levels of air pollution in thecity of Baghdad. The research relies on climate data specific to Baghdad and environmental data related to pollutant elements measured at pollution monitoring stations within the study area, and it conducts both spatial and temporal analysis of this data .

This study examines the concept of the hidden architecture of the cohesive text in the poetry of Ibn Mayyadah by exploring the artistic and semantic structure upon which the poem is built. It aims to clarify how linguistic, rhythmic, and imagistic elements interact to produce a coherent poetic text based on unity and harmony. The study focuses on analyzing the internal relationships that connect the parts of the text and grant it artistic and semantic coherence, thereby revealing the hidden system governing the construction of classical Arabic poetry.
The study adopts the descriptive-analytical approach through examining selected poetic texts by Ibn Mayyadah and analyzing the manifestations of textual cohesion within them, such as repetition, syntactic parallelism, semantic fields, rhythm, and poetic imagery. It also benefits from concepts derived from text linguistics and modern stylistic criticism in uncovering the deep structure of the poetic text.
The study demonstrates that Ibn Mayyadah’s poetry is founded upon a precise network of artistic and semantic relations that contribute to the unity and coherence of the poem. Poetic imagery integrates with rhythm and linguistic structures within a harmonious artistic framework. The study further reveals that repetition, semantic fields, and poetic rhythm play a significant role in constructing the internal harmony of the text and deepening the emotional experience, which reflects the poet’s clear artistic awareness in shaping and refining his poetic composition.
The study concludes that the concept of “hidden architecture” represents an effective critical approach for understanding the internal structure of Arabic poetic texts and uncovering the concealed relationships connecting their various elements, thereby granting the poem its artistic and semantic unity.

The study aims to examine the geographical distribution of electric power plants, assess the amount of current and actual electric power provided to the population, and evaluate the per capita allocation according to the planning standards adopted in Iraq. Furthermore, the study investigates the potential for investing in renewable energy, specifically solar and wind power, to generate electricity in the study area, using statistical equations to determine the region’s climate suitability. The study finds a shortage in the amount of electrical energy provided to the residents of the current and actual study area, along with a significant deficit in per capita allocation when measured against the national planning standard. Consequently, appropriate solutions have been identified to mitigate the power shortfall through the utilization of solar and wind energy, demonstrating that the study area possesses the climatic potential to invest in these renewable energy sources and thereby enhance and develop the electricity sector.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of a proposed strategy based on the use of semiotics in the expressive performance of fifth-grade science students. The researcher followed the descriptive and experimental research methodology, as the researcher built a proposed strategy for teaching the expression subject for the fifth scientific grade, to know the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in expressive performance. The experimental design was adopted with partial control for two groups (experimental and control), and the post-test. Before starting the experiment, the researcher statistically rewarded the students of the two research groups in some variables (linguistic ability test, chronological age, parents’ academic achievement, previous year’s grades). The researcher applied the experiment in the first academic course of the academic year (2024-2025), on a sample consisting of (69) students from the fifth scientific grade at Sayyid al-Shuhada Preparatory School for Boys, affiliated with the Baghdad/Rusafa Second Education Directorate, which were intentionally selected from the research community, and by the simple random sample method. Section (B) represented the experimental group with (35) students, and Section (C) represented the control group with (34) students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher prepared a test to measure the expressive performance of the students of the two research groups, which is an expressive topic. The experts selected it from several topics presented to them. After the experimental period had concluded, the final test was administered, and the data was statistically processed, the researcher concluded that: Students in the experimental group outperformed students in the control group on the expressive performance test.
• In light of these results, the researcher made several recommendations, including: Emphasis should be placed on adopting modern strategies, including this one, and employing them in teaching expressive language to fifth-grade science students.
• To further the research, the researcher proposed conducting several studies, the most important of which is to study the effect of the proposed strategy on other variables such as functional expression and creative thinking.

of Arts
Abstract:
During their writing or creativity, the poet or writer seeks to consolidate a set of ideas that transform into solid systems in the context of their employment, as "a group of parts that are cohesive in connection, integrated in movement, functionally equivalent, and rhythmically harmonious. The system breathes and lives existentially and functionally through the integration of the functions of its interconnected parts". From another perspective, the system is defined as: "a group of philosophical opinions and theories that are logically linked to one another until they become an organic, coordinated, and cohesive unit. It is more general than theory". Accordingly, the consolidation of the system is the influence of discourse on the culture prevailing among the recipients, as it carries matters that it aims to consolidate in the recipient's mindset. The system thus becomes a cultural pattern reflected in behavior, lifestyle, and value system. From a structuralist point of view, the system is a group of elements that interact with each other, whether they are material or immaterial. Accordingly, the system is a group of interconnected elements that form a unified whole.

This study examines the rhetorical dimensions of Al-Jawahiri's poetry (1903–1997) through analytical and critical lenses, exploring the key rhetorical techniques he employed across the sciences of bayan, badi', and ma'ani. It argues that Al-Jawahiri employed rhetoric not merely as an aesthetic device, but as a vehicle for conveying his intellectual vision and emotional experience—whether in patriotic and nostalgic poetry, love and lyrical verse, or satirical and social critique. The study adopts a stylistic-analytical methodology combining description, interpretation, and evaluation, drawing on selected texts as primary examples. It concludes that Al-Jawahiri represents a unique stylistic phenomenon in modern Arabic poetry, one that drew upon the classical rhetorical heritage and redeployed it within a contemporary expressive context.

of Arts
Abstract:
During their writing or creativity, the poet or writer seeks to consolidate a set of ideas that transform into solid systems in the context of their employment, as "a group of parts that are cohesive in connection, integrated in movement, functionally equivalent, and rhythmically harmonious. The system breathes and lives existentially and functionally through the integration of the functions of its interconnected parts". From another perspective, the system is defined as: "a group of philosophical opinions and theories that are logically linked to one another until they become an organic, coordinated, and cohesive unit. It is more general than theory". Accordingly, the consolidation of the system is the influence of discourse on the culture prevailing among the recipients, as it carries matters that it aims to consolidate in the recipient's mindset. The system thus becomes a cultural pattern reflected in behavior, lifestyle, and value system. From a structuralist point of view, the system is a group of elements that interact with each other, whether they are material or immaterial. Accordingly, the system is a group of interconnected elements that form a unified whole.